List of African-American newspapers in Kansas

Front page of The Colored Radical of 1876.

Front page of The Negro Star on December 17, 1920, announcing the NAACP's declaration of victory in the Elaine Race Riot cases

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in the state of Kansas. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

Although abolitionist newspapers were published in Kansas as early as 1854, the first Kansas newspaper published by and for African Americans was The Colored Radical , published briefly at Lawrence and Leavenworth in 1876. ^[1] With resurgent white supremacy in the South and the end of the Reconstruction era after 1876, westward emigration of African Americans from the South increased greatly, and African-American newspapers blossomed across the state through 1920. ^[2]

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Newspapers

Newspapers that are currently published are highlighted in green.

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Atchison	The Atchison Blade Blade	1892 [3]	1898 [3]	Weekly [3]	LCCN   sn83040110, 2011254043 OCLC   9473982, 2640782, 708055638
Atchison / Lawrence	Western Recorder / The Western Recorder [4]	1883 [5]	1884 [5]	Weekly [5]	LCCN   2013254365, sn84029569 OCLC   664618072, 11181916	Founded by John L. Waller. [6] Merged with the Topeka Tribune in 1885. [6]
Cherokee	The Kansas Homestead	1889 [7]	1900 [7]	Weekly [7]	LCCN   sn84029271 OCLC   11061984	Edited and published by John L. Lewis.
Coffeyville	Afro-American Advocate	1891 [8]	1893 [8]	Weekly [8]	LCCN   2011254022, sn85031378 OCLC   707536663, 12257763, 2611091	“Published in the interest of the Negro race of Southeast Kansas and the Freedmen of the five civilized tribes of the Indian Territory.” [8]
Coffeyville	The American	1898 [9]	1899 [9]	Weekly [9]	LCCN   sn85031379 OCLC   12282157, 1937357	Published by Weaver & Fuller. [10]
Coffeyville	Coffeyville Herald	1908 [11]	? [11]	Weekly [11]	LCCN   2011254267, sn85030460 OCLC   733374393, 12257528
Coffeyville	The Kansas Blackman	1894 [12]	1896 [12]	Weekly [12]	LCCN   sn85067074 OCLC   12770657, 2753577
Coffeyville	The Vindicator Vindicator [13]	1904 [14]	1906 [14]	Weekly [14]	LCCN   2014254311, sn85031454 OCLC   848959648, 12257304
Emporia	The Emporia Citizen [15] Emporia Citizen	1932 [16]	1932 [16]	Monthly newspaper [16]	LCCN   2011254364, sn85030235 OCLC   748274485, 12000340	Published by Rev. C.W. Arnold. [15]
Fort Scott / Topeka	The Colored Citizen Colored Citizen [17]	1878 [18]	1880 [18]	Weekly [18]	LCCN   sn83040558 OCLC   2639508	Published by Eagleson Brothers. [18] Motto: “AMERICA—Our Country! We Toiled for it in 1776; We Fought for it in 1812; and We Saved it in 1863.” [18] Moved to Topeka after six months. [1]
Fort Scott	The Fair Play	1898 [19]	1899 [19]	Weekly [19]	LCCN   2011254370, sn83040417 OCLC   664617134, 9675204	Edited by Jonathan C. Wood. [19]
Fort Scott	The Messenger Messenger [20]	1917 [21]	1918 [21]	Weekly [21]	LCCN   sn83040373 OCLC   9693441	Edited by A.B. Johnson. [20]
Fort Scott	The Southern Argus	1891 [22]	1892 [22]	Weekly [22]	LCCN   2014254313, sn84029136 OCLC   879335911, 10502949, 2789518, 2789473	Published by E.M. Woods. [22] Published in Baxter Springs from June 18 to October 8, 1891. [22]
Hutchinson	The Hutchinson Blade [23] Hutchinson Blade	1914 [23] or 1915? [24]	1922? [24]	Weekly [24]	ISSN   2575-1255 LCCN   2011254254, sn85030713 OCLC   716371699, 12347599	Variously edited and published by M.B. Brooks (1918), Chester Lewis (1919–1922), Arthur Hughes (1922), Earl C. Patton (1922). [24]
Hutchinson	The Hutchinson Journal Hutchinson Journal [25]	1907? [26]	? [26]	Weekly [26]	LCCN   2012254020, sn85032519 OCLC   773145769, 12387359
Independence	The People’s Elevator	1892 [27]	1931 [27]	Weekly [27]	LCCN   sn83025058 OCLC   9237938	Place of publication varies: Guthrie, Oklahoma from 1900 to June 14, 1923; Wichita, Kansas, from February 21, 1924 to October 28, 1926.
Kansas City	Kansas City Advocate Kansas City Independent Kansas City Advocate and Independent	1914 [28]	1926 [28]	Weekly [28]	ISSN   2576-0300 LCCN   2011254018, sn85032363 OCLC   707507521, 13020950	Published and edited by Thomas Kennedy. [28]
Kansas City / Topeka	The American Citizen	1887 [29] or 1888 [30] [6]	1909 [29]	Weekly [29]	LCCN   sn98062574, sn85032021 OCLC   25693695, 12759891	Published by John L. Waller and R.K. Morton. [6] Published in Topeka from February 23, 1888 to July 19, 1889. [30] First Kansas African-American newspaper to last more than a decade. [6]
Kansas City	Daily American Citizen	1897 [31] or 1898 [32]	1900 [31]	Daily (except Monday) [31]	LCCN   2012254316, sn85066912 OCLC   747744967, 12994512	Billed as “[t]he only Daily and Weekly Negro paper in this section of the Country.” [33]
Kansas City	The Kansas Elevator	1916 [34]	? [34]	Weekly [34]	LCCN   sn85066947 OCLC   13025212	LCCN   2012254035, sn85066947 OCLC   773216200, 13025212 Published by Adolphus D. Griffin, previously of the Portland New Age . [35] [36]
Kansas City	Kansas State Globe	1983 [37]	1980s [37]	Weekly [38]	LCCN   sn85032314 OCLC   13049324	Edited by Samuel Jordan. [37]
Kansas City	National Review The National Review [39]	1913 [40]	1913 [40]	Weekly [40]	LCCN   2013254332, sn85066903 OCLC   845106868, 13035312
Kansas City / Topeka	The Plaindealer The Kansas City And Topeka Plaindealer (1932–1933) [41] Plaindealer (1933–1958) [42] The Topeka Plaindealer (1900–1932) [43]	1899 [44]	1958 [44]	Weekly [44]	The Plaindealer (1899–1900): LCCN   2014254026, sn84025820 OCLC   876193307, 10337694 Kansas City and Topeka Plaindealer: LCCN   2014254024, sn85066913 OCLC   876195642, 13054981 The Topeka Plaindealer (1900–1932): LCCN   2014254025, sn85067152 OCLC   876194836, 12814874 Plaindealer (1933–1958): LCCN   2014254023, sn85032353, sn94081604 OCLC   876195800, 13055002, 32229734	Billed as "[t]he oldest race newspaper in the Southwest." [41] Edited initially by J.H. Childers, and from 1905 to 1930 by owner Nick Chiles. [45]
Kansas City	The Topics Kansas Topics [46] Kansas City Topics	1895 [47]	1800s [47]	Weekly [47]	LCCN   sn85032327 OCLC   13048889	Published by John Homer Howlett & Co., edited by John Homer Howlett. [46]
Kansas City	Western Christian Recorder	1800s [48]	1899 [48]	Weekly [48]	LCCN   2013254363, sn85032356 OCLC   849450612, 13049023	"Organ of the 5th Episcopal District of the A.M.E. Church." [48]
Kansas City	Wyandotte Echo The Wyandotte Echo [49]	1928 [50]	? [50]	Weekly [50]	ISSN   2577-8617 LCCN   2013254381, sn85032354 OCLC   664611425, 5291730
Lawrence	Harambee For Our People [51]	1971 [52]	1900s [52]		LCCN   2012254015 OCLC   770747483
Lawrence	The Historic Times	1891 [53]	1891 [53]	Weekly [53]	LCCN   2012254017, sn84029656 OCLC   11173199, 2747403, 773109856	Merged with: Leavenworth Advocate to form the Topeka Times-Observer. [53] Edited by W.L. Grant. [54]
Lawrence	Lawrence Vindicator	1870s [55]	1870s [55]			No issues survive; known only from mentions in the Colored Citizen. [55]
Leavenworth	The Leavenworth Advocate	1889 [56]	1891 [56]	Weekly [56]	LCCN   2013254029, sn85029302, sn85029303, 2013254028 OCLC   2753625, 12101792, 24612046, 12101931, 811647655	Merged with Lawrence Historic Times to form the Topeka Times-Observer. [56] Published by W.B. Townsend. [56]
Leavenworth / Lawrence	Colored Radical The Colored Radical [57]	1876 [58]	1876 [58]	Weekly [58]	LCCN   2013254032, sn85029266 OCLC   811647446, 12130554	Published by A. Williams. Edited by T.W. Henderson. [58]
Leavenworth	The Leavenworth Herald	1894 [59]	1899 [59]	Weekly [59]	LCCN   2013254048, sn85029234 OCLC   192107362, 12101951
Nicodemus	Nicodemus Cyclone	1887 [60]	1888 [60]	Weekly [60]	LCCN   2013254347, sn84030038 OCLC   847886014, 11364750, 2756139	Formed from merger of Western Cyclone and Nicodemus Enterprise. [60]
Nicodemus	Nicodemus Enterprise The Nicodemus Enterprise	1887 [61]	1887 [61]	Weekly [61]	LCCN   2013254348, sn84030037 OCLC   847884797, 11364657, 2771075
Nicodemus	Western Cyclone	1886 [62]	1887 [62]	Weekly [62]	LCCN   sn84030031 OCLC   11364724, 2775284	Published by A.G. Tallman. [63]
North Topeka	Benevolent Banner The Benevolent Banner	1887 [64]	1887 [65]	Weekly [64]	LCCN   2011254048, sn85032037 OCLC   715482690, 12759902, 2696635
Parsons	Eye Opener The Eye Opener	1892 [66]	1893 [66]	Weekly [66]	LCCN   2011254367, sn85031556 OCLC   748281399, 12247795	Published by E.M. Woods. [67]
Parsons	The Parsons Weekly Blade Parsons Blade Blade'	1892 [68]	1901 [68] or 1904 [69]	Weekly [68]	LCCN   2014254015, sn84025818 OCLC   851522168, 10337751	One of the first African American papers in the area of southern Kansas settled by the Exodusters. [69] Switched allegiance from the United States Republican Party to the Populists in mid-1890s. [69]
Peru	The Freeman's` Lance	1891 [70]	1892 [70]	Weekly [70]	LCCN   2011254383, sn83040711 OCLC   9963950, 664611230	Published by W.A. Tanksley. [70] Also published at times in Sedan, Kansas. [71]
Pittsburg	The Afro-American	1903 [72]	1904 [72]			Published by A.J. Lee. [72] No issues survive. [72]
Pittsburg	Afro-American Review	1915 [72]	1915 [72]
Pittsburg	The Pittsburg Plain Dealer	1899 [73]	1900 [73]	Weekly [73]	LCCN   sn84029141 OCLC   10863953	Followed by The Wichita searchlight. [74] Published by W.N. Miller. [74]
Pittsburg	The Uplift	1914 [75]	1914 [75]	Weekly [75]	LCCN   2013254354, sn84029144 OCLC   848066293, 10848779	Published and edited by A.B. Johnson. [75] Strong supporter of Washingtonian ideology. [72]
Salina	The Black Word Is..	1971 [76]	1976 [76]	Bimonthly newspaper [76] or biweekly [77]	LCCN   sn85030803 OCLC   12608244	Continued by Ubiquity. [78] Published by the Black American Citizens Organization of Salina. [78] Edited by James Briscoe (Jomo Kenyatta). [77]
Salina	Salina Enterprise The Salina Enterprise [79]	1908 [80]	1909 [80]	Weekly [80]	LCCN   2014254309, sn85032708 OCLC   878984663, 12608482
Stockton	Western Globe	1902 [81]	? [81]	Biweekly [81]	LCCN   sn85029602 OCLC   12497024	Published and edited by D.J. Green. [81]
Topeka	The American Citizen	1888 [29]	1909 [29]	Weekly [29]	LCCN   2011254031, sn85032031 OCLC   707932655, 12759891	Published by Waller & Morton. [29]
Topeka	The Baptist Headlight	1893 [82]	1894 [82]	Weekly [82]	LCCN   2017225070, sn88086003 OCLC   999819602, 17338541
Topeka	The Colored Citizen	1897 [83]	1900 [83]	Weekly [83]	ISSN   2643-0983 LCCN   2017225074, sn85067023 OCLC   999822749, 12771625	Published by Eagleson & Holloway. [83]
Topeka	The Colored Patriot	1882 [84]	1800s [84]	Weekly [84]	LCCN   2011254295, sn85067024 OCLC   745920185, 12771653, 2637176	Published by attorney E.H. White. [84]
Topeka	Daily Ledger	1893 [85]	1893 [85]	Daily [85]	LCCN   sn85067118 OCLC   12849949	Edited by Fred L. Jeltz. [85]
Topeka	Topeka Ebony Times	1973 [86]	1978 [86]			"[C]ommitted to Black Liberation, Black Unity and Black Progress in a constructive manner." [86]
Topeka	The Evening Call	1891 [87]	1893 [87]	Daily (except Sunday) [87]	LCCN   2011254366, sn85032047 OCLC   748280004, 12849982
Topeka	Herald of Kansas Kansas Weekly Herald Kansas Herald	1880 [88]	1880 [88]	Weekly [88]	Herald of Kansas: LCCN   sn850672225 OCLC   12788920 Kansas Weekly Herald: LCCN   2012254008, sn85067092 OCLC   773098035, 12851084	Edited and published by H.C. Rutherford and W.L. Eagleson. [88]
Topeka	The Kansas Baptist Herald	1911 [89]	1910s [89]	Monthly newspaper [89]	LCCN   2012254033, sn85067234 OCLC   773216053, 12893127
Topeka	The Kansas Blackman	1894 [90]	? [90]	Weekly [90]	LCCN   2012254034, sn85067074 OCLC   773217971, 12770657	Published by W.D. Driver [90]
Topeka	Kansas Sentinel The Kansas Sentinel [91]	1960 [92]	1964 [92]	Weekly [92]	LCCN   2013254038, sn85067098 OCLC   811578614, 12849741	Suspended with November 26, 1960 issue and resumed with June 6, 1964 issue. [91] Published by C & C Enterprises. [91]
Topeka	Kansas State Tribune Topeka Tribune (1880) [55]	1880 [55]	1880s [93]	Weekly [93]	LCCN   2013254039, sn85067249 OCLC   811624108, 12789270	Edited by attorney E.H. White. [55] Changed name to Kansas State Tribune after switching affiliations from the Republican Party to the National Labor Greenback Party. [55]
Topeka	The Kansas Watchman	1903? [94]	? [94]	Weekly [94]	LCCN   sn85067109 OCLC   12793750	Published by G.W. Harts. [95]
Topeka	The Kansas Whip Kansas Eagle [96] The Kansas American	1933? [97]	1956 [97]	Weekly [97]	The Kansas Whip (1933–1934): LCCN   2013254044 OCLC   664617338 The Kansas Eagle (1934–1935): LCCN   2013254035 OCLC   811643623 The Kansas American (1936–1956): LCCN   sn85067073, 2013254382 OCLC   811641774, 12770637	Billed in 1930s as the "[o]nly colored democratic paper in Kansas." [98]
Topeka	The Little Weekly	1929? [99]	? [99]	Weekly [99]	LCCN   2013254303, sn85067122 OCLC   843962890, 12849750	Attested through at least 1938. [100]
Topeka	Topeka Messenger	1969 [101]	1970 [101]	Weekly [101]	LCCN   2014254323, sn85067123 OCLC   879348595, 12814230
Topeka	National Watchman The National Watchman [102]	1905? [103]	? [103]	Weekly [103]	LCCN   sn96080148, sn85067124, 2013254334 OCLC   34505129, 12893178, 845105003	Published by P.C. Thomas. [102]
Topeka	Topeka Post-Review	1970 [104]	1900s [104]	Weekly [104]	LCCN   2014254322, sn85067155 OCLC   879348953, 12849832	Attested through at least 1971. [104]
Topeka	The Topeka Sentinel	1994 [105]	[105]	Semimonthly [105]	ISSN   1079-1965 LCCN   sn940931 OCLC   31348437
Topeka	The State Ledger Kansas State Ledger (1894–1906) [106] The Kansas State Ledger(1892–1894) [107]	1892 [108]	1906 [108]	Weekly [108]	LCCN   sn85067105, sn85067106 OCLC   26648604, 12789167, 12800834, 2753592	Published and edited by Fred L. Jeltz. [108]
Topeka	The Times-Observer	1891 [109]	1892 [109]	Weekly [109]	LCCN   2013254030, sn85067184 OCLC   843766759, 12833065
Topeka	The Topeka Tribune and Western Recorder	1885 [110]	1885 [110]	Weekly [110]	LCCN   2014254316, sn85067189 OCLC   879349331, 12878063
Topeka	The Weekly Call The Topeka Call (1891–1893) [111]	1891 [112]	1898 [112]	Weekly [112]	The Weekly Call: LCCN   2014254049, sn85032048 OCLC   879347683, 12886332 The Topeka Call: LCCN   2014254048, sn85032049 OCLC   879348213, 12833159	Edited by W.M. Pope. [113]
Weir	Weir City Eagle	1899 [114]	1900? [115]	Weekly [115]	LCCN   sn83041035, 2013254361 OCLC   849419105, 10504077
Wichita	The American Times [116] American Times	1908 [117]	? [117]	Weekly [117]	LCCN   2011254041, sn85032458 OCLC   707937935, 12714513
Wichita	The Colored Citizen [118] Colored Citizen	1902 [119]	1904 [119]	Weekly [119]	LCCN   sn85032421, 2011254293 OCLC   12607567, 745926338	Published by E. Harrison. [17]
Wichita	The Community Voice	1995 [120]	current	Biweekly [120]	ISSN   1090-3852 LCCN   sn96003407 OCLC   34239207	Official site Co-published by Billy and Wyvette McCray. [120]
Wichita	The Wichita Factarian [121] Wichita Factarian	1913? [122]	1914 [122]	Weekly [122]	LCCN   2013254367, sn85032574 OCLC   850614558, 12640572
Wichita	Wichita Globe	1887 [123]	1887 [123]	Weekly [123]	LCCN   2013254368, sn85032447 OCLC   850605497, 12646508	Edited by D.L. Roberson. [123]
Wichita	Kansas Black Journal	1983 [37]	1985 [37]	Twice monthly [124]	LCCN   sn85032543 OCLC   12616656	Published by L.V. Jack Hudson. [124]
Wichita	The Kansas Headlight	1894 [125]	1894 [125]	Weekly [125]	LCCN   2013254036, sn85032460 OCLC   811578081, 12714539	Motto: "A fearless advocate of the rights of a worthy people." [126] Published by W.A. Bettis. [126]
Wichita	Kansas Sunflower The Kansas Sunflower [127]	1890 [128]	1890 [128]	Weekly [128]	LCCN   sn85032469 OCLC   12703355	Published by J.B. Gibbs. [127]
Wichita	Kansas Voice The Kansas Voice [129]	1946? [130]	? [130]	Unknown [130]	LCCN   2013254041, sn85032470 OCLC   811578120, 12714720	Published by George Brock. [129]
Wichita	Kansas Weekly Journal	1970s [131] or 1980 [2]	1981 [2]	Weekly [131]	LCCN   2013254043, sn85032542 OCLC   811625534, 12616798	Published by L.V. Hudson. [131]
Wichita	Midwest News Press The Midwest News Press [132]	1958? [133]	? [133]	Bimonthly [133]	LCCN   sn85032472, 2013254315 OCLC   12714685, 844122495	Attested through at least 1959. [132]
Wichita	National Baptist World	1894	1894 [134]	Weekly [134]
Wichita	The National Reflector: for the Afro-American Race	1895 [135]	1897 [135] or 1898 [136]	Weekly [135]	LCCN   2013254333, sn85032590 OCLC   845104741, 12617059
Wichita	The Negro Star	1908 [137]	1953 [137]	Weekly [137]	ISSN   2642-7621, 2642-7613 LCCN   2013254336, sn97016157, sn85032569 OCLC   664611331, 37664416, 12617095	Published and edited by H.T. Sims. [137]
Wichita	News Hawk The News Hawk [138]	1973? [139]	? [139]	Weekly [139]	LCCN   2013254346, sn85032473 OCLC   847881030, 12714672	Published and edited by Leonard Garrett. [139]
Topeka	The People’s Friend	1894 [140]	1896 [140]	Weekly [140]	LCCN   sn84025836, 2014254018 OCLC   876081908, 10380169, 2772303	Place of publication varies: published in Wichita on at least December 11, 1896. [141] Edited by William Jeltz. [140]
Wichita	Wichita Post Observer The Post Observer [142]	1953 [143]	1954 [143]	Weekly [143]	LCCN   2013254369 OCLC   664618075 The Post Observer: LCCN   2013254370, sn85032583 OCLC   850668541, 12624686
Wichita	The Wichita Protest	1918? [144]	? [144]	Weekly [144]	LCCN   2013254371 OCLC   850605800	Edited by W. A. Bettis. [144]
Wichita	The Wichita Searchlight The Searchlight	1900 [145]	1912 [145]	Weekly [145]	LCCN   2013254372, sn85032585 OCLC   840119025, 12671281	Published by Miller & Lewis. [145]
Wichita	The Wichita Times	1970 [146]	1977? [146]	Weekly [146]	LCCN   sn85032541, 2013254373 OCLC   12607511, 850722511	L.V. "Jack" Hudson. [146]
Wichita	Wichita Tribune The Wichita Tribune [147]	1898 [148]	1899 [148]	Weekly [148]	LCCN   sn84025832 OCLC   10372415, 2775179	Published by Robinson & Covington. [147]

See also

• List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African-American newspapers in Colorado
• List of African-American newspapers in Missouri
• List of African-American newspapers in Nebraska
• List of African-American newspapers in Oklahoma
• List of newspapers in Kansas

Works cited

• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674007888.
• Smith, Dorothy V. (1996). "The Black Press and the Search for Hope and Equality in Kansas, 1865-1985". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985.

References

1. Smith 1996, p. 108.
2. Smith 1996, p. 132.
3. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 52, ¶ 532.
4. "About The Western recorder. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1883-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
5. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 612, ¶ 6398.
6. Smith 1996, p. 111.
7. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3394.
8. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 24, ¶ 234.
9. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 396.
10. "About The American. [online resource] (Coffeyville, Kan.) 1898-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
11. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 159, ¶ 1651.
12. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3385.
13. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 590, ¶ 6174.
14. "About The vindicator. [online resource] (Coffeyville, Kan.) 1904-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
15. "About The Emporia citizen. [online resource] (Emporia, Kan.) 1932-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
16. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 211, ¶ 2197.
17. "About Colored citizen. [volume] (Fort Scott, Kan.) 1878-1880". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
18. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1682.
19. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 221, ¶ 2307.
20. "About The messenger. [volume] (Fort Scott, Kan.) 1917-1918". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
21. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 359, ¶ 3760.
22. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5491.
23. "About The Hutchinson blade. [online resource] (Hutchinson, Kan.) 1914-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
24. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3017.
25. "About The Hutchinson journal. [online resource] (Hutchinson, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
26. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3018.
27. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4783.
28. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3386.
29. "About The American citizen. (Kansas City, Kan.) 1887-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
30. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 40, ¶ 404.
31. "About Daily American citizen. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1897-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
32. "About Daily American citizen. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1898-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
33. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 183, ¶ 1906.
34. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 324, ¶ 3392.
35. "About The Kansas elevator. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1916-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
36. Mangun, Kimberley (2007-01-22). "The New Age, Portland, OR (1896-1907)". blackpast.org. The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
37. Smith 1996, p. 131.
38. "About Kansas State globe. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
39. "About The national review. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1913-1913". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
40. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 394, ¶ 4102.
41. "About The Kansas City and Topeka plaindealer. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1932-1933". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
42. "About Plaindealer. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1933-1958". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
43. "About The Topeka plaindealer. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1900-1932". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
44. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 466, ¶ 4851.
45. Smith 1996, p. 118.
46. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3397.
47. "About The topics. [volume] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1895-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
48. "About Western Christian recorder. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
49. "About The Wyandotte echo. [online resource] (Kansas City, Kan.) 1928-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
50. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 622, ¶ 6501.
51. "About For our people. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1971-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
52. "About Harambee. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1971-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
53. "About The historic times. [online resource] (Lawrence, Kan.) 1891-1891". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
54. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 277, ¶ 2908.
55. Smith 1996, p. 110.
56. "About The Leavenworth advocate. [online resource] (Leavenworth, Kan.) 1889-1891". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
57. "About The colored radical. [online resource] (Leavenworth, Kan. ;) 1876-1876". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
58. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 163, ¶ 1694.
59. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 334, ¶ 3493.
60. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 425, ¶ 4427.
61. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 425, ¶ 4428.
62. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6386.
63. "About Western cyclone. [volume] (Nicodemus, Kan.) 1886-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
64. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 67, ¶ 687.
65. "About The benevolent banner. [online resource] (North Topeka, Kan.) 1887-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
66. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 219, ¶ 2287.
67. "About The eye opener. [online resource] (Parsons, Kan.) 1892-1893". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
68. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 454, ¶ 4731.
69. Smith 1996, p. 115.
70. "About The freeman's Lance. [online resource] (Peru, Kan.) 1891-1892". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
71. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 241, ¶ 2524.
72. Smith 1996, p. 116.
73. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 465, ¶ 4844.
74. "About The Pittsburg plain dealer. [volume] (Pittsburg, Kan) 1899-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
75. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 581, ¶ 6074.
76. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 105, ¶ 1086.
77. Smith 1996, p. 130.
78. "About The Black word is. [volume] (Salina, Kan.) 1971-1976". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
79. "About The Salina enterprise. [online resource] (Salina, Kan.) 1908-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
80. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5215.
81. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6389.
82. "About The Baptist headlight. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1893-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
83. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1683.
84. "About The colored patriot. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1882-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
85. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 184, ¶ 1912.
86. Smith 1996, p. 129.
87. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2253.
88. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2879.
89. "About The Kansas Baptist herald. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1911-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
90. "About The Kansas blackman. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1894-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
91. "About The Kansas sentinel. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1960-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
92. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3395.
93. "About Kansas State tribune. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1881-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
94. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3399.
95. "About The Kansas watchman. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
96. "About Kansas eagle. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1934-1935". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
97. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3400.
98. "About The Kansas whip. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-1934". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
99. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 344, ¶ 3607.
100. "About The little weekly. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
101. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 563, ¶ 5882.
102. "About The national watchman. [microfilm reel] (Topeka, Kan.) 1???-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
103. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 395, ¶ 4116.
104. "About Topeka post-review. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
105. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 564, ¶ 5884.
106. "About The state ledger. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1894-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
107. "About The Kansas state ledger. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1892-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
108. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 541, ¶ 5635.
109. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 561, ¶ 5864.
110. "About The Topeka tribune and western recorder. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1885-1885". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
111. "About The Topeka call. [online resource] (Topeka, Kan.) 1891-1893". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
112. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6333.
113. Smith 1996, p. 114.
114. "About Weir City eagle. [volume] (Weir, Kan.) 1899-1900". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
115. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6359.
116. "About The American times. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1908-190?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
117. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 428.
118. "About The colored citizen. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1902-1904". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
119. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1684.
120. "About The community voice. (Wichita, Kan.) 1995-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
121. "About The Wichita factarian. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
122. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6418.
123. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6419.
124. "About Kansas black journal. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 198?-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
125. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3393.
126. "About The Kansas headlight. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
127. "About The Kansas sunflower. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1890-1890". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
128. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3396.
129. "About The Kansas voice. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 194?-194?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
130. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 325, ¶ 3398.
131. "About Kansas weekly journal. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
132. "About The Midwest news press. [online resource] (Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kan.) 1958-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
133. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 364, ¶ 3804.
134. "About National Baptist world. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1894". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
135. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 394, ¶ 4100.
136. "About The national reflector. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1895-1898". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
137. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 402, ¶ 4194.
138. "About The news hawk. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 197?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
139. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 419, ¶ 4355.
140. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4785.
141. "About The People's friend. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1894-1896". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
142. "About The post observer. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1953-1953". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
143. "About Wichita post observer. [online resource] (Wichita, Kan.) 1953-1954". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
144. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6420.
145. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6421.
146. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6422.
147. "About The Wichita tribune. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.) 1898-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
148. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 614, ¶ 6423.