List of African-American newspapers in Alabama

Front page of the Birmingham Wide-Awake from January 1900.

This is a list of African-American newspapers that have been published in Alabama. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

The first such newspaper in Alabama was The Nationalist , published in Mobile from 1865 to 1869. ^[1] Many more followed it, with some 100 newspapers established in the 1890s alone as the reading population grew and became more urbanized.

Alabama's first state organization of African-American newspapers was the Alabama Colored Press Association, which was founded by the editors of nine papers in 1887. ^[2] However, the association ceased to function after two years, due to many of its key members having been driven out of the state by racist violence. ^[2] As the growth of the African-American press continued unabated, the Afro-American Press Association of Alabama was established in 1894. ^[2]

Newspapers

City	Title	Beginning	End	Frequency	Call numbers	Remarks
Aldrich	The Alabama Time-Piece [3] The Alabama Timepiece [4]	1895 [4]	1902? [4]	Weekly [4]	LCCN   sn85044527 OCLC   11359168	Published by Aldrich Publishing Company. [4] Edited by B.L. Lester. [4]
Anniston / Birmingham  (1909–1911) [5]	The Baptist Leader	1880s [5]	1900s [5]	Weekly [5]	LCCN   sn85044572 OCLC   12056704	Edited by Jesse C. Duke. [6]
Anniston	The Union Leader	1901 [7]	1903? [7]	Weekly [7]	LCCN   sn85044820 OCLC   12368721
Bay Minette	American Banner	1895? [8]	? [8]	Weekly, bimonthly in 1899 [8]	LCCN   sn85044611 OCLC   12085208	Published by Boykin, S.J. [8] Attested through at least 1902. [8]
Belmont	News	1902 [9]	1903 [9]	Weekly [9]
Bethel	The Southern Star	1890s [10]	1900s [10]	Weekly [10]	LCCN   sn87050284 OCLC   16505917
Birmingham / Montgomery (1877–1882) [11]	Advance	1876 [11]	1882 [11]	Weekly [11]		First Democratic African-American newspaper in Alabama. [11] Edited by James A. Scott. [11]
Birmingham	The Afro-American Labor Sentinel	1896 [12]	? [12]	Twice monthly [12]		Published by The Afro-American Labor and Protective Association. [12]
Birmingham	The Birmingham American	1910s [13]	1900s [13]	Weekly [13]	LCCN   sn87050405 OCLC   17279686
Birmingham	Birmingham Blade [14] The Birmingham Blade [15]	1907 [14]	1909 [14]	Weekly [14]	LCCN   sn86050141 OCLC   13355701	Published and edited by L.H. Harrison. [14]
Birmingham	Broad Axe	1891 [16]	1895 [16]			Edited by T.H. Jordan. [2]
Birmingham	By Any Means Necessary: (BAMN)	1985? [17]	?	Irregular [17]	OCLC   27921519	Published by New Afrikan People’s Organization. Edited by Thandisizwe Chimurenga. [17] Attested through at least 1993. [17]
Birmingham	Christian Era Birmingham Era	1886 [18]	1887 [18]			Edited by T.W. Coffee. [18]
Birmingham / Demopolis	The Christian Hope	1894? [19]	? [19]	Weekly [19]		Edited by L.S. Steinbeck. [19] Attested through at least 1902. [19]
Birmingham	Birmingham Free Speech	1901 [20]	? [20]	Weekly [20]	LCCN   sn86050142 OCLC   13355683	Published by Francis P. McAlpin. [20]
Birmingham	Hot Shots	1896 [21]	1900s [21]	Irregular [21]	LCCN   sn86050334 OCLC   13944291
Birmingham	Birmingham Mirror [22] The Birmingham Mirror [23]	1939? [23]	? [23]	Weekly [23]	LCCN   sn89050010 OCLC   19255850	Published by J. Howard Williamson. [23] Attested through at least 1974. [23]
Birmingham	Negro American [24] The Negro American [25] American Citizen (1888–) [18]	1886 [25]	1891? [25]	Weekly [25]	LCCN   sn87050415 OCLC   17293242	Edited by R.C.O. Benjamin from 1886 to 1887, when threats of white violence forced him to leave. [26] Subsequent editors included J.W. White, Albert Boyd, and A.N. Jackson. [18] "The most outspoken black paper in Birmingham". [26]
Birmingham	The New Era Banner	1918 [27] or 1919 [28]	? [28]	Weekly [28]	LCCN   sn87050161 OCLC   15725330
Birmingham	The Pleiades	1888 [29]	? [29]	Weekly [29]	LCCN   sn87050416 OCLC   17293270
Birmingham	The Birmingham Reporter	1900? [30]	? [30]	Weekly [30]	LCCN   sn88050035 OCLC   17545418	Published by the Colored Masonic Temple. [30] Attested through at least 1928. [30] Edited by Oscar W. Adams Sr. from 1907 to 1928. [30]
Birmingham	The Birmingham Reporter Birmingham Eagle Reporter	1915? [31]	1930s [32]	Weekly [31]	LCCN   sn87050145 OCLC   12061365	"Official organ of the Masons, Eastern Stars, and Knights of Pythias of Alabama and Knights and Ladies of Honor of the World." [32]
Birmingham	The Times Plain Dealer	1910s [33]	1900s [33]	Weekly [33]	LCCN   sn87050142 OCLC   15615311	Attested through at least 1921. [33]
Birmingham	The Birmingham Times	1964 [34]	current	Weekly [34]	LCCN   sn85044582 OCLC   11125591 ISSN   1534-2794	Official site
Birmingham	The Birmingham Truth	1902 [35]	1900s [36]	Weekly [36]	LCCN   sn85044585 OCLC   9514196	Attested through at least 1927. [36] Founded and until 1910 edited by Carrie A. Tuggle. [35]
Birmingham	The Truth	1903 [37]	1900s [37]	Weekly [37]	LCCN   sn87050092 OCLC   15376366	Attested through at least 1905. [37] Published by Tuggle Printing Company. [37]
Birmingham	The Voice of the People [38] Weekly Voice (1916–1917) [39]	1913? [38]	1920s [39]	Weekly [38]	LCCN   sn88050055 OCLC   17672113	Published by E.W. Howell. [38]
Birmingham	The Alabama Voice	1946 [40]	? [40]	Bimonthly newspaper [40]		Published by H.D. Coke. [40]
Birmingham	Weekly Pilot	1883 [41]	? [41]	Weekly [41]	LCCN   sn88050012 OCLC   17407826	Edited by J.H. Thomason. Published by Pilot Publishing Company. [41]
Birmingham	The Weekly Review	1934? [42]	? [42]	Weekly [42]	LCCN   sn85044586f OCLC   9509110	Published and edited by Robert Durr. [42]
Birmingham	Wide Awake Bulletin (1880s–1890s) [43] Wide-Awake (1890s–) [44] Birmingham Wide-Awake (1906–) [45]	1887 [43] or 1889? [46]	1890s [43]	Weekly [43] [46]	Wide-Awake Bulletin: LCCN   sn88050018 OCLC   17408400 Wide-Awake: LCCN   sn83025484, 2013254374 OCLC   850967976, 2775228, 9526349 Birmingham Wide-Awake: LCCN   sn87050155 OCLC   15720225
Birmingham	The Workmen's Chronicle [47] The Workmens Chronicle [48]	1917 [48]	? [48]	Weekly [48]	LCCN   sn88050014 OCLC   17407907	"Issued under the auspices of the Afro-American Sociological Congress." [47]
Birmingham	Birmingham World	1930 [49]	1996 [50]	Weekly, [49] twice weekly from 1940 to 1969 [50]	LCCN   sn83045136 OCLC   18729791, 2258369, 3449376	Founded by W.A. Scott. Published by Joe N. Dickson & Associates. [49]
Decatur	The Guardian	1910 [51]	1900s [51]	Monthly newspaper [51]	LCCN   sn88050094 OCLC   17857604	Attested through at least 1914. [51]
Decatur	Speakin' Out Weekly News [52] Speakin’ Out News [53]	1980 [54]	current	Weekly [54]	LCCN   sn88050097, sn90099002 OCLC   21026715, 17857788	Official site Published by William Smothers. [53]
Dothan	Southern Star	1916 [55]	? [55]	Weekly [55]	LCCN   sn86050439 OCLC   14866951	Published by M.S. Brown. Edited by M.J. Adams from 1918 to 1919. [55]
Dothan	The Voice Of The Negro [56] Voice of the Negro [57]	1912? [57]	? [57]	Weekly [57]	LCCN   sn86050440 OCLC   14867035	Attested through at least 1915. [56]
Epes	The Sumter Enterprise	1907 [58]	? [58]	Weekly [58]	LCCN   sn8850071 OCLC   17698936	Published and edited by A.G. Idrell. [58]
Eufaula	Vindicator	1889 [59]	?			Edited by T.W. Coffee. [59]
Eutaw	Greene County Democrat	?	current	Weekly [60]	LCCN   sn85044807 OCLC   9238773 ISSN   0889-518X	Official site
Eutaw	Western Guide	1905 [9]	1909 [9]	Weekly [9]
Fayette	Watchman	1902 [9]	1903 [9]	Weekly [9]
Florence	The Shoals News Leader	1979? [61]	? [61]	Weekly [61]		Published by Reginald Liner. [61]
Florence	The Watcher	1888 [62]	1800s [63]	Weekly [62]	LCCN   sn87050259 OCLC   9191005	Suspended publication in 1889. [63]
Georgiana	The Temple Star	1916? [64]	? [64]	Twice monthly [64]
Girard	Eastern Sunlight	1901 [9]	1914 [9]	Weekly [9]
Grove Hill	Grove Hill Herald	1800s [65]	1850s [65]	Weekly [65]	LCCN   sn85044896 OCLC   12442012 ISSN   2574-7428
Hayneville / Montgomery	The Republican Sentinel and Hayneville Times	1878 [66]	1878 [67]	Weekly [68]	LCCN   sn85044770 OCLC   12170385	Published by James T. Rapier. Edited by Nathan M. Alexander. [66]
Huntsville	Huntsville Gazette	1879 [69]	1894 [69]	Weekly [69]	LCCN   760643891, sn84020151, sn90023104 OCLC   18762026, 2710177 ISSN   2575-1271	Edited by Charles Hendley, Jr. [6] "[T]he most financially successful and enduring black newspaper in Alabama before 1900." [6]
Huntsville	The Herald	1878 [70]	1884 [70]	Weekly [71]	LCCN   sn85044762 OCLC   12170269	Edited by W.H. Councill. [71]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Journal	1895 [72]	1897 [72]	Weekly [72]	LCCN   sn86050127 OCLC   13364689
Huntsville	The Journal	1897 [73]	1912 [74]	Weekly [73]	LCCN   sn86050128 OCLC   13364698	Edited by H.C. Binford from 1897 to 1911, and then by J.A. Binford. [73]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Mirror	1935? [75]	? [75]	Weekly [75]	LCCN   sn87050016 OCLC   15116289	Edited by L.C. Jamar. [76]
Huntsville	The Huntsville Star	1900 [77]	? [77]	Weekly [77]	LCCN   2012254019, sn83025483 OCLC   2747386, 773146372, 9525997	Edited by Richard C. Hancock. [77]
Huntsville	The Weekly News	1968 [78]	1980s [79]	Weekly [78] or bimonthly [79]	LCCN   sn87050012 OCLC   15115941
Huntsville	The Weekly News	1900s [79]	1900s [79]	Weekly [79]	LCCN   sn88050153 OCLC   18395742	Attested from at least 1931. [79]
Kempsville	The Eagle [80] The Cagie [81]	1800s [80]	1910s [81]	Twice monthly [81]	LCCN   sn87050157, sn87050156 OCLC   15724910, 15724980
Lovan	The Eagle	1880s [80]	1900s [80]	Twice monthly [80]	LCCN   sn87050186 OCLC   15986125
Marion	The Journal Reporter	1870s [82]	? [82]	Weekly [82]	LCCN   sn88050195 OCLC   18545605	Attested through at least 1881. [82]
Mobile	Ace	1975 [83]	? [83]	Weekly [83]	OCLC   17270714	Edited by William Shirley and Arthur Johnson Jr. [83] Attested through at least 1979. [83]
Mobile	Mobile Beacon [84] The Mobile Beacon & Alabama Citizen [85] The Mobile Beacon and Alabama Citizen [86]	1943 [86]	current	Weekly [86]	LCCN   760643870, 84020221, 88050211, sn84020221, sn88050212 OCLC   18659049, 2264283, 2666053	Published by Lancie M. Thomas. [86] Conflicting reports of closure in 2019. [87]
Mobile	Gazette	1883 [88]	1884 [88]	Twice weekly, then weekly (1882–1884) [88]		Final journalistic venture of Philip Joseph. [67]
Mobile	Herald	1871 [67]	1872 [67]			"[E]stablished in August 1871 to defend the Turner-Spencer faction of the party from attacks by the Mobile Republican." [67]
Mobile	Methodist Vindicator	1888 [59]	1889 [59]			Edited by T.W. Coffee. [59]
Mobile	The Nationalist	1865 [1]	1869 [1]	Triweekly [89]	LCCN   sn84023844 OCLC   11037661	First African American newspaper in Alabama. [90] Owned and managed by African Americans. [90] Edited in 1865 by John Silsby, and from 1866 to 1869 by Albert Griffin, "two white carpetbaggers". [90]
Mobile	The New Times	1981 [91]	current [91]	Weekly [91]	LCCN   sn85044906 OCLC   10487314 ISSN   0885-1662
Mobile	The Press Forum Sun	1900s [92]	1900s [92]	Weekly [92]	LCCN   sn88050206 OCLC   18657644
Mobile	The Press-Forum Weekly [93]	1929 [93]	1941 [93]	Weekly [93]	LCCN   sn88050205 OCLC   18657633
Mobile	The Mobile Republican	1870 [94]	1872? [94]	Weekly; daily in 1870 [94]	LCCN   760643865, sn87062006 OCLC   2674435	Initially a daily, purchased and turned into a weekly by Philip Joseph later in 1870. [95] James Shaw became editor and publisher in 1871. [95] "[P]ossibly the first in the state to be edited by an Afro-American." [95]
Mobile	The Southern Watchman	1899 [96]	1904 [96]	Weekly [97]	LCCN   sn88050167 OCLC   18517103	Edited by Anderson N. McEwen. [97]
Mobile	The Mobile Watchman Watchman	1873 [98]	1874 [99]	Weekly [98]	LCCN   sn88050159, sn88050160 OCLC   9200254, 9200310	Edited by Philip Joseph and K. H. Saltiel. [98]
Mobile	The Mobile Weekly Advocate	1911 [100]	? [100]	Weekly [100]	LCCN   sn88050162 OCLC   18516318	Attested through at least 1958. [100]
Mobile	The Mobile Weekly Press	1896? [101]	1929 [101]	Weekly [101]	LCCN   sn88050185 OCLC   18530886	Edited by Andrew N. Johnson from 1894 to 1907. [9]
Montgomery	The Advance	1877? [102]	1880s [103]	Weekly [102]	LCCN   sn87050046 OCLC   15220741	Published by James A. Scott. [102]
Montgomery	The Alabama Enterprise	1885? [104]	? [104]	Weekly [104]	LCCN   sn85045115 OCLC   12905754	Attested from 1886. [105] Edited by Sam B. Davis. [105]
Montgomery	The Alabama Guide	1884 [106]	? [106]	Monthly newspaper [106]		Published and edited by M.G. Thomas. [106]
Montgomery	Alabama Republican	1880 [107]	? [107]	Weekly [107]	LCCN   sn86050109 OCLC   13346900	Published and edited by Charles O. Harris. [107]
Montgomery	Alabama Tribune	1951 [108]	1964? [108]	Weekly [108]	LCCN   sn86050396 OCLC   14581814	Published by E.G. Jackson. [108]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Argus	1890 [109]	? [109]	Weekly [109]	LCCN   sn86050407 OCLC   14766859, 1476859
Montgomery	The Colored Alabamian	1907 [110]	1916 [110]	Weekly [110]	LCCN   sn83045035 OCLC   9308701
Montgomery	The Colored Citizen	1884 [111]	1884 [111]	Weekly [111]	LCCN   sn85045116 OCLC   12919260	Published by Brown Brothers. [111]
Montgomery	The Emancipator	1917 [112]	1920s [112]	Weekly [112]	LCCN   sn86050425 OCLC   11961865	Edited by J. Edward McCall. [112]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Enterprise	1898 [113]	1900 [113]	Weekly [113]	LCCN   2013254326, sn83025485 OCLC   2753672, 844394869, 9526435
Montgomery	The Evening Appeal	1886? [114]	? [114]	Unknown [114]
Montgomery	The Evening Appeal	1880s [115]	? [115]	Daily [115]	LCCN   sn85045113 OCLC   12905423	Published by Allred Bros. [115]
Montgomery	The Helping Hand	1907? [116]	1910s [117]	Weekly [116]	LCCN   sn86050428 OCLC   14817352	Published by Jackson A. Stokes. [116] Attested through at least 1912. [117]
Montgomery	The Herald	1886 [118]	1887 [118]	Weekly [118]	LCCN   sn85045117 OCLC   12919382	Published by Jesse C. Duke, who was driven from the state by a lynch mob after writing an anti-lynching editorial in The Herald in 1887. [119]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Mirror	1935? [120]	? [120]	Weekly [120]
Montgomery	Montgomery-Tuskegee Times: The Alternative [121] The Montgomery-Tuskegee Times [122]	1979 [121]	2000s	Weekly [121]	LCCN   sn85044592 OCLC   11817447
Montgomery	The Odd Fellows Journal	1885 [123]	? [123]	Monthly newspaper [123]	LCCN   sn93065629 OCLC   28004324	Attested through at least October 1886. [123]
Montgomery	The Republican Sentinel	1872? [124]	? [124]	Weekly [124]	LCCN   sn8650433 OCLC   14866378	Owned and edited by James T. Rapier. [67]
Montgomery [125]	The Southern Courier	1965 [125]	1968 [126]	Weekly [125]	LCCN   sn84025852 OCLC   10462102, 7852098	Moved from Atlanta to Montgomery in September 1965. [126]
Montgomery	The Montgomery Times	1977 [127]	1979 [127]	Weekly [127]	LCCN   sn86050432 OCLC   13460131
Montgomery	Voice of Action	1970 [128]	? [128]	Weekly [128]
Montgomery	Watchman Negro Watchman (1874) [70]	1873 [70]	1874 [70]			Edited by Philip Joseph, with William H. Councill and A.E. Williams as associate editors. [70]
Montgomery	The Weekly Citizen	1884 [129]	? [129]	Weekly [129]	LCCN   sn86050448 OCLC   14875394	Numerous editors and publishers. [129]
Montgomery	The Weekly News	1884 [130]	? [130]	Weekly [130]	LCCN   sn86050419 OCLC   14769112	Published by C.M. Brown, noted for his advocacy of black self-defense. [119]
Montgomery	Montgomery Weekly Review	1936? [131]	? [131]	Weekly [131]		Edited by William P. Smith. [131]
Opelika	The People's Choice	1894 [132]	? [132]	Weekly [132]	LCCN   sn85045044 OCLC   12739206	Edited by John P. Lawrence. [132] Circulation of 300. [133]
Patton Junction	The Patton Pointer	1897 [9] or 1898 [134]	1904 [9]	Weekly [134]	LCCN   sn87050225 OCLC   16096129	Edited by J.T. Nall. [134]
Selma	The Baptist Pioneer	1878 [135] or 1879? [136]	1886 [135]	Weekly [136] or monthly [137]	LCCN   sn85044666 OCLC   12152825	Published by the Alabama Baptist Normal and Theological School. [136] Edited by W.H. McAlpine. [136]
Selma	The Selma Cyclone	1886 [138]	1890s [138]	Weekly [138]	LCCN   sn85044523 OCLC   11198071	Edited by William J. Stevens from 1886 to 1887 and by John Mitchell Gee from 1887 to 1890. [26] Known for its conciliatory political stance. [26]
Selma	Dallas Post	1884 [139]	1884 [139]			Edited by W.H. Mixon. [139] "[T]he first secular Negro news journal ever published in Dallas County." [139]
Selma	The Independent Southern Independent	1800s [140]	? [140]	Weekly [140]	LCCN   sn85044581 OCLC   11200309	Edited by Mansfield Bryant from 1886 to 1889. [139] Absorbed Selma Social Circle and Gospel Messenger in 1888. [139]
Selma	Selma Record	1900 [141]	? [141]	Weekly [141]	LCCN   sn86050246 OCLC   13743949	Attested through at least 1902. [141]
Selma	Selma Sentinel	1965 [142]	? [142]	Weekly [142]	LCCN   sn85044634, sn85044636 OCLC   12119757, 12123801
Selma	Southern Christian Age	1898 [143]	? [143]	Weekly [143]		Edited by W.H. Mixon. [143] Attested through at least 1901. [143]
Selma	Southern Christian Recorder	1888 [139]	1891 [139]			Newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Edited by Mansfield Bryant. [139] Moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1891 after Bryant was arrested for his outspoken writing and his life was threatened by a lynch mob. [26]
Slocomb	Ardis Times	1909 [9]	1911 [9]	Weekly [9]
Talladega	Reporter and Watchtower	1873 [144]	1886? [144]	Weekly [144]	LCCN   sn84023594 OCLC   10896961	Published by T.J. Cross and M.H. Cruikshank. [144]
Talladega	The Southern Sentinel	1877 [145]	1881? [145] or 1886 [70]	Monthly during school year [145]	LCCN   sn88050143 OCLC   18370187	Edited by Edward P. Lord from 1877 to 1879, and George N. Ellis from 1879 to 1881. [145]
Tunnell Springs	Eagle	1888	1913
Tuscaloosa	Alabama Citizen [146] The Alabama Citizen and the Tuscaloosa Weekly Review [147]	1944? [147] or 1947 [146]	1947 [147] or 1963 [146]	Weekly [147]	LCCN   sn88050211 OCLC   18658854, 18658986	Published by James R. Greene. [147] Published in Mobile from October 1961 to September 1963. [146]
Tuscaloosa	Tuscaloosa Courier	1979? [148]	? [148]	Monthly newspaper [148]	OCLC   26923020	Published by Charles Steele Jr. [148]
Tuscaloosa	Tuskaloosa Chronicle	1896 [149]	? [149]	Weekly [149]	LCCN   sn88050106 OCLC   17869150
Tuscumbia	The American Star	1901 [150]	1929? [151]	Monthly [150]	LCCN   sn85045004 OCLC   12689668	"[T]he leading black paper in northwest Alabama." [151] Edited by G.W. Trenholm. [151]
Tuskegee	The Alabama Headlight	1900 [152]	1902? [152]	Semimonthly [152]		Published by Alabama Headlight. [152]
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Herald	1950 [153]	1958 [153]	Monthly newspaper [153]	LCCN   sn86050103 OCLC   13291570	Published by Hal Fisher. Edited by Mrs. E.M. Washington. [153]
Tuskegee	The Messenger	1905 [154]	1900s [154]	Weekly [154]	LCCN   sn92063894 OCLC   26654014
Tuskegee	The Negro Farmer	1940 [155]	? [155]	Monthly newspaper [155]	LCCN   2004225260 OCLC   55899359
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Progressive	1970? [156]	1971 [156]	Weekly [156]	LCCN   sn86050100 OCLC   13290841	Published by Joseph Ervin Morse. [156]
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Times	1974 [157]	1976 [157]	Weekly [157]	LCCN   sn86050101 OCLC   13290880
Tuskegee	The Tuskegee Voice	1976 [158]	1977 [158]	Weekly [158]	LCCN   sn86050099 OCLC   13290757	Published by J. Lowell Ware and edited by Rick Dunn. [158]
Tuskegee	The Zion Church Worker: The Home Newspaper	1900 [159]	? [159]	Monthly newspaper [159]
Union Springs	The Union Springs Enterprise	1895 [160]	? [160]	Weekly [160]	LCCN   sn85044566 OCLC   12049726	Edited by B.F. Rollins, then by R.T. Timothy in September–October 1896. [160]
Uniontown	The Negro Leader [161] The Uniontown News [162]	1900 [162]	1917 [9]	Weekly [162]	LCCN   87050364, sn87050363, sn87050364 OCLC   17003390, 17003504	Official organ of the Black Belt Farmers Conference. [161]
Wetumpka	Observer	1910 [9]	1912 [9]	Weekly [9]
Yantley	Racial Endeavors	1906 [9]	1907 [9]	Weekly [9]

See also

• List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
• List of African-American newspapers in Florida
• List of African-American newspapers in Georgia
• List of African-American newspapers in Mississippi
• List of African-American newspapers in Tennessee
• List of newspapers in Alabama

Works cited

• Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674007888.
• Jones, Allen Woodrow (1983). "Alabama". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979 . ISBN   9780313222443.
• Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN   9780882581927.
• Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN   9781578593699.

References

1. Smith 2012, p. 408.
2. Jones 1983, p. 35.
3. "About The Alabama time-piece. [volume] (Aldrich, Ala.) 1895-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
4. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 317.
5. "About The Baptist leader. [volume] (Anniston, Ala.) 188?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
6. Jones 1983, p. 29.
7. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6025.
8. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 400.
9. Jones 1983, p. 59.
10. "About The Southern star. (Bethel, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
11. Jones 1983, p. 27.
12. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 25, ¶ 249.
13. "About The Birmingham American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
14. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 727.
15. "About The Birmingham blade. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1907-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
16. Jones 1983, p. 56.
17. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1314.
18. Jones 1983, p. 33.
19. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 150, ¶ 1563.
20. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 728.
21. "About Hot shots. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1896-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
22. "About Birmingham mirror. (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
23. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 729.
24. "About Negro American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1886-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
25. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 398, ¶ 4149.
26. Jones 1983, p. 32.
27. "About The New era banner. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1918-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
28. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 408, ¶ 4247.
29. "About The Pleiades. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
30. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 730.
31. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 731.
32. "About The Birmingham reporter. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1???-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
33. "About The Times plain dealer. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
34. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 732.
35. Flynt, Wayne (2004). Alabama in the Twentieth Century. University of Alabama Press. ISBN   9780817314309.
36. "About The Birmingham truth. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
37. "About The Truth. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
38. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6252.
39. "About The Voice of the people. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
40. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 32, ¶ 319.
41. "About Weekly pilot. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1883-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
42. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6351.
43. "About Wide awake bulletin. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1887-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
44. "About Wide-awake. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 189?-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
45. "About Birmingham wide-awake. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1906-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
46. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 615, ¶ 6424.
47. "About The Workmen's chronicle. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
48. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6487.
49. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 735.
50. Birmingham Public Library. "Birmingham World". Local Databases. Retrieved 2020-02-11. Frequency: semi-weekly from 1940 - April 2, 1969; weekly from April 9, 1969 - 1996.
51. "About The Guardian. (Decatur, Ala.) 1910-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
52. "About Speakin' out weekly news. (Decatur, Ala.) 198?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
53. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 533, ¶ 5558.
54. "About Speakin' out news. (Decatur, Ala.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
55. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5522.
56. "About The Voice of the Negro. [volume] (Dothan, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
57. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6250.
58. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 548, ¶ 5718.
59. Jones 1983, p. 34.
60. "About Greene County democrat. [volume] (Eutaw, Ala.) 1???-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
61. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 514, ¶ 5374.
62. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 604, ¶ 6311.
63. "About The watcher. [volume] (Florence, Ala.) 1888-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
64. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5806.
65. "About Grove Hill herald. [volume] (Grove Hill, Ala.) 18??-185?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
66. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5112.
67. Jones 1983, p. 25.
68. "About The Republican sentinel and Hayneville times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala. ;) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
69. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3009.
70. Jones 1982, p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
71. "About The Herald. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 187?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
72. "About The Huntsville journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1895-1897". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
73. "About The Journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1897-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
74. Jones 1983, p. 38.
75. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3010.
76. "About The Huntsville mirror. (Huntsville, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
77. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3011.
78. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6344.
79. "About The Weekly news. (Huntsville, Ala.) 1968-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
80. "About The Eagle. (Kempsville, Ala.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
81. "About The Cagie. (Kempsville, Ala.) 1899-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
82. "About The Journal reporter. (Marion, Ala.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
83. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 6, ¶ 62.
84. "About Mobile beacon. (Mobile, Ala.) 195?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
85. "About The Mobile beacon & Alabama citizen. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1963-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
86. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3876.
87. WPMI Web Staff (2018-12-12). "Mobile Beacon closing in 2019?" . Retrieved 2020-02-15. Today the Lagniappe reported that Alabama's oldest African-American newspaper, The Mobile Beacon, will close next year . . . . But tonight the Mobile Beacon's owner tells NBC 15 she's not closing.
88. Jones 1983, p. 26.
89. "About The Nationalist. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1865-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
90. Jones 1982, p. 23. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
91. "About The new times. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1981-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
92. "About The Press forum sun. (Mobile, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
93. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 472, ¶ 4915.
94. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3877.
95. Jones 1982, p. 24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
96. Jones 1983, p. 37.
97. "About The Southern watchman. (Mobile, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
98. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3879.
99. Jones 1982, p. 53. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
100. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3880.
101. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3881.
102. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 8, ¶ 83.
103. "About The Advance. (Montgomery, Ala.) 187?-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
104. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 310.
105. "About The Alabama enterprise. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
106. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 311.
107. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 313.
108. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 318.
109. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3893.
110. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1672.
111. "About The Colored citizen. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1884-1884". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
112. "About The Emancipator. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1917-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
113. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3895.
114. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2252.
115. "About The Evening appeal. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
116. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2864.
117. "About The Helping hand. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 19??-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
118. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2872.
119. Jones 1983, p. 30.
120. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3896.
121. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3899.
122. "About The Montgomery-Tuskegee times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
123. "About The Odd fellows journal. (Montgomery, Ala.) 1885-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
124. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5111.
125. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 527, ¶ 5500.
126. "About The Southern courier. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1965-1968". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
127. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3897.
128. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 595, ¶ 6221.
129. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6337.
130. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6345.
131. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3898.
132. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4779.
133. Jones 1983, p. 36.
134. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 455, ¶ 4746.
135. Jones 1982, pp. 25–26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1982 (help)
136. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 60, ¶ 616.
137. "About The Baptist pioneer. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
138. "About The Selma cyclone. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 1886-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
139. Jones 1983, p. 31.
140. "About The Independent. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
141. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5317.
142. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5318.
143. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5496.
144. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5106.
145. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5520.
146. "About Alabama citizen. (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) 1947-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
147. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 308.
148. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5964.
149. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5965.
150. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 425.
151. Jones 1983, p. 39.
152. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 312.
153. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5967.
154. "About The Messenger. (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1905-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
155. "About The Negro farmer. [microfilm reel] (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1940-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
156. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5971.
157. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5974.
158. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5977.
159. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 627, ¶ 6557.
160. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6028.
161. "About The Negro leader. (Uniontown, Ala.) 19??-1915". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
162. Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6031.