| Ancient Arameans |
|---|
| Syro-Hittite states |
| Aramean kings |
| Aramean cities |
| Sources |
 | This article needs additional citations for verification .(August 2022) |
Aramean kings were kings of the ancient Arameans, and rulers of various Aramean states that existed throughout the Levant and Mesopotamia during the 14th and 13th centuries BC, before being absorbed by various other empires such as the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire. [1] [2]
Aramean kings are known from various inscriptions, and some are also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hezion | ca. mid-10th century B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| Tabrimmon | ca. late 10th century B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| Ben-Hadad I | ca. early 9th century B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| Hadadezer (Ben-Hadad II) | ca. 865-844 B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| Hazael | ca. 844-805 B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| Ben-Hadad III | ca. 805-780 B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| Hadianu | ca. 780-754 B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| Rezin | ca. 754–732 B.C.E.[ citation needed ] | |
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Gusi | ca. 870 | Dynasty founder |
| Hadram | ca. 860–830 | son of Gusi (Arame) |
| Attar-šumki I | ca. 830–800 / 805–796[ citation needed ] | son of Hadram, synonym Bar-Guš[ citation needed ] |
| Bar-Hadad | ca. 800 | son of Attar-šumki I, reign unclear |
| Attar-šumki II | 1st half 8th century | son of Bar-Hadad |
| Mati-Ilu | mid 8th century | son of Attar-šumki II |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Gabbar | ca 920[ citation needed ]/ca. 900 – 880 | Dynasty founder |
| Bamah | ca. 880–865 | son of Gabbar |
| Hayya | ca. 865–840[ citation needed ] | son of Bamah |
| Ša-il | ca. 840–830 | son of Hayya |
| Kilamuwa | ca. 830–820[ citation needed ] | brother of Ša-il |
| Qarli | ca. 820–790 | son of Ahabbu?, he unified Sam'al and Y'DY |
| Panamuwa I | ca. 790–750 | son of Qarli, synonym Panammu[ citation needed ] |
| Bar-Sur | ca. 750 | son of Panamuwa I |
| Panamuwa II | ca. 743 [3] –727 | son of Bar-Sur, synonym Panammu[ citation needed ] |
| Bar-Rakib | 727 [3] –713/711[ citation needed ] | son of Panamuwa II |
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bar-Ga'ya | mid 8th century | Possibly an Assyrian high official |
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hadadezer | at the time of Saul and David of Israel |
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bahianu | - | - |
| Abisalmu | - | - |
| Kapara | 950–875 BC | He built a monumental palace in Neo-Hittite style discovered by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| T'oi | - | - |
| Hadoram | - | - |
| Paratas | - | - |
| Irhuleni | 853 BC | He led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus. [4] |
| Uratamis | - | - |
| Zakkur | - | - |
| Eni-Ilu | - | - |
| Yaub'di | - | - |
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cushan-rishathaim | 1250 BC | He was king of Aram-Naharaim, or Northwest Mesopotamia, and the first oppressor of the Israelites after their settlement in Canaan. |
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ammi-Ba'al | 900–879 BC | He was king of Bit-Zamani, or Northwest Mesopotamia known for his rivals against Tukulti-Ninurta II. |
| Bur-Ramman | 879–866 | Successor of Ammi-Ba'al |
| Ilan | 879–866 BC | Successor and brother of Bur-Ramman |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Adin(i) | 883–876 BC | He was the first king of Bit-Adini [5] |
| Akhuni Bar-Adin | 876–858 BC | Successor and descent of Adin and defeated by Ashurnasirpal II [5] |
| |
| Name | Reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Odaenathus | 260–267 | Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263 |
| Hairan I | 263–267 | Made co-King of Kings by his father. [6] |
| Maeonius | 267–267 | No evidence exist for his reign, [7] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation |
| Vaballathus | 267–272 | Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271. [8] Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia. [9] |
| Zenobia | 267–272 | Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right. [9] |
| Septimius Antiochus | 273–273 | Possibly a son of Zenobia. |
Aramaic is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
The Levant is the area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches roughly 400 mi (640 km) north to south, from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert and Hejaz, and east to west between the Mediterranean Sea and the Khabur river. The term is often used to refer to the following regions or modern states: the Hatay Province of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan. The term sometimes include Cilicia, Cyprus and the Sinai Peninsula.
The Arameans, or Aramaeans, were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC. Their homeland, often referred to as the land of Aram, originally covered central regions of modern Syria.
Aram was a historical region mentioned in early cuneiforms and in the Bible, populated by Arameans. The area did not develop into a larger empire but consisted of several small states in present-day Syria. Some of the states are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, Aram-Damascus being the most outstanding one, which came to encompass most of Syria. In the Bible, Aram-Damascus is simply commonly referred to as Aram.
Aram-Naharaim is the biblical term for the ancient land of the Arameans in Mesopotamia, specifically the great bend of the Euphrates River. Aram-Naharaim is also mentioned as Nahrima of the Arameans in the El-Amarna letters.
Tukulti-Ninurta II was King of Assyria from 890 BCE to 884 BCE. He was the second king of the Neo Assyrian Empire.
The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus was an Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city of Damascus in the Southern Levant. Alongside various tribal lands, it was bounded in its later years by the polities of Assyria to the north, Ammon to the south, and Israel to the west.
Zobah or Aram-Zobah was an early Aramean state and former vassal kingdom of Israel mentioned in the Hebrew Bible that extended northeast of David's realm according to the Hebrew Bible.
Aram Rehob was an early Aramean kingdom, of which the chief city was Rehob or Beth-Rehob, associated with Aram-Zobah as hostile to King David. Num. xiii.21 and Judges xviii.28 place a Beth-Rehob in the Lebanon region near Tel Dan. Moore conjecturally identifies it with Paneas.
The states called Neo-Hittite, Syro-Hittite, or Luwian-Aramean were Luwian and Aramean regional polities of the Iron Age, situated in southeastern parts of modern Turkey and northwestern parts of modern Syria, known in ancient times as lands of Hatti and Aram. They arose following the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom in the 12th century BCE, and lasted until they were subdued by the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE. They are grouped together by scholars, on the basis of several cultural criteria, that are recognized as similar and mutually shared between both societies, northern (Luwian) and southern (Aramaean). Cultural exchange between those societies is seen as a specific regional phenomenon, particularly in light of significant linguistic distinctions between the two main regional languages, with Luwian belonging to the Anatolian group of Indo-European languages and Aramaic belonging to the Northwest Semitic group of Semitic languages. Several questions related to the regional grouping of Luwian and Aramaean states are viewed differently among scholars, including some views that are critical towards such grouping in general.
Bit Adini, a city or region of Syria, called sometimes Bit Adini in Assyrian sources, was an Aramaean state that existed as an independent kingdom during the 10th and 9th centuries BC, with its capital at Til Barsib. The city is considered one of the two chief states of the Aramean-held territories in the Euphrates along with Carchemish.
Terms for Syriac Christians are endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) terms, that are used as designations for Syriac Christians, as adherents of Syriac Christianity. In its widest scope, Syriac Christianity encompass all Christian denominations that follow East Syriac Rite or West Syriac Rite, and thus use Classical Syriac as their main liturgical language. Traditional divisions among Syriac Christians along denominational lines are reflected in the use of various theological and ecclesiological designations, both historical and modern. Specific terms such as: Jacobites, Saint Thomas Syrian Christians, Maronites, Melkites, Nasranis, and Nestorians have been used in reference to distinctive groups and branches of Eastern Christianity, including those of Syriac liturgical and linguistic traditions. Some of those terms are polysemic, and their uses have been a subject of terminological disputes between different communities, and also among scholars.
The name Syria is latinized from the Greek Συρία. In toponymic typology, the term Syria is classified among choronyms. The origin and usage of the term has been the subject of interest, both among ancient writers and modern scholars. In early Hittite, Luwian, Cilician and Greek usage between the 9th century BC and 2nd century BC, the terms Συρία (Suría) and Ασσυρία (Assuría) were used almost interchangeably. In the Roman Empire, the terms Syria and Assyria came to be used as names for distinct geographical regions. "Syria" in the Roman period referred to the region of Syria, while Assyria was part of the Parthian Empire and then Sasanian Empire and only very briefly came under Roman control, AD 116–118, marking the historical peak of Roman expansion. Henceforth, the Greeks then applied the term "Syrian" without distinction between the actual Assyrians of Mesopotamia, Northeast Syria and Southeast Anatolia, and now also to the Arameans and Phoenicians of the Levant who had not previously had the term applied to them or their lands.
King Kapara was an Aramean king of Bit Bahiani, one of the Post-Hittite states, centered in Guzana. He ruled sometime in the 10th or 9th century BCE, according to some estimations ca. 950-875 BCE. He built Bit-hilani, a monumental palace in Post-Hittite style, discovered by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats.
The Assyrian conquest of Aram concerns the series of conquests of largely Aramean, Phoenician, Sutean and Neo-Hittite states in the Levant by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. This region was known as Eber-Nari and Aram during the Middle Assyrian Empire and the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Zakkur was the ancient king of Hamath and Luhuti in Syria. He ruled around 785 BC. Most of the information about him comes from his basalt stele, known as the Stele of Zakkur.
Arameans in Israel are a Christian minority residing in Israel. They claim to descend from the Arameans, an ancient Semitic-speaking people in the Middle East in the 1st millennium BC.
The Haran Census is a group of clay tablets from Iron Age Syria, listing rural estates and their dependent peoples dated to the reign of Sargon II. Found in Nineveh, the census actually describes the area around Harran. The census shows that the population in the estates and nearby cities was predominantly Western Semitic, and had an average density of 5 persons per household. The census also provides the name of many smaller towns and the main residents of the time, and provides evidence that the Harran region was growing wheat, barley as well as vines, at the time.
The term Puqudu or Piqudu refers to a prominent Aramean tribe and its associated region in southern or eastern Babylonia. They lived along the eastern edge of Elam and in the area near Uruk and the Tigris. Their tribal name is sometimes spelled with an accent mark as Puqūdu, and the members of the tribe are sometimes referred to as Puqūdian, Puqūdians, or Puqudaeans. Some older publications use Pukud.
