Arameans |
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Syro-Hittite states |
Aramean kings |
Aramean cities |
Sources |
Aramean kings were kings of the ancient Arameans, and rulers of various Aramean states that existed throughout the Levant and Mesopotamia during the 14th and 13th centuries BC, before being absorbed by various other empires such as the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire. [1] [2]
Aramean kings are known from various inscriptions, and some are also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Hezion | ca. mid-10th century B.C.E. [3] | According to the genealogy in 1 Kings 15:18, Hezion was a king of Aram-Damascus. Ben-Hadad I is described as “the son of Tabrimmon, the son of Hezion, king of Aram, who lived in Damascus.” [4] |
Tabrimmon | ca. late 10th century B.C.E. [5] | |
Ben-Hadad I | ca. early 9th century B.C.E. [5] | |
Hadadezer (Ben-Hadad II) | ca. 865-844 B.C.E. [6] | |
Hazael | ca. 844-805 B.C.E. [7] | |
Ben-Hadad III | ca. 805-780 B.C.E. [8] | |
Hadianu | ca. 780-754 B.C.E. [9] | |
Rezin | ca. 754–732 B.C.E. [10] | |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Gusi | ca. 870 [11] | Dynasty founder [11] |
Hadram | ca. 860–830 [11] | son of Gusi (Arame) [11] |
Attar-šumki I | ca. 830–800 / 805–796 | son of Hadram, synonym Bar-Guš [12] |
Bar-Hadad | ca. 800 | son of Attar-šumki I, reign unclear [13] [14] |
Attar-šumki II | 1st half 8th century | son of Bar-Hadad |
Mati-Ilu | mid 8th century | son of Attar-šumki II [15] |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Gabbar | ca 920 [16] /ca. 900 – 880 | Dynasty founder [17] |
Bamah | ca. 880–865 | son of Gabbar [18] |
Hayya | ca. 865–840 [19] | son of Bamah [18] |
Ša-il | ca. 840–830 | son of Hayya |
Kilamuwa | ca. 830–820[ citation needed ] | brother of Ša-il |
Qarli | ca. 820–790 | son of Ahabbu?, he unified Sam'al and Y'DY |
Panamuwa I | ca. 790–750 | son of Qarli, synonym Panammu[ citation needed ] |
Bar-Sur | ca. 750 | son of Panamuwa I |
Panamuwa II | ca. 743 [20] –727 | son of Bar-Sur, synonym Panammu[ citation needed ] |
Bar-Rakib | 727 [20] –713/711[ citation needed ] | son of Panamuwa II |
Name [21] | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Bar-Ga'ya | mid 8th century [22] | Possibly an independent Assyrian high official, not under Assyrian overlord. [22] |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Hadadezer | at the time of Saul and David of Israel [23] |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Bahianu | - | Dynasty founder [24] |
Abisalmu | - | - |
Kapara | 950–875 BC [25] | He built a monumental palace in Neo-Hittite style discovered by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats [25] |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
T'oi | - | - |
Hadoram | - | - |
Paratas | - | - |
Irhuleni | 853 BC | He led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus. [26] |
Uratamis | - | - |
Zakkur | - | - |
Eni-Ilu | - | - |
Yaub'di | - | - |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Cushan-rishathaim | 1250 BC | He was king of Aram-Naharaim, or Northwest Mesopotamia, and the first oppressor of the Israelites after their settlement in Canaan. [27] |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Ammi-Ba'al | 900–879 BC | He was king of Bit-Zamani, or Northwest Mesopotamia known for his rivals against Tukulti-Ninurta II. [28] [29] |
Bur-Ramman | 879–866 | Successor of Ammi-Ba'al |
Ilan | 879–866 BC | Successor and brother of Bur-Ramman |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Adin(i) | 883–876 BC | He was the first king of Bit-Adini [30] |
Akhuni Bar-Adin | 876–858 BC | Successor and descent of Adin and defeated by Ashurnasirpal II [30] |
Name | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Odaenathus | 260–267 | Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263 |
Hairan I | 263–267 | Made co-King of Kings by his father. [31] |
Maeonius | 267–267 | No evidence exist for his reign, [32] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation |
Vaballathus | 267–272 | Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271. [33] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia. [34] |
Zenobia | 267–272 | Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right. [34] |
Septimius Antiochus | 273–273 | Possibly a son of Zenobia. |
In the case of Aram-Damascus, at the beginning of the ninth century Asa of Judah (ca. 911-870) hired" Ben-Hadad, son of Tab-rimmon, the son of Hezion, king of Aram...
...the reign of a previous Aramean king, whom Hazael calls "my father." presumably is to Hadadezer...
...and the inscription should be dated to the time of Bar-Hadad, son of Hazael.
Shamshi-ilu reports that he has taken booty from the palace of the king of Damascus, Hadianu.
The goal of Rezin and Peqah son of Remalia, the kings of Aram-Damascus and Israel respectively, was to overthrow Ahaz and replace him with a king of their choice called Ben Tav'el.
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)The treaty of Bar-ga'ya with Mati'ilu is described as a treaty of the 'lords of KTK (My KTK) with the lords of Arpad and also as a treaty of the federation of [KTK] with 'all Aram', an indication that KTK was the name of a federation of states to the north of Arpad, which was leading the states of 'all Aram' in the south.
In fact, while posing as a 'great king' independent of the Assyrian overlord, the king of KTK at the same time tries to use his close Assyrian connection to enforce the treaty with the king of Arpad.
The ancestors of Kapara we originally, it would seem, chiefs of the nomadic Aramaean tribe Bahyan (Bahianu)