List of African-American newspapers and media outlets

Last updated

This is a list of African-American newspapers and media outlets. It is sortable by publication name, city, state, founding date, and extant vs. defunct status. For more detail on a given newspaper, see the linked entries below. See also by state, below on this page, for entries on African American newspapers in each state.

Contents

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African-American Newspapers
NameCityStateFoundedClosed
92d Buffalo Fort HuachucaArizona1943–1945 [1] Defunct
93d Blue Helmet Fort HuachucaArizona1942–1943 [2] Defunct
AC Phoenix News, TheWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1983 [3] Extant
Advance, TheWilmingtonDelaware1899–19? [4] Defunct
AdvocateCharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Advocate, The PortlandOregon1903–1933Defunct
African ExpositorRaleighNorth Carolina18??–18? [6] Defunct
African-American News and Issues HoustonTexas1996Extant
Africo-American PresbyterianWilmingtonNorth Carolina1879–1938 [7] Defunct
Afro-American Citizen, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1899–1902 [8] Defunct
Afro-American CourierYazoo CityMississippi1926–19? [9] Defunct
Daily Record WilmingtonNorth Carolina1895–1898 [10] [11] Defunct
Aliened American, The ClevelandOhio1852–1856 [12] Defunct
American Record PlattsmouthNebraska1945Extant
Anti-Slavery Bugle, The New LisbonOhio1845–1861Defunct
Appeal, TheSaint PaulMinnesota1889–19? [13] Defunct
Arizona Gleam, ThePhoenixArizona1929–193? [14] Defunct
Arizona SunPhoenixArizona1942–196? [15] Defunct
Arizona TribunePhoenixArizona1958–197? [16] Defunct
Atlanta Daily World AtlantaGeorgia1928 [17] Extant
Baltimore Afro-American BaltimoreMaryland1892Extant
Banner-Enterprise, TheWilmingtonNorth Carolina1883–18? [18] Defunct
Bay State Banner BostonMassachusetts1965Extant
Beacon Journal (later Beacon Digest and West Virginia Beacon Digest)CharlestonWest Virginia1957– [5] Defunct
Bee, TheWashingtonD.C.1882–1884 [19] Defunct
Birmingham Times BirminghamAlabama?Extant
Black Chronicle Oklahoma CityOklahoma1979Extant
Black Panther,The OaklandCalifornia1967–?Defunct
Black Times: Voices of the National Community Palo AltoCalifornia1971–1976? [20] Defunct
Boston Guardian BostonMassachusetts1901–1950sDefunct
BreezeHuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Broad Ax, TheSalt Lake CityUtah1895–19? [21] Defunct
Burning Spear, The OaklandCalifornia1968Extant
Bystander, TheDes MoinesIowa1916–1922 [22] Defunct
California Eagle Los AngelesCalifornia1879–1964 [23] Defunct
Call, The Kansas CityMissouri1919Extant
Call and Post ClevelandOhio1928Extant
Carolina Panorama, The ColumbiaSouth Carolina1986Extant
Carolina Times, The DurhamNorth Carolina1921Extant
Cayton's MonthlySeattleWashington1921–1921 [24] Defunct
Cayton's WeeklySeattleWashington1916–1921 [25] Defunct
Century Voice, TheYazoo CityMississippi194?–19? [26] Defunct
Charleston Advocate, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1867–1868 [27] Defunct
Charleston Chronicle, The CharlestonSouth Carolina1971Extant
Charlotte Post, The CharlotteNorth Carolina1878Extant
Chattanooga Observer, The ChattanoogaTennessee1927–1962Defunct
Chicago Defender ChicagoIllinois1905Extant
Chicago Whip, TheChicagoIllinois1919–19? [28] Defunct
Chicago WorldChicagoIllinois1918–19? [29] Defunct
Christian BannerPhiladelphiaPennsylvania [30] Defunct
Christian Recorder, The PittsburghPennsylvania1854Extant
Cincinnati Herald, The CincinnatiOhio1955Extant
Cleveland Gazette, The ClevelandOhio1883–1945Defunct
Colored American, The New York CityNew York1837–1842Defunct
Colored American, The WashingtonD.C.1893–1904Defunct
Colored Citizen, TheHelenaMontana1894–1894 [31] Defunct
Columbus Times, The ColumbusGeorgia1921Extant
Community Citizen, TheNew AlbanyMississippi19??–19? [32] Defunct
Concordia Eagle, The VidaliaLouisiana1873–1890 [33] Defunct
Connecticut ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–194? [34] Defunct
Afro-American Sentinel OmahaNebraska1892Extant
Daily Express, TheDaytonOhio1950–1955 [35] Defunct
Daily National EraWashingtonD.C.1854–1854 [36] Defunct
Dallas Express DallasTexas1892–1970Defunct
Dayton Forum, TheDaytonOhio1913–1949 [37] Defunct
Delta Leader, TheGreenvilleMississippi1939–19? [38] Defunct
Denver Star, TheDenverColorado1913–1963 [39] Defunct
Detroit TribuneDetroitMichigan1933–1933 [40] Defunct
Detroit Tribune, TheDetroitMichigan1935–1966 [41] Defunct
Ebony Los AngelesCalifornia1945Extant
Echo, TheMeridianMississippi1942–1960 [42] Defunct
Essence New YorkNew York1970Extant
Facts, The SeattleWashington1961Extant
The Progress OmahaNebraska1889Extant
Final Call, The ChicagoIllinois1979 [43] Extant
Florida Sentinel Bulletin TampaFlorida1919Extant
Florida Star, The JacksonvilleFlorida1951Extant
Forum, TheSpringfieldIllinois1904–192? [44] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the Denver StarDenverColorado1912–1913 [45] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the StatesmanDenverColorado1906–1912 [46] Defunct
Free Citizen, TheOrangeburgSouth Carolina1874–1876 [47] Defunct
Free Press, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–186? [48] Defunct
Freedom New York CityNew York1950–1955Defunct
Freedom's Journal New York CityNew York1827–1829Defunct
Frost Illustrated Fort WayneIndiana1968Defunct
Future Outlook, TheGreensboroNorth Carolina1941–1972 [49] [50] Defunct
Gary Crusader GaryIndiana1961Extant
Gazette, TheRaleighNorth Carolina18??–1??? [51] Defunct
Georgetown Planet, TheGeorgetownSouth Carolina1873–1875 [52] Defunct
Golden Rule, TheVicksburgMississippi1898–19? [53] Defunct
Gossip Depot free online news MemphisTennessee2020 [54] Extant
Harambee News Los AngelesCalifornia1966–1969 [55] Defunct
Hartford ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–1947 [56] Defunct
Hartford-Springfield ChronicleSpringfieldMassachusetts1940–194? [57] Defunct
Houston Forward Times HoustonTexas1960Extant
Huntington EnterpriseHuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Huntington TimesHuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Illinois Times, TheChampaignIllinois19??–19? [58] Defunct
Indianapolis Freeman IndianapolisIndiana1888–1926Defunct
Indianapolis Leader IndianapolisIndiana1879–1891Defunct
Indianapolis Recorder IndianapolisIndiana1895Extant
Ink Fort WayneIndiana2001–?Defunct
Iowa State BystanderDes MoinesIowa1894–1916 [59] Defunct
Jackson Advocate JacksonMississippi1938Extant
Jet Los AngelesCalifornia1951Extant
St. Louis Palladium St. LouisMissouri1884?–1911?Defunct
Journal of Industry, TheRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1??? [60] Defunct
Kansas City Sun, TheKansas CityMissouri1908–1924 [61] Defunct
Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans or New Orleans TribuneNew OrleansLouisiana1864–1870Defunct
Langston City Herald, The Langston CityOklahoma1891–1902 [62] Defunct
Lexington Standard, TheLexingtonKentucky1892–1912 [63] Defunct
Liberator, The BostonMassachusetts1831–1865Defunct
Los Angeles Sentinel Los AngelesCalifornia1933Extant
Louisiana Weekly, The New OrleansLouisiana1925Extant
Louisianian, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1870–1871 [64] Defunct
Louisville Defender LouisvilleKentucky1933Extant
Maryville RepublicanMaryvilleTennessee1867–187? [65] Defunct
McDowell HeraldKeystoneWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
McDowell Times, The KeystoneWest Virginia1904–1941 [66] Defunct
Metropolis Weekly GazetteMetropolisIllinois1???–19? [67] Defunct
Metropolitan NewsChicagoIllinois1935–19? [68] Defunct
Miami Times, The MiamiFlorida1923Extant
Michigan Chronicle DetroitMichigan1936Extant
Missionary RecordCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–1879 [69] Defunct
Mojo New York CityNew York1968–?Defunct
Monitor, The OmahaNebraska1915Extant
Montana Plaindealer, TheHelenaMontana1906–1911 [70] Defunct
Muhammad Speaks ChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Muskogee Cimeter, TheMuskogeeOklahoma1901–19? [71] Defunct
Muslim Journal ChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Nashville Globe NashvilleTennessee1906–1960 [72] Defunct
National Enquirer and Pennsylvania Freeman PhiladelphiaPennsylvania1836–?Defunct
National Era, TheWashingtonD.C.1847–1860 [73] Defunct
National Forum, TheWashingtonD.C.1910–19? [74] Defunct
National Savings BankWashingtonD.C.1868–18? [75] Defunct
New Age, The PortlandOregon1896Defunct
New Age, TheButteMontana1902–190? [76] Defunct
New England BulletinHartfordConnecticut1949–19? [77] Defunct
New EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1870 [78] Defunct
New Era, The OmahaNebraska1921Extant
New Journal and Guide NorfolkVirginia1900Extant
New National EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1874 [79] Defunct
New Orleans Tribune, The New OrleansLouisiana1985Extant
New York Amsterdam News New York CityNew York1909Extant
North Carolina GazetteRaleighNorth Carolina1885–18? [80] Defunct
North Carolina RepublicanRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1880 [81] Defunct
North Star, The RochesterNew York1847–1851Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1922–1924 [82] Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1924–1925 [83] Defunct
Oakland Post, The OaklandCalifornia1963Extant
Ohio Daily-Express, TheDaytonOhio1946–1950 [84] Defunct
Ohio State NewsColumbusOhio1944–1952 [85] Defunct
Omaha Chronicle OmahaNebraska1933Extant
Omaha Guide OmahaNebraska1927Extant
Omaha Star OmahaNebraska1938Extant
Omaha Whip, The OmahaNebraska1922Extant
Our Time Press BrooklynNew York1996Extant
Peoples' Advocate, TheNew BernNorth Carolina1886–188? [86] Defunct
People's Advocate, The AlexandriaVirginia1874Extant
People's Recorder, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1893–1925 [87] Defunct
Philadelphia Independent, The PhiladelphiaPennsylvania1931–1971Defunct
Philadelphia Tribune PhiladelphiaPennsylvania1884Extant
Phoenix Index, ThePhoenixArizona193?–19? [88] Defunct
Phoenix TribunePhoenixArizona1918–193? [89] Defunct
PioneerMontgomeryWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Pioneer PressMartinsburgWest Virginia1882–19? [5] [90] Defunct
Pittsburgh Courier PittsburghPennsylvania1907–1966Defunct
Portland Observer, The PortlandOregon1970Extant
Portland Times, ThePortlandOregonabout 1919. [91] [92] [93] Defunct
Professional World, TheColumbiaMissouri1901–192? [94] Defunct
Ravenswood Post Menlo ParkCalifornia1953–1981Defunct
Republican, TheMaryvilleTennessee187?–187? [95] Defunct
Richmond Free Press RichmondVirginia1992Extant
Rising Son, TheKansas CityMissouri1896–19? [96] Defunct
Roanoke Tribune RoanokeVirginia1936Extant
Robbins Eagle, TheRobbinsIllinois1951–1963 [97] Defunct
Rock Hill Messenger, TheRock HillSouth Carolina1896–1921 [98] Defunct
Sacramento Observer, The SacramentoCalifornia1962Extant
San Francisco Bay View San FranciscoCalifornia1976Extant
Savannah Tribune SavannahGeorgia1875Extant
Seattle Medium SeattleWashington1970Extant
Seattle Republican, TheSeattleWashington1???–1915 [99] Defunct
Sedalia Weekly ConservatorSedaliaMissouri1903–1909 [100] Defunct
Semi-Weekly LouisianianNew OrleansLouisiana1871–1872Defunct [101]
Skanner, The PortlandOregon1975Extant
Soigne`+Swank Magazine [102] WabassoFlorida2020Extant
South Carolina LeaderCharlestonSouth Carolina1865–18? [103] Defunct
South Florida Times Oakland ParkFlorida?Extant
Southern Advocate, TheMound BayouMississippi1933–19? [104] Defunct
Southern Indicator, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1903–1925 [105] Defunct
Southern News, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina1936–19? [106] Defunct
Southland Advocate, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina19??–???? [107] Defunct
St. Louis Argus St. LouisMissouri1912Extant
St. Louis Sentinel St. LouisMissouri1968Extant
St. Paul Echo St. PaulMinnesota1925–1927 [108] Defunct
Statesman, The. [volume]DenverColorado1889–1906Defunct
Sun-Reporter San FranciscoCalifornia1943Extant
Tennessee Tribune NashvilleTennessee1992Extant
Enterprise, The OmahaNebraska1893Extant
Topeka Plaindealer, The TopekaKansas1900–1932 [109] Defunct
Tribune Independent of Michigan, TheDetroitMichigan1933–1935 [110] Defunct
Tribune, TheRoanokeVirginia1951–19? [111] Defunct
Tri-State Defender MemphisTennessee1951Extant
Tulsa Star, The TulsaOklahoma1913–1921 [112] Defunct
Twin City Star, TheMinneapolisMinnesota1910–19? [113] Defunct
Vanguard NewsTerre HauteIndiana1994–1995 [114] Defunct
Voice of the PeopleLaurelMississippi19??–19? [115] Defunct
Washington Afro-American, The WashingtonD.C.1892Extant
Washington Bee, The WashingtonD.C.1882–1922 [116] Defunct
Washington Informer, The WashingtonD.C.1964Extant
Washington Sun, The WashingtonD.C.1960s (mid)Extant
West Virginia Digest CharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Eagle MontgomeryWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Enterprise CharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Spokesman HuntingtonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
West Virginia Weekly CharlestonWest Virginia [5] ?Defunct
Wilmington Journal WilmingtonNorth Carolina1928 [117] Extant
Winston-Salem Chronicle Winston-SalemNorth Carolina1974Extant

Online

By state

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See also

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References

  1. ↑ "92d Buffalo". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  2. ↑ "93d Blue Helmet". Arizona Memory Project. Arizona State Library. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "The AC Phoenix News (Winston-Salem NC)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  4. ↑ "The Advance. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2637-8205 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Powell Hart, Betty L. (1991). "The Black Press in West Virginia: A Brief History, " in Honoring Our Past : Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History, ed. Joe William Trotter, Jr. and Ancella Radford Bickley. Charleston, WV: Alliance for the Collection, Preservation and Dissemination of West Virginia's Black History. pp. 156–179.
  6. ↑ "African Expositor. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  7. ↑ "Africo-American Presbyterian (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  8. ↑ "The Afro-American Citizen. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1669 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  9. ↑ "Afro-American Courier". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  10. ↑ "Wilmington Daily Record and the Wilmington Journal". African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington.
  11. ↑ "The Daily Record (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  12. ↑ Gore, Jr., George William (1922). Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and the Present Condition of the Negro Press. Greencastle, IN: Journalism Press. p. 8.
  13. ↑ "The Appeal. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2163-7075 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  14. ↑ "The Arizona Gleam. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  15. ↑ "Arizona Sun. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  16. ↑ "Arizona Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  17. ↑ ""Recap: Alexis Scott Shares Atlanta Daily World History on Family Business Radio", Family Business Radio January 12 2012". Familybusinessradio.com. 2012-01-12. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  18. ↑ "The Banner-Enterprise. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2576-6902 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  19. ↑ "The Bee. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2157-3298 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  20. ↑ Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. p. 102. ISBN   978-0674007888. ISSN   0006-4289 LCCN   sn78001557 OCLC   1772794
  21. ↑ "The Broad Ax. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2163-7202 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  22. ↑ "The Bystander. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2332-4554 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  23. ↑ "Charlotta Bass / California Eagle Photograph Collection, 1870–1960". digitallibrary.usc.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  24. ↑ "Cayton's Monthly". Chronicling America . ISSN   2159-5569 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  25. ↑ "Cayton's Weekly". Chronicling America . ISSN   2158-4699 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  26. ↑ "The Century Voice". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  27. ↑ "The Charleston Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1707 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  28. ↑ "The Chicago Whip". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  29. ↑ "Chicago World". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  30. ↑ "The Christian Banner. (Philadelphia, Pa.), Vol. 2, No. 1, Ed. 1 Friday, January 12, 1900 Page: 1 of 4". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
  31. ↑ "The Colored Citizen. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2326-9685 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  32. ↑ "The Community Citizen". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  33. ↑ "The Concordia Eagle. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2163-7040 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  34. ↑ "Connecticut Chronicle". Chronicling America . ISSN   2642-7109 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  35. ↑ "The Daily Express". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  36. ↑ "Daily National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-5328 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  37. ↑ "The Dayton Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  38. ↑ "The Delta Leader". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  39. ↑ "The Denver Star. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2376 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  40. ↑ "Detroit Tribune [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2538 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  41. ↑ "The Detroit Tribune". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-350X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  42. ↑ "The Echo". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  43. ↑ Talmadge Anderson; James Benjamin Stewart (2007). Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications. Black Classic Press. p. 220. ISBN   978-1580730396 . Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  44. ↑ "The Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  45. ↑ "Franklin's Paper the Denver Star". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-235X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  46. ↑ "Franklin's Paper the Statesman". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2333 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  47. ↑ "The Free Citizen". Chronicling America . ISSN   2165-7742 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  48. ↑ "The Free Press. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1715 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  49. ↑ "The Future Outlook. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  50. ↑ "The Future Outlook (Greensboro, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  51. ↑ "The Gazette. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2474-3143 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  52. ↑ "The Georgetown Planet". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-174X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  53. ↑ "The Golden Rule. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2576-4667 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  54. ↑ "Gossip Depot is Free News Daily with Signup)".
  55. ↑ Smith, Jessie; Bracks, Lean'tin; Wynn, Linda T. (2012). The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History. Visible Ink Press. p. 541. ISBN   978-1578595365.
  56. ↑ "Hartford Chronicle". Chronicling America . ISSN   2642-7125 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  57. ↑ "Hartford-Springfield Chronicle. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2688-9102 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  58. ↑ "The Illinois Times". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  59. ↑ "Iowa State Bystander. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2332-452X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  60. ↑ "The Journal of Industry. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2475-0654 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  61. ↑ "The Kansas City Sun". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-8329 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  62. ↑ "The Langston City Herald. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2158-8929 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  63. ↑ "The Lexington Standard. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2157-1384 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  64. ↑ "The Louisianian. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2326-6287 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  65. ↑ "Maryville Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2331-026X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  66. ↑ "The McDowell Times. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2640-3471 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  67. ↑ "Metropolis Weekly Gazette". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  68. ↑ "Metropolitan News". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  69. ↑ "Missionary Record. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2165-9419 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  70. ↑ "The Montana Plaindealer". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  71. ↑ "The Muskogee Cimeter. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2158-8937 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  72. ↑ "The Nashville Globe. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2373-4892 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  73. ↑ "The National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-5301 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  74. ↑ "The National Forum. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   1940-7327 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  75. ↑ "National Savings Bank. [online resource]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  76. ↑ "The New Age. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2326-9650 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  77. ↑ "New England Bulletin". Chronicling America . ISSN   2643-5004 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  78. ↑ "New Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-6316.
  79. ↑ "New National Era. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2471-6340 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  80. ↑ "North Carolina Gazette". Chronicling America . ISSN   2475-0638 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  81. ↑ "North Carolina Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2474-4492 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  82. ↑ "The Northwestern Bulletin. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  83. ↑ "The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  84. ↑ "The Ohio Daily-Express". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  85. ↑ "Ohio State News Collection 1944–1952". Ohio History Connection.
  86. ↑ "The Peoples' Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  87. ↑ "The People's Recorder. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1731 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  88. ↑ "The Phoenix Index". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  89. ↑ "Phoenix Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  90. ↑ "Pioneer Press [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2640-3714 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  91. ↑ "Negroes Turn to Court". The Morning Oregonian . October 9, 1919. p. 9.
  92. ↑ "The Editor and Publisher 1919-10-30: Vol 52 Iss 22". Duncan McIntosh. 30 October 1919.
  93. ↑ "Negro Editors Sign Armistice". The Editor and Publisher. January 29, 1920.
  94. ↑ "The Professional World". Chronicling America . ISSN   2326-8530 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  95. ↑ "The Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2331-3021 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  96. ↑ "The Rising son. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2165-929X . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  97. ↑ "The Robbins Eagle". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  98. ↑ "The Rock Hill Messenger. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1723 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  99. ↑ "The Seattle Republican. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2157-3271 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  100. ↑ "Sedalia weekly Conservator". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-8264 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  101. ↑ "About Semi-weekly Louisianian". Chronicling America . Library of Congress. ISSN   2326-6309. LCCN   sn83016631. OCLC   9957091 . Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  102. ↑ "Soigne'+Swank Magazine". Two Queens Media. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  103. ↑ "South Carolina Leader [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1693 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  104. ↑ "The Southern Advocate". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  105. ↑ "The Southern Indicator [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2166-1758 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  106. ↑ "The Southern News. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  107. ↑ "The Southland Advocate. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  108. ↑ "The St. Paul Echo. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  109. ↑ "The Topeka Plaindealer. [volume]". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  110. ↑ "The Tribune Independent of Michigan. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2577-2562 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  111. ↑ "The Tribune. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  112. ↑ "The Tulsa Star. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   2163-4866 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  113. ↑ "The Twin City Star. [volume]". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  114. ↑ "Inventory: Vanguard News". Vigo County Public Library . Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  115. ↑ "Voice of the People". Chronicling America . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  116. ↑ "The Washington Bee. [volume]". Chronicling America . ISSN   1940-7424 . Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  117. ↑ "The Wilmington Journal". Wilmingtonjournal.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  118. ↑ Parlé Magazine
  119. ↑ "Black News". Black News. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  120. ↑ The North Star
  121. ↑ "Activist Shaun King On Why He's Reviving Frederick Douglass' 'North Star' Paper". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  122. ↑ Black Report
  123. ↑ "Shine My Crown" . Retrieved 11 May 2021.

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