List of African-American newspapers in Illinois

Copy editing the Chicago Defender in 1942.

This is a list of African-American newspapers in Illinois. To be included, a newspaper should be attested in a reliable source as an African-American newspaper published in Illinois. The list is divided by region, and the newspapers attested in each region are placed in alphabetic order by city.

Illinois' first African-American newspaper was the Cairo Weekly Gazette , established in 1862. ^[1] The first in Chicago was The Chicago Conservator , established in 1878. An estimated 190 Black newspapers had been founded in Illinois by 1975, ^[2] and more have continued to be established in the decades since.

While most such newspapers in Illinois have been local, some like the Chicago-based Chicago Defender and Muhammad Speaks have had a major national circulation and impact. National Black newspaper networks, including the Defender syndicate and Associated Negro Press, have also been headquartered in Chicago.

Northern Illinois

The Chicago Bee Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Bee was published.

The Chicago Defender Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Defender was published until 1960.

Northern Illinois covers the northern third of Illinois, and is by far the most populous of Illinois' regions. Most of population is concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, and most of the region's African American newspapers have likewise been concentrated in and near Chicago.

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Chicago	Abbott's Weekly & Illustrated News	1933 [3]	1934 [3]	Weekly [3]		Published by Robert Sengstacke Abbott. [4]
Chicago	Advance	1890 [3]	1900 [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	The Chicago Advocate	1905 (uncertain) [5]	? [5]	Weekly [5]
Chicago	African-American Voice / The Voice of the Black Community	1994 (uncertain) [6]	?	Biweekly [6]
Chicago	All About Us	1896 [3]	1899 [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	All Chicago Focus	1990 (uncertain) [7]	1991 [7]	Twice monthly [7]
Chicago	A.M.E. Record	1895 [3]	? [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	Appeal	1885 [3]	1926 [3] or 1923 [8]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	Aspect	1908 [3]	1908 [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago (Austin)	The Austin Voice	1986 [9]	? [9]	Biweekly [9]		official site
Chicago (Austin)	The Austin Weekly News	1987 [9]	current	Weekly [9]		official site
Chicago	The Chicago Bee and Sunday Bee	1925 [3]	1947 [3]	Weekly [3]		Founded by Anthony Overton.
Chicago	Bee-Free Speech	1888 [3]	1895 [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	Black Truth	1968 [3]	1971 (or later) [10] or 1970 [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	Black X-Press	1973 [11]	1970s [12]	Weekly [11]		Founded by Lu Palmer [11]
Chicago	The Broad Ax	1895 [3]	1935 [3]	Weekly [3]		Moved to Chicago in 1899; published from August 1895 to June 1899 in Salt Lake City, Utah. [13]
Chicago	Brotherhood	1890 [3]	? [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	Bronzeville	1943 [14]	?	Weekly
Chicago	Bulletin	1958 [3]	1972 [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago	Busy Bee	1896 [3]	? [3]	Weekly [3]
Chicago (Chatham)	Chatham-Southeast Citizen / Chatham Citizen	1965 [15]	current	Weekly [15]		Part of the Chicago Citizen Newspaper Group. Official site
Chicago	The Chicago Courier	1938 [3]		Weekly [3]		Chicago affiliate of the Pittsburgh Courier [16]
Chicago	Chicago Defender	1905 [17]	current	Weekly; daily from 1956 [17] to 2008 [18]		Became online-only in 2019. [19] Official site
Chicago	Christian Gibraltar	1910 [17]	1970 [17]	Weekly
Chicago	Christian Science	1895 [17]	? [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Chronicle	1918 [17]	? [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Church Organ	1893 [17]	1898 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Church Record	1895 [17]	? [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Citizen	1965 [17]		Weekly [17]
Chicago	Clipper	1885 [17]	1898 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Conservator	1878	1914 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Courier	1932 [17]	1932 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Crusader	1937 [17]	? [17]	Weekly [17]		Distinct from the Chicago Crusader that was established 1940 as the New Crusader.
Chicago	New Crusader / The Chicago Crusader	1940 [20]	current	Weekly		Published by Balm Leavell until 1968 and subsequently by Dorothy Leavell. [21] Official site
Chicago	Daily Times	? [17]	? [17]	Daily
Chicago	Dynamite	1936 [17] or 1937 [22]	1939 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Eagle	1889 [17]	1930 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	East Side Monitor	? [17]	? [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Egyptian Sun	? [17]	? [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Enterprise	1918 [17]	1931 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Evening World	1919 [17]	1919 [17]	Daily [17]
Chicago	Fellowship Herald	1916 [17]	1916 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	The Final Call	1979 [23]	current	Twice monthly [23]		Official newspaper of the Nation of Islam. Official site
Chicago	Free Lance	1895 [17]	1926 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Free Speech	1888 [17]	1898 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Chicago Gazette	1880s? [24]	1890s? [24]			No copies extant. [24] Managing editor in 1893 was William Thomas Scott. [24]
Chicago	The Chicago Gazette	1949 [25] or 1950 [17]	current	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Globe Chicago Globe [26]	1950? [26]		Weekly [27]		Circulation of 35,000 in 1951. [27]
Chicago	Hero	1889 [17]	1891 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Home Journal	? [17]	? [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Home News	1925 [17]	1925 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago (Hyde Park)	Hyde Park Citizen	1988 (uncertain) [28]	current	Weekly [28]		Published by the Chicago Citizen Newspaper Group. Official site
Chicago	Idea	1900 [17]	1918 [17]	Weekly [17]		Published by W.D. Neighbors. [17]
Chicago	Illinois Chronicle	1900 [17]	1921 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Illinois Idea [17] / The Chicago Illinois Idea [29] / The Chicago Idea [30]	1903 [17]	1922 [17]	Weekly [17]		Published by S.B. Turner [17] or "Mrs. S.B. Turner". [29]
Chicago	Illinois Political News	1939 (uncertain) [31]	? [31]	Weekly [31]
Chicago	Chicago Independent Bulletin	1972 (uncertain) [32]	? [32]	Weekly [32]
Chicago	Inquirer	1926 [17]	1926 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Chicago Journal	1975 (uncertain) [32]	? [32]	Weekly [32]
Chicago (Lawndale)	Lawndale Drum	1970 [17] or 1972 [33]	1979 (uncertain) [33]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Leader	1905 [17]	1906 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Messenger	1942 [17]	1944 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Chicago Metro News	1965 [32] or 1972 [17]	?	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Metropolitan News (to 1938) / Metropolitan Post [34] (to 1940)	1935 [17]	1940 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Mission Star	1890 [17]	?	Weekly [17]
Chicago / Moline	Modern Farmer	1930 [17]	1932 [17]	Monthly newspaper		Official publication of the National Federation of Colored Farmers. Published in other years at Nashville, Tennessee. Available online
Chicago	Monitor	1914 [17]	1915 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Muhammad Speaks	1961 [17]	1975 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	National Aspect	1910 [17]	1912 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	Negro Champion	1925 [17]	1929 [17]	Weekly [17]
Chicago	The Negro Spearhead	1968 [35]	? [35]	Weekly [35]
Chicago	New Metro News	1992 (uncertain) [36]	?	Weekly [36]
Chicago (South Side)	News Clarion / South Side News-Clarion [37]	1964 [38]	? [38]	Weekly [38]		Founded by Chicago alderman Claude Holman. [37]
Chicago	News Ledger	1938 [20]	1941 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	News Scene	1984 (uncertain) [39]		Twice monthly [39]
Chicago	Observer	1885 [20]	?	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Chicago Observer	1964 [20]	? [32]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Owl	1962 [40]	1960s	Weekly [40]
Chicago	Pathfinder	?	?	Weekly [20]
Chicago	People's Advocate	1900 [20]	1926 [20]	Weekly [20]		Published by Oscar De Priest [20]
Chicago	People's Voice	1918 [20]	1918 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Plain Dealer	1888 [20]	1922 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Chicago Reflector	1895 [20] or 1896 [32]	1906 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Republican	1888 [20]	1889 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Review	1929 [20]	1932 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Royal Messenger	1921 [20]	1932 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Savoyager	1929 [20]	1932 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Chicago Scene	1984 (uncertain) [41]	1993 [41]	Weekly [41]
Chicago	Search Light or Searchlight [16]	1910 [20]	1932 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Chicago Shoreland News / Chicago Shoreland	1977 (uncertain) [41]	? [41]	Weekly [41]
Chicago	Smith's Arrow Weekly	?	?	Weekly [20]
Chicago	South End Citizen	1965 (uncertain) [42]	current	Weekly [42]		Published by Chicago Citizen Newspaper Group. Official site
Chicago	The South Shopper	1995 [43]	?	Monthly newspaper [43]
Chicago	South Side Bulletin: Chicago’s Progressive Community Weekly / Bulletin	1959 (uncertain) [44]	1972 [44]	Weekly [44]		Published by the Southtown Economist . [44]
Chicago (South Side)	South Street Journal	1994 (uncertain) [45]	2010s [46]	Biweekly [45]
Chicago	South Suburban Citizen	1982 (uncertain) [47]	current	Weekly [47]		Published by Chicago Citizen Newspaper Group. Official site
Chicago	Southside Digest	1931 [20]	1931 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Spokesman	1932 [20]	1932 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Standard	1894 [20]	1895 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Star	1910 [20]	1946 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Sun	1924 [20]	1924 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Supreme Liberty Guardian	?	1938 [20]	Weekly [20] or twice monthly [48]
Chicago	Today’s Chronicle	1992 [49] or 1996 [50]		Biweekly [49]
Chicago	Voice	1910 [20]	? [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Voice / Second Ward Voice / The First District Voice (1942) [51]	1940 [52]	? [52]	Weekly [52]		Official newspaper of the Second Ward Regular Democratic Organization. [52]
Chicago	Wednesday's Focus	1990 [53]	? [53]	Weekly [53]
Chicago	Chicago Weekend	1974 (uncertain) [41]		Weekly [41]		Published by the Chicago Citizen Newspaper Group. [54]
Chicago	Weekly Reporter	1906 [20]	1906 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	West Side Torch	1969 [20]	1969 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	Western Opinion	1906 [20]	1909 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Chicago Whip	1919 [20]	1939 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago (West Side)	West Side Torch: The People's Paper	1965 (uncertain) [55]	1971 (uncertain) [55]	Biweekly [55]		Published by the West Side Federation. [55]
Chicago [56] or Chicago Heights [57]	Tri-City Journal	1978 [57]		Weekly [56]
Chicago	The Windy City Word	1992 (uncertain) [58]	? [58]	Weekly [58]
Chicago (Woodlawn)	Woodlawn Booster / Woodlawn Booster and Bulletin [59]	1932 [20]	1973 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Chicago World	1900 [20]	1902 [20]	Weekly [20]
Chicago	The Chicago World	1918 [20]	1953 [20]	Weekly [20]		Circulation of 32,000 in 1951. [27]
Chicago Heights	Chicago Standard News	1984 [41]	current	Weekly [41]
East Moline	The Common Bond	1975	? [60]	Monthly newspaper [60]
Evanston	Evanston Guide	1929 [61]	1932 [61]	Weekly [61]
Evanston	Evanston Newsette	1941 [61]	?	Weekly [61]
Evanston	Evanston Weekly	1915 [61]	1931 [61]	Weekly [61]
Evanston	North Shore Examiner	1968 [61] or 1971 [62]	1979 [63]	Weekly, later monthly [63] or bimonthly [62]
Harvey	Chicago South Suburban News	1964 [61] or 1966 [41]	1972 [64]	Weekly [61]
Harvey	Suburban Journal	1968 [61]		Weekly [61]
Hopkins Park (Pembroke Township)	Pembroke Herald Eagle	1961 [65] or 1962 [66]	1983 [65]	Weekly [66]		Published by Ozroe Bentley, remembered as "the conscience of a community." [65]
Joliet	Voice or Negro Voice (1966)	1950 [61]	?	Weekly [61]
Kankakee	Progressive Era	1924 [61]	1942 [61]	Weekly [61]
Maywood	Suburban Echo-Reporter	1964 [61]	?	Weekly [61]
Robbins	Herald	1917 [67]	1950 [67]	Weekly [67]		Circulation of 3,800. [27]
Robbins	Informer	1947 [68] or 1948 [67]	1949 [67]	Weekly [67]
Rockford	Crusader	1950 [67]	1972 [67]	Weekly [67]
Rockford	Vital Force	1985 [69]	2000s [70]	Weekly [69]		Published by George Anne Duckett. [70]
Rock Island	Tri City Oracle	1898 [67]	1900 [67]	Weekly [67]
South Holland	South Suburban Journal	1975 (uncertain) [71]	? [71]	Weekly [71]
Waukegan	North Shore Guardian	1964 [72]	? [72]	Weekly [72]

Central Illinois

Central Illinois is the middle third of the state. It includes the state capital Springfield and many other small cities such as Bloomington-Normal, Champaign-Urbana, Danville, Decatur, Galesburg and Peoria.

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Bloomington	American Pilot	1896 [3]	1899 [3]	Weekly [3]		Published by A.M.E. minister and attorney Henry Washington Jameson. [73]
Bloomington	Cooperative News	1933 [3]	1938 [3]	Weekly [3]
Champaign	Illinois Times	1941 [3]	1971 [3]	Weekly [3]		Not to be confused with the Illinois Times of Springfield, an alternative weekly established in 1975.
Champaign	Plain Truth	1967 [3]	1969 [3]	Weekly [3]		"[T]he first black power publication in Champaign-Urbana" [74]
Danville	The Black Vanguard: for Unity in the Black Community [75]	1968 [75]	? [75]	Weekly [20] or irregular [75]
Danville	Illinois Times	1939 [20]	1941 [20]	Weekly [20]		Not to be confused with the Illinois Times of Springfield, an alternative weekly established in 1975.
Danville	International	1901 [20]	1902 [20]	Weekly [20]
Danville	Inter-State Echo	1909 [20]	1920 [20]	Weekly [20]
Decatur	Advance Citizen	1892 [20]	1932 [20]	Weekly [20]
Decatur	The Voice / African-American Voice / Voice of the Black Community	1967 [20]	? [20]	Weekly [20]		Publisher Horace Livingston, Jr., is the subject of a sculpture by Preston Eugene Jackson at Decatur's Mueller Park. [76] The Voice also produced Bloomington, Peoria and Springfield editions. [77]
Galesburg	Western Herald	1884 [61]	1885 [61]	Weekly [61]
Galesburg	The Illinois Star	1935 [78]	1941? [79]	Weekly [80]		Available online
Litchfield	Afro-American Advocate	1892 [61]	1893 [61]	Weekly [61]		At its founding, the Afro-American Advocate was the only African-American newspaper in Illinois supporting the Democratic Party. [81]
Peoria	Advance Citizen	1892 [67]	1932 [67]	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Black Rapper	1968 [67]	1970 [67]	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Bronze Informer	1945 [67]	1946 [67]	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Bronze Peoria Herald	1964 [67]	1968 [67]	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Forum	1906 [67]	1915 [67]	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Informer	1934 [67]	1939 [67]	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Peoria Whirlwind	1962 [67]	1970s	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Spectator	1955 [67]	1955 [67]	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Traveler Weekly	1968 [67]	1970s	Weekly [67]
Peoria	Weekly Enterprise	1952 [67]	1952 [67]	Weekly [67]
Quincy	Advocate	1906 [67]	?	Weekly [67]
Quincy	Illinois Informer	1919 (uncertain) [31]	1926 [67]	Weekly [67]
Quincy	Illinois Progress	1892 [67]	1900 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Advance Citizen	1892 [67]	1932 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Argus	1913 [67]	1915 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Capital City Courier	2005 [82] or 2006 [83]	current	Monthly newspaper [82]		Official site
Springfield	Capitol City News	1942 [67]	1951 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Chronicle	1917 [67]	1917 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Community Echo	1950s [84]	?			Published by Lottie Bridgewater. [84]
Springfield	Eye	1890 [67]	1893 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Forum	1904 [67]	1927 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Illinois Chronicle	1912 [67] or 1917 [16]	1969 [67]	Weekly [67] or twice-monthly [48]		Circulation of 1,200 in 1951. [27]
Springfield	Illinois Conservator / Conservator-Globe [31]	1902 [67] or 1905 [85]	1950 [67] [85] or after 1956 [31]	Weekly [67] or twice monthly [27]		Published by Elmer Lee Rogers. Remembered for its strong advocacy in the aftermath of the Springfield race riot of 1908. [86] Circulation of 3,500 in 1951. [27]
Springfield	Illinois Record	1897 [67]	1899 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Illinois State Informer	1935 [31]	? [31]	Weekly [31]		Founded by Dr. Alonzo Kenniebrew. [87] Continued through at least 1938. [31]
Springfield	Illinois State Messenger	1897 [67]	1900 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Leader	1902 [67]	1918 [67]	Weekly [67]
Springfield	Messenger	1888 [88]	1889 [88]	Weekly [88]
Springfield	National Standard Enterprise	1894 [88]	1903 [88]	Weekly [88]
Springfield	Negro Democrat	1934 [88]	1936 [88]	Weekly [88]
Springfield	PURE NEWS USA	1983 [89]	current	Monthly newspaper [89]		National circulation. Official site
Springfield	Spirit of Black Springfield	1968 [88]	1968 [88]	Weekly [88]
Springfield	Springfield's Voice	1973 [88]	current [90]	Weekly [88]		official site
Springfield	The State Capital [91]	1886 [88]	1915 [88] or 1910 [91]	Weekly [88]		Edited in early 1890s by Sheadrick Bond Turner. [91] In 1891 Irvine Garland Penn judged The State Capital the "leading organ of the race, west of the Ohio River". [92] Available online
Springfield	Voice of the Black Community	1972 [93] or 1973 [90]	2000 [90]	Weekly [93]		Springfield edition of the Decatur Voice.

Southern Illinois

Southern Illinois or "Little Egypt" is the southern third of Illinois, and is the state's least populous region. Much of the population is concentrated in Metro East, a five-county region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri. The state's first African American newspaper was established in Southern Illinois' southernmost town, Cairo, in 1862.

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Alton	Advance Citizen	1892 [3]	1932 [3]	Weekly [3]		One of a chain of five Advance Citizen papers published across central Illinois from 1892 to 1932 by Harvey T. Bowman. [81]
Brooklyn	Monitor	1886 [3]	19th century [3]	Weekly [3]
Cairo	American	1905 [3]	1906 [3]	Weekly [3]
Cairo	Baptist Truth	1894 [3]	1924 [3]	Weekly [3]
Cairo	Illinois Messenger	1925 [3]	1933 [3]	Weekly [3]
Cairo	Cairo News / United Front News	1971 (uncertain) [94]	? [94]	Weekly [94]		Edited by Preston Ewing. [94] Key vehicle for disseminating information during the fight against discrimination in Cairo. [95]
Cairo	Sentinel	1890 [3]	1895 [3]	Weekly [3]
Cairo	Three States	1881 [3]	1883 [3]	Weekly [3]
Cairo	Weekly Gazette	1862 [3]	1890 [96]	Weekly [3] / Daily (1882) [1]		First African-American newspaper in Illinois. [1] 1882 daily edition was first daily African-American newspaper in the United States. [97] Published by William S. Scott. [1]
East St. Louis	Advance Citizen	1892 [20]	1932 [20]	Weekly [20]
East St. Louis	Beacon	1960s [20]	?	Weekly [20]
East St. Louis	The Crusader	1941 [20] [98] or 1943 [16]	?	Weekly [20]		Circulation of 7000 in 1966. [98]
East St. Louis	East Side Monitor	1970	1970s [20]	Weekly [20]
East St. Louis	Empire Weekly News	1960s [20]	1970s [20]	Weekly [20]
East St. Louis	Forum	1928 [61]	1929 [61]	Weekly [61]
East St. Louis	Monitor	1962 [61] or 1963 [99]	current	Weekly [61]		official site
East St. Louis	Negro Democrat / Spotlight [48]	1933 [100]	?	Weekly [100]		Official newspaper of the Downstate Negro Democratic League. [100] Extant through at least 1942. [101]
East St. Louis	Sentinel	1904 [61]	1909 [61]	Weekly [61]
East St. Louis	Southern Illinois Press	1922 [61]	1924 [61]	Weekly [61]
East St. Louis	Tri State Tribune	?	?	Weekly [61]
Metropolis	Christian Anchor	?	?	Weekly; [61] monthly in 1912 [102]		Religious topics [102]
Metropolis	The Metropolis Gazette / Metropolis Weekly Gazette	1897 [61] or 1898 [103]	1938 [61]	Weekly [61]
Mound City	Egyptian Sun	1924 [67]	1940 [67]	Weekly [67]
Mound City	Star	1908 [67]	1925 [67]	Weekly [67]

See also

• History of African Americans in Chicago
• List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African-American newspapers in Iowa
• List of African-American newspapers in Indiana
• List of African-American newspapers in Missouri
• List of African-American newspapers in Wisconsin

Works cited

• Belles, A. Gilbert (September 1975). "The Black Press in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 68 (4): 344–352. JSTOR   40191030.
• Camara, Afi (2013). Pleading Our Own Cause: The Black Press in Springfield Illinois (1886-2013) . Retrieved 2019-12-16.
• Carroll, Fred (2017). Race News: Black Journalists and the Fight for Racial Justice in the Twentieth Century. University of Illinois Press. ISBN   9780252050091.
• Census Bureau (1938). "Negro Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States: 1937". Negro Statistical Bulletin, Issues 1-17.
• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674007888.
• Dolinar, Brian (2013). The Negro in Illinois: The WPA Papers. University of Illinois Press. ISBN   9780252094958.
• Lochard, Metz T. P. (Autumn 1963). "The Negro Press in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 56 (3): 570–591. JSTOR   40190627.
• Mansberger, Floyd; Stratton, Christopher (2018). National Register of Historic Places Thematic Survey of Springfield's African-American Community, And the Central East Neighborhood, Springfield, Illinois (PDF). Retrieved 2019-12-15.
• Mouser, Bruce L. (2014). A Black Gambler's World of Liquor, Vice, and Presidential Politics: William Thomas Scott of Illinois, 1839–1917. ISBN   9780299301842.
• Smith, Jessie Carney; Horton, Carrell Peterson, eds. (1995). Historical Statistics of Black America: Media to Vital Statistics. Gale Research. ISBN   0810393921.
• Walker, Juliet E.K. (1996). "The Promised Land: The Chicago Defender and the Black Press in Illinois, 1862-1970". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985. Greenwood Press. ISBN   9780313255793.

References

1. Walker 1996, p. 10.
2. Walker 1996, p. 11.
3. Belles 1975, p. 346.
4. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 4, ¶ 38.
5. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145.
6. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 20.
7. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 33.
8. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 46.
9. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 56.
10. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 102.
11. Carroll 2017, p. 258.
12. "About Black x-press. (Chicago, Ill.) 1973-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
13. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 116, ¶ 1195.
14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 117.
15. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 144.
16. Lochard 1963, p. 575.
17. Belles 1975, p. 347.
18. Katz, Brigit (2019-07-09). "The 'Chicago Defender,' an Iconic Black Newspaper, to Release Its Last Print Issue". Smithsonian.
19. Graham, Jefferson. "Legendary Chicago Defender publication to go digital only". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-12-18. In 2008, the paper switched back to a weekly circulation.
20. Belles 1975, p. 348.
21. Linda M. Carter (2017). "Leavell, Dorothy R.". Encyclopedia of African American Business (2nd ed.). pp. 479–481. ISBN   9781440850288.
22. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 202.
23. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 223.
24. Mouser 2014, p. 80.
25. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 146.
26. Dawkins, Wayne (1997). Black Journalists: The NABJ Story. August Press LLC. p. 54. ISBN   9780963572042. They met in 1950 when Jarrett was with the Chicago Globe, a new black newspaper.
27. Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1207.
28. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287.
29. Danky & Hady 1998, pp. 146–147, ¶ 1524.
30. Illinois Secretary of State (1923). Blue Book of the State of Illinois. p. 138.
31. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 290.
32. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 147.
33. "Title: Lawndale drum" . Retrieved 2019-12-15.
34. Census Bureau 1938, p. 4.
35. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 402, ¶ 4193.
36. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 410, ¶ 4267.
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