Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions

The Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II was the first of this type of inscription found anywhere in the Levant (modern Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and Syria).

The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, ^[3] are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the societies and histories of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans. Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, pottery ostraca, ornaments, and range from simple names to full texts. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} The older inscriptions form a Canaanite–Aramaic dialect continuum, exemplified by writings which scholars have struggled to fit into either category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla Inscription. ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]}

The Northwest Semitic languages are a language group that contains the Aramaic language, as well as the Canaanite languages including Phoenician and Hebrew.

Languages

Phoenician alphabet

Aramaic alphabet

This article lists the notable inscriptions written in Canaanite (previously known as "Phoenician" and today split into Phoenician-proper, paleo-Hebrew, Punic etc.), as well as Old Aramaic. These inscriptions share an alphabet, as shown in these 1903 comparison tables.

The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in Ancient Near East. Their language was adopted as an international language of diplomacy, particularly during the late stages of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as well as the spread of Aramaic speakers from Egypt to Mesopotamia. ^[12] The first known Aramaic inscription was the Carpentras Stela, found in southern France in 1704; it was considered to be Phoenician text at the time. ^{[13] [14]}

Only 10,000 inscriptions in Phoenician-Punic, a Canaanite language, are known, ^{[7] [15]} such that "Phoenician probably remains the worst transmitted and least known of all Semitic languages." ^[16] The only other substantial source for Phoenician-Punic are the excerpts in Poenulus , a play written by the Roman writer Plautus (see Punic language § Example for an analysis). ^[7] Within the corpus of inscriptions only 668 words have been attested, including 321 hapax legomena (words only attested a single time), per Wolfgang Röllig's analysis in 1983. ^[17] This compares to the Bible's 7,000–8,000 words and 1,500 hapax legomena, in Biblical Hebrew. ^{[17] [18]} The first published Phoenician-Punic inscription was from the Cippi of Melqart, found in 1694 in Malta; ^[19] the first published such inscription from the Phoenician "homeland" was the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II published in 1855. ^{[1] [2]}

Fewer than 2,000 inscriptions in Ancient Hebrew, another Canaanite language, are known, of which the vast majority comprise just a single letter or word. ^{[20] [21]} The first detailed Ancient Hebrew inscription published was the Royal Steward inscription, found in 1870. ^{[22] [23]}

List of notable inscriptions

The inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic script (Canaanite and Aramaic) have been catalogued into multiple corpora (i.e., lists) over the last two centuries. The primary corpora to have been produced are as follows:

• Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (1828). Miscellanea Phoenicia, sive Commentarii de rebus Phoenicum, quibus inscriptiones multae lapidum ac nummorum, nominaque propria hominum et locorum explicantur, item Punicae gentis lingua et religiones passim illustrantur. S. et J. Luchtmans.: Hamaker's review assessed 13 inscriptions ^[24]
• Wilhelm Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae . In the 1830s, only approximately 80 inscriptions and 60 coins were known in the entire Phoenicio-Punic corpus ^{[24] [25]}
• Schröder, Paul [in German] (1869). Die phönizische sprache. Entwurf Einer Grammatik, Nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben. Halle, Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.: The first study of Phoenician grammar, listed 332 texts known at the time ^{[24] [26]}
• CIS: Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum; the first section is focused on Phoenician-Punic inscriptions (176 "Phoenician" inscriptions and 5982 "Punic" inscriptions) ^[4]
• KAI: Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften, considered the "gold standard" for the last fifty years ^[27]
• NSI: George Albert Cooke, 1903: Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish ^[28]
• NE: Mark Lidzbarski, 1898: Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik, nebst ausgewählten Inschriften: I Text and II Plates ^[28]
• KI: Lidzbarski, Mark (1907). Kanaanäische Inschriften (moabitisch, althebräisch, phönizisch, punisch). A. Töpelmann.
• TSSI: Gibson, J. C. L. (1971). Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: I. Hebrew and Moabite Inscriptions. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-813159-5. Volume III. Phoenician Inscriptions, Including Inscriptions in the Mixed Dialect of Arslan Tash (Oxford: OUP, 1982; ISBN   978-0-19-813199-1)
• TAD: Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni (1986–2000), Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
• Renz, J.; Röllig, W. (1995). Handbuch der althebräischen Epigraphik (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN   978-3-534-12297-4.
• Jongeling, K. (2008). Handbook of Neo-Punic Inscriptions. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN   978-3-16-149303-4.
• Sass, Benjamin; Finkelstein, Israel (2013). "The West Semitic Alphabetic Inscriptions, Late Bronze II to Iron IIA: Archeological Context, Distribution and Chronology". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 2 (2): 149. doi:10.1628/219222713X13757034787838.

The inscriptions listed below include those which are mentioned in multiple editions of the corpora above (the numbers in the concordance column cross-refer to the works above), as well as newer inscriptions which have been published since the corpora above were published (references provided individually). They are ordered chronologically by date of their modern discovery, illustrating the development of the study of ancient Semitic epigraphy.

Name	Image	Discovered	No. units	Est. Date	Location found	Current Location	Concordance
							KAI	CIS / RÉS	NE	KI	NSI	TSSI	Oth. ref.
Punic-Libyan bilinguals		1631	2		Dougga	British Museum	100–101		433,c	93	52
Cippi of Melqart		1694	2	100s BC	Malta	Louvre and National Museum of Archaeology, Malta	47	I 122	425f	53	36		[29]
Carpentras Stela		1704	1		Carpentras	Bibliothèque Inguimbertine	269	II 141	448b1		75	II 24
Pococke Kition inscriptions		1738	31	300s BC	Cyprus	Ashmolean Museum	33, 35	I 11, 46, 57–85	420,4	19, 23, 27, 28	13, 16, 18, 19	III 35
Benhisa inscription		1761	1		Malta	Cabinet des Médailles		I 124	426,3	55			[29]
Phoenician Harpocrates statues		1770, 1963	2		unknown	National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) and British Museum	52	R 1507	424	44		III 37, 38
Nora Stone		1773	1		Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari	46	I 144	427c	60	41	III 11	[29]
Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions		1795 etc.	18		Athens, Piraeus	British Museum, Louvre, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Archaeological Museum of Piraeus	53–60	I 115–120, R 388, 1215	424,1–3, 425,1–5	45–52	32–35	III 40–41
Tripolitania Punic inscriptions		1806			Leptis Magna, Breviglieri, other		118–132	R 662	434, B-a
Elephantine papyri and ostraca		1815–1945		300s BC	Elephantine	various	270–271	II 137–139, 154–155			73–74	II 26, 28
Mdina steles		1816	2		Malta	National Museum of Archaeology, Malta	61	I 123A–B	426,2	54	37	III 21,22	[29]
Carthaginian tombstones		1817 onwards			Carthage	Carthage National Museum, others	85	various		74
Humbert Punic inscriptions		1817	5		Carthage	Rijksmuseum van Oudheden		I 240	431, 9
Hamaker Punic inscriptions		1823	3		Carthage	Rijksmuseum van Oudheden		I 173, I 440	432, 16
Turin Aramaic Papyrus		1823–24	1			Museo Egizio		II 144
Blacas papyrus		1825	1		Saqqara	British Library		II 145			76
Falbe Punic inscriptions		1831	3		Carthage	Copehagen University museum, British Museum		I 199	431, 10	75
Limyra bilingual		1840	1		Limyra		262	II 109	446b
Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti		1842			Abu Simbel	in situ		I 111-113	423b	43
Ain Nechma inscriptions		1843	40		Guelma	Louvre	166–169		437		58
Kellia inscription		1844	1		Cyprus		36	I 47	420,5	24	17
Marseille Tariff		1845	1	300s BC	Marseille	Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne	69	I 165	428	63	42		[29]
Nimrud ivory inscriptions		1845, 1961			Nimrud	British Museum						I 6
Assyrian lion weights		1845–1860		800–500 BC	Nimrud, Abydos (Hellespont)	British Museum, Louvre	263	II 1–14, 108	446c		66-67
Phoenician metal bowls		1849 onwards	c. 5-10	700s BC	Nimrud, Cyprus, Italy and others	various		I 164, II 46–49				III 19
Anat Athena bilingual		1850	1	312 BCE	Cyprus	in situ	42	I 95, R 1515	422,1	35	28
Bourgade inscriptions		1852	c. 40		Carthage and wider Tunisia		133–135		436,3–12		54
Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II		1855	1	c. 525 BC	Sidon	Louvre	14	I 3, R 1506	417,2	7	5	III 28
Gozo stele		1855	1		Malta	Gozo Museum of Archaeology	62	I 132	426,4	56	38		[29]
Serapeum Offering Table		1855	1	400 BC	Saqqara	Louvre	268	II 123	448a2		72
Cirta steles		1857–61, 1875, 1950	c. 1,000	300-100BCE	Constantine	Musée national Cirta	102–116, 162–164	R 327, 334, 339, 1544	433,1–9 and 434,10–12	94–99	51
Carthage Tariff		1856-58	1	300 BC	Carthage	British Museum	74	I 167	429b	66	43
Son of Baalshillek marble base		1856-58	1		Carthage	British Museum	84	I 178	430,7	73
Carthage tower model		1856-58	1		Carthage	British Museum		I 181	432, 14		48
Bodashtart inscriptions		1858, 1900-2	22-24	300s BC	Sidon	Louvre and Museum of the Ancient Orient	15–16	I 4, R 766, 767		8–10	6, Appendix I
Kition Resheph pillars		1860	2	341 BC	Cyprus	Louvre	32	I 10, 88	420,1	18, 30	12, 23
Ankh-Hapy stele		1860	1	525–404 BCE	unknown	Vatican Museums	272	II 142	448b2			II 7
Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription		1861	1		Sardinia	Turin Archaeology Museum	66	I 143	427b	59	40		[29]
Baalshamin inscription		1861	1	132 BC	Umm al-Amad	Louvre	18	I 7	418,d	12	9		[30]
Phoenician sun dial		1860–1945	1		Umm al-Amad	National Museum of Beirut		I 9
Umm al-Amad votive inscription		1861	1		Umm al-Amad, Lebanon	Louvre		I 8	419,2	13
Cesnola Phoenician inscriptions		1865-71	28		Kition	Metropolitan Museum of Art		I 14-39, RES 1521-34
Khaznadar inscriptions		1866-69	c.120		Carthage	Bardo National Museum (Tunis), Louvre	88	various	431,11-13, 431,15	82-84
Hadrumetum Punic inscriptions		1867, 1946	12		Sousse	Sousse Archaeological Museum, the Louvre and the Maison méditerranéenne des Sciences de l'homme	97–99		432,1–3	91–92
Mesha Stele		1868	1		Dhiban	Louvre	181		415	1	1	I 16
Abydos graffiti		1868			Abydos	in situ	49	I 99–110, R 1302ff.	423a	38-42	31
Idalion bilingual and Idalion Temple inscriptions		1869	6	391–254 BC	Idalion, Cyprus	British Museum	38–40	I 89–94	421,1–3	31–33	24–27	III 34
Yehawmilk Stele		1869	1	c.450/425 BCE	Byblos	Louvre	10	I 1	416	5	3	III 25
Tharros Punic inscriptions		1870	14		Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari, Museo nazionale archeologico ed etnografico G. A. Sanna	67	I 153-161		61-62			[29]
Royal Steward inscription		1870	1		Jerusalem	British Museum	191					I 8
Carthaginian slaughterhouse inscription		1871	1		Carthage	British Museum	80	I 175	430,4	68	46
Carthaginian mother goddess inscription		1871	1		Carthage		83	I 177	430,6	72	47
Carthage Festival Offering inscription		1872	1	300 BC	Carthage	Turin Archaeology Museum	76	I 166	430,3	67	44		[31]
Wilmanns Neopunic inscriptions		1873-74	5		Tunisia	Louvre and Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	139, 142, 159		435,2, 437a		53, 55
Pricot de Sainte-Marie steles		1874–75	>2,000		Carthage	Bibliothèque nationale de France, Louvre	86–87	I c.200–c.2000		76-80	49
Cherchell Neopunic inscriptions		1875, 1882	2		Cherchell	Louvre	161		439,2		56–57
Bashamem inscription		1877	1	200 BC	Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari	64	I 139	427a	58	39		[29]
Baal Lebanon inscription		1877	1	700s BC	Cyprus	Cabinet des Médailles	31	I 5	419	17	11	III 17
Saqqara Aramaic Stele		1877	1	482 BC	Saqqara	destroyed	267	II 122	448a1		71	II 23
Tayma stones		1878–1884	21	300s–400s BC	Tayma	Louvre	228–230	II 113–115	447,1–3		69–70	II 30
Kition Tariffs		1879	2	300s BC	Cyprus	British Museum	37	I 86A–B, 87		29	20	III 33
Adadnadinakhe bricks		1880s	20+	300-100 BC	Girsu	Louvre, Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin		II 72	446c
Siloam inscription		1880	1		Jerusalem	Museum of the Ancient Orient	189			3	2	I 7
Sant'Antioco bilingual		1881	1		Sardinia	Museo archeologico comunale Ferruccio Barreca	172	I 149	434,1	100	60		[29]
Palmyra Tariff		1881	1	100s CE	Palmyra	Hermitage Museum
Osorkon Bust		1881	1	c.920 BC	Byblos	Louvre	6					III 8
Pierides Kition inscriptions		1881	7		Cyprus	Louvre		12, 13, 14, 50–53		20, 25–26	14
Eshmun obelisk		1881	1		Cyprus	British Museum		I 44	420,2	21	15
Persephone Punic stele		1881	1		Carthage	Turin Archaeology Museum	82	I 176		71			[31]
Lilybaeum stele		1882	1		Sicily	Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas	63	I 138		57			[29]
Henchir Guergour Neopunic inscriptions		1882			Tunisia		143–144
Guelaât Bou Sbaâ Neopunic inscriptions		1884			Algeria		165
Hegra Nabataean inscriptions		1884-85			Hegra			II 197-334			78-93	IV 7-8	[32]
Tyre Cistern inscription		1885	1		Tyre	Louvre			418,c		8
Tamassos bilinguals		1885	2	363 BC	Tamassos, Cyprus	British Museum	41	R 1212–1213	421c	34	30
Masub inscription		1885	1	222 BC	Masub	Louvre	19	R 1205	419e	16	10	III 31
Tabnit sarcophagus		1887	1	500 BC	Sidon	Museum of the Ancient Orient	13	R 1202	417,1	6	4	III 27
Panamuwa II inscription		1888	1	730s BC	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	215		442		62	II 14
Madaba Nabataean Inscriptions		1889	1	37 CE	Madaba	Louvre and Vatican Museums		II 196			96	IV 9
Hadad Statue		1890	1	700s BC	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	214		440-2		61	II 13
Abdmiskar cippus		1890	1	300 BCE	Sidon	Louvre	282	R 930	418,3	11	7
Abdbaal the centurion inscription		1890s	1		near Tyre	Louvre							[33]
Maktar and Mididi inscriptions		1890s	>150		Maktar and Mididi		145–158	R 161–181, 2221	436,11		59a-c
Bar-Rakib inscriptions		1891	8	730s BC	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and Museum of the Ancient Orient	216–221		443, 444		63	II 15–17
Neirab steles		1891	2	600s BC	Al-Nayrab	Louvre	225–226		445		64–65	II 18–19
Sarıaydın inscription		1892	1	400 BC	Sarıaydın	in situ	261		446a		68	II 35
Larnakas tis Lapithou pedestal inscription		1893	1	275 BCE	Cyprus	Louvre	43	R 1211	422,2	36	29	III 36
Kilamuwa Stela		1893	1	c. 850/825 BCE	Sam'al	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	24					III 13
Hasanbeyli inscription		1894	1		Hasanbeyli	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	23
Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions		1894	4	300s BC	Cyprus	British Museum, Cyprus Museum, Ashmolean Museum	34	R 1206	420,3	22	21-22
Douïmès medallion		1894	1	700 BCE	Carthage	Carthage National Museum	73	I 6057, R 5	429,1	70
El Amrouni mausoleum		1894	1		Remada		117		435b	101
Abiba’l inscription		1895	1	c.940/930 BCE	Byblos	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	5	R 505				III 7
Arebsun inscription		1895	1		Afşin	Museum of the Ancient Orient	264						[34]
Tortosa bomos inscription		1896	1		Tortosa, Syria	Louvre		R 56					[35] [36]
El-Osiris inscription		1896	1		Umm al-Amad	Louvre		R 504					[37] [38]
Avignon Punic inscription		1897	1		Avignon	Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne	70	R 360		64		III 18	[29]
		1898	1	200 BC	Carthage	Carthage National Museum	81	I 3914		69	45
Punic Tabella Defixionis		1899	1	200 BC	Carthage	Carthage National Museum	89	I 6068, R 18, 1590		85	50
		1899			Carthage	Carthage National Museum	91	I 5991, R 1227		88
Quintus Markius trilingual inscription		1899	1	middle of 1st century BC	Henchir-Alouin (near Uthina)	Louvre		R 79					[39]
Farasa bilingual inscription		1900	1			In situ	265
Phoenician Adoration steles		1900	1		Umm al-Amad, Lebanon	Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Louvre		R 250, R 307		14–15
Banobal stele		1900	1		Memphis	Egyptian Museum	48	R 1, 235		37
		1900			Bou Arada		140	R 679
		1901			Carthage		96	I 5988, R 183, 1600
Eshmun inscription		1901	1		Sidon	Museum of the Ancient Orient		R 297
Sibbolet funeral inscription		1902	1		Carthage	Carthage National Museum	92	I 5948, R 768		89
Stele of Zakkur		1903	1		Tell Afis	Louvre	202					II 5
Villaricos Phoenician stele		1903-04	1		Villaricos	National Archaeological Museum (Madrid)				65
Assur ostracon and tablets		1903–1913	10		Assur	Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin	233-6					II 20
Baal Hannon tomb inscription		1904			Carthage	Carthage National Museum	90	I 5953, R 537		87
		1905			Carthage	Carthage National Museum	93	I 5950, R 553		90
		1906			Carthage		77	I 3921
Lake Sivan inscriptions		1906			Armenia		274–275
		1906			Carthage		95	R 786, 1854
Throne of Astarte		1907	1		Tyre	Louvre and National Museum of Beirut	17	R 800				III 30
		1907	1		Carthage		94	I 2992					[40]
Gözne Boundary Stone		1907	1		Gözne		259					II 34
Thinissut sanctuary inscription		1908	1		Bir Bouregba	Nabeul Museum	137	R 942, 1858
Gezer calendar		1908	1		Gezer	Museum of the Ancient Orient	182	R 1201				I 1
Samaria Ostraca		1910	102		Sebastia	Museum of the Ancient Orient	183–188					I 2–3
Olbia pedestal		1911	1		Sardinia		68	R 1216					[29]
Giardino Birocchi inscription		1912	1		Sardinia	Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari	65						[29]
Sardis bilingual inscription		1912	1	394 BC	Sardis	İzmir Archaeological Museum	260
Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions		1914–68	3	300–200 BCE	Rhodes	Archaeological Museum of Rhodes	44–45					III 39
Bur Tlelsa Neopunic inscription		1914	1		Tunisia		138
Kesecek Köyü inscription		1915	1		Kesecek Köyü	Peabody Museum of Natural History	258					II 33
Aramaic Inscription of Taxila		1915	1		Taxila	Taxila Museum	273
Arwad bilingual		1916	1		Arwad	Louvre
Zattara Neopunic inscriptions		1916			Algeria		171
Mitsri genealogy inscription		1922	1	300s BCE	Carthage		78	I 3778
		1920			Carthage		75	I 3916
KNMY's child sacrifice(?) inscription		1922	1		Carthage		79	I 3785
Ibiza Phoenician inscriptions		1923				Archaeological Museum of Alicante	72						[41]
Ahiram Sarcophagus		1923	1	c.1000 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	1					III 4
Byblos Necropolis graffito		1923	1	c.1000 BCE	Byblos	in situ	2					III 5
Byblos altar inscription		1923	1	200–100 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	12
Ophel ostracon		1924	1		Jerusalem	Rockefeller Museum	190					I 9
Phoenician arrowheads		1926 onwards	c. 70	11th century BCE	various	various	20–22					III p. 6
Ur Box inscription		1927	1		Ur	British Museum	29					III 20
Byblos bronze spatulas		1926–1932	1		Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	3					III 1
Abda sherd		1926–1932	1	c.900 BCE	Byblos		8					III 10
Son of Safatba'al inscription		1926–1932	1	c.500/475 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	9
Batnoam sarcophagus		1926–1932	1	c.450–425 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	11					III 26
Sirte inscription		1928	1		Sirte		180
Yehimilk inscription		1930	1	c.960/950 BCE	Byblos	Byblos Castle	4					III 6
Sefire steles		1930–1956	3		As-Safira	National Museum of Damascus and National Museum of Beirut	222–224, 227					II 8–9, 22
Arslan Tash ivory inscription		1931	1		Arslan Tash	Louvre	232					II 2
Hama graffiti		1931–38			Hama		203–213					II 6 I–V
Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription		1932	1	c.260 BCE	Afghanistan	in situ
Arslan Tash amulets		1933	2		Arslan Tash	National Museum of Aleppo	27					III 23–24
Tell Halaf inscription		1933	1		Tell Halaf	destroyed	231					II 10
Bithia inscription		1933	1		Sardinia		173
Agrigentum inscription		1934	1	406 BCE	Carthage		302	I 5510					[42]
Lachish letters		1935	1		Tel Lachish	British Museum and Israel Museum	192–199					I 12
Safatba'al inscription		1936	1	c.900 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	7					III 9
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri		1936	8	400s BC	Hermopolis	Cairo University Archaeological Museum						II 27
Phoenician papyrus letters		1937–1940	2		Cairo and Saqqara	Egyptian Museum	50–51
Melqart stele		1939	1		Bureij	National Museum of Aleppo	201					II 1
Honeyman inscription		1939	1	900 BCE	Cyprus	Cyprus Museum	30					III 12
Stele of Serapeitis		1940	1		Armazi	Georgian National Museum	276
Jebel Massoudj Neopunic inscription		1940	1		Tunisia		141						[43] [44]
Adon Papyrus		1942	1		Saqqara	Egyptian Museum	266					II 21
Kilamuwa scepter		1943	1		Sam'al		25					III 14
Tel Qasile ostraca		1945–1946	2		Tel Qasile	Israel Museum						I 4
Karatepe bilingual		1946	1	c. 750 BCE	Karatepe	Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum	26					III 15
Tel el Maskhuta silver bowls		1950s			Tel el Maskhuta							II 25
Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions		1950s	1	c. 327 BC	near Dromolaxia, Cyprus	Larnaca District Archaeological Museum (n. 1425)							[45]
Byblos clay cone inscriptions		1950	2	1100–1000 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut						III 2,3
Carchemish Phoenician inscription		1950	1		Carchemish	British Museum	28
Hatran Aramaic inscriptions		1951			Hatra		237–257						[46] [47]
Djinet Neopunic inscriptions		1952			Algeria		170
Wadi Murabba'at papyrus		1952		600s BC	Wadi Murabba'at							I 11
KAI 136 (Neopunic)		1955			Tunisia		136
Hazor inscriptions		1956		800s BC	Tel Hazor							I 5
Al Jib jar handles		1956–1959	>60	700s BC	Al Jib	Jordan Archaeological Museum and the Penn Museum						I 14
Byblos marble inscription		1957	1	500 BCE	Byblos	National Museum of Beirut	280
Hashub Inscription		1957	1	400s BCE	Tel Zeton	Old Jaffa Museum of Antiquities							[48]
Cybele Aramaic inscription		1957	1		Bahadırlı		278					II 36	[49]
El-Kerak Inscription		1958	1		Al-Karak	Jordan Archaeological Museum	306					I 17
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription		1958	1		Chil Zena	National Museum of Afghanistan	279
Yavne-Yam ostracon		1960	1		Mesad Hashavyahu	Israel Museum	200					I 10
Arad ostraca		1960s	>200	c.600 BC	Tel Arad	Bible Lands Museum						I 13, II 31
Temple of Antas Punic inscriptions		1960s			Sardinia		299–301						[29] [50]
Nebi Yunis ostraca		1960s			Nebi Yunis (Ashdod)							II 32
Tel Dan bowl		1960s	1		Tel Dan							II 4
Seville statue of Astarte		1960–1962	1	700 BCE	Seville	Archeological Museum of Seville	294					III 16
Khirbet Beit Lei graffiti		1961	7	400s BC	Khirbet Beit Lei	Israel Museum						I 15
Amman Citadel Inscription		1961	1		Amman	Jordan Archaeological Museum	307
Ein Gev jar		1961			Ein Gev							II 3
Cadiz Phoenician gold ring inscription		1961				Instituto Valencia of Don Juan	71						[51]
Phoenician Sphinx inscription		1962	1		Umm al-Amad	National Museum of Beirut						III 32
Baalshillem Temple Boy		1963–1964	1		Sidon	National Museum of Beirut	281					III 29
Abydos Aramaic papyrus		1964	1	400s BC	unknown	National Archaeological Museum of Madrid						II 29
Pyrgi Tablets		1964	3		Pyrgi	National Etruscan Museum	277					III 42
Carthage Administration Inscription		1964	1		Carthage	Carthage National Museum	303
Luristan Aramaic inscriptions		1964			Luristan							II 11–12
Daskyleion steles		1965			Dascylium	Museum of the Ancient Orient	318					II 37
Mozia Punic inscriptions		1967			Sicily		296–298						[52] [29] [53]
Deir Alla Inscription		1967	1		Deir Alla	Jordan Archaeological Museum	312
Grotta Regina Punic inscriptions		1969			Sicily		295						[54] [29]
Kition KAI 288–290		1970s-80s			Kition		288–290						[55] [56] [57]
Tekke Bowl Inscription (Knossos)		1970s		1,000s BCE	Crete	Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Χ4346)	291						[58] [59] [60]
Aramaic Sustenance tablet		1970s					316						[61] [62] [63] [64]
Aramaic inscription of Laghman		1970	1	c.260 BCE	Afghanistan	in situ
Aramaic Fugitive Decree		1971			Unknown		317						[65] [66]
Tel Siran inscription		1972	1		Amman	Jordan Archaeological Museum	308
Letoon trilingual		1973	1		Xanthos	Fethiye Museum	319
Tell Sheikh Hamad inscriptions		1978-1980s			Tell Sheikh Hamad		313–314						[67]
Hadad-yith'i bilingual inscription		1979	1		Tell Fekheriye	National Museum of Damascus	309
Ketef Hinnom scrolls		1979	2	650–587 BCE	Jerusalem	Israel Museum
Sarepta Tanit Inscription		1980s			Sarafand		285						[68]
Çebel Ires Daǧı inscription		1980	1		Çebel Ires Daǧı	Alanya Archaeological Museum	287
Abdalonymos bilingual		1982	1	325 BCE	Kos		292						[69] [70]
Hazael horse frontlet		1984	1	800 BCE	Samos	Archaeological Museum of Vathi	311
Bukan inscription		1985			Bukan		320						[71] [72]
İvriz inscription		1986			75 meter upstream from the İvriz relief [73]		unpublished						[74]
Bactria Aramaic documents		1993–2002		353–324 BCE	Bactria	Khalili Collections
Tel Dan Stele		1993	1		Tel Dan	Israel Museum	310
Tell Shiukh Fawqani inscription		1996					315						[75]
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription		1996	1		Tel Miqne	Israel Museum	286
Çineköy inscription		1997	1		Çine, Yüreğir	Adana Archaeology Museum							[76] [77]
Tablet De Geest		2000	1	200s CE	Socotra	in situ
Zayit Stone		2005	1	c. 900 BCE	Tel Zayit
Kuttamuwa stele		2008	1		Sam'al	Gaziantep Archaeology Museum							[78]
Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon		2009	1	c. 1000 BCE	Khirbet Qeiyafa	Israel Museum							[79]
Ataruz altar inscriptions		2010		c. 800 BCE	Khirbat Ataruz								[80]
Ishbaal Inscription		2012		1020–980 BCE	Khirbet Qeiyafa								[81]
KAI 283					Sidon		283						[82]
KAI 284					Tyre		284						[83]
Demetrias inscription					Demetrias		293

Bibliography

• Röllig, Wolfgang [in German] (1983). "The Phoenician Language: Remarks on the Present State of Research". Atti del I Congresso Internazionale di Studi Fenici e Punici. Vol. 2. Rome. pp. 375–385. doi:10.11588/propylaeumdok.00001074.

See also

• List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology
• Carthaginian tombstones
• Epigraphy
• Ancient Hebrew writings

References

1. Lehmann, Reinhard G. [in German] (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology" (PDF). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 427. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter: 209–266. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-08. Alas, all these were either late or Punic, and came from Cyprus, from the ruins of Kition, from Malta, Sardinia, Athens, and Carthage, but not yet from the Phoenician homeland. The first Phoenician text as such was found as late as 1855, the Eshmunazor sarcophagus inscription from Sidon.
2. Turner, William Wadden (1855-07-03). The Sidon Inscription. p. 259. Its interest is greater both on this account and as being the first inscription properly so-called that has yet been found in Phoenicia proper, which had previously furnished only some coins and an inscribed gem. It is also the longest inscription hitherto discovered, that of Marseilles—which approaches it the nearest in the form of its characters, the purity of its language, and its extent — consisting of but 21 lines and fragments of lines.
3. Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften . 1961. Seit dem Erscheinen von Mark Lidzbarskis "Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik" (1898) und G. A. Cooke's "Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions" (1903) ist es bis zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt nicht wieder unternommen worden, das nordwestsemitische In schriftenmaterial gesammelt und kommentiert herauszugeben, um es Forschern und Stu denten zugänglich zu machen.... Um diesem Desideratum mit Rücksicht auf die Bedürfnisse von Forschung und Lehre abzu helfen, legen wir hiermit unter dem Titel "Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften" (KAI) eine Auswahl aus dem gesamten Bestände der einschlägigen Texte vor{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
4. Mark Woolmer (ed.). "Phoenician: A Companion to Ancient Phoenicia". A Companion to Ancient Phoenicia, ed. Mark Woolmer: 4. Altogether, the known Phoenician texts number nearly seven thousand. The majority of these were collected in three volumes constituting the first part of the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS), begun in 1867 under the editorial direction of the famous French scholar Ernest Renan (1823–1892), continued by J.-B. Chabot and concluded in 1962 by James G. Février. The CIS corpus includes 176 "Phoenician" inscriptions and 5982 "Punic" inscriptions (see below on these labels).^{[ self-published source? ]}
5. Parker, Heather Dana Davis; Rollston, Christopher A. (2019). "Teaching Epigraphy in the Digital Age". In Hamidović, David; Clivaz, Claire; Savant, Sarah Bowen (eds.). Ancient Manuscripts in Digital Culture. pp. 189–216. doi:10.1163/9789004399297_011. ISBN   978-90-04-39929-7. JSTOR   10.1163/j.ctvrxk44t.14. S2CID   182624532. p. 190: Of course, Donner and Röllig's three-volume handbook entitled KAI has been the gold standard for five decades now
6. Suder, Robert W. (1984). Hebrew Inscriptions: A Classified Bibliography. Susquehanna University Press. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-941664-01-1.
7. Doak, Brian R. (2019-08-26). The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN   978-0-19-049934-1. Most estimates place it at around ten thousand texts. Texts that are either formulaic or extremely short constitute the vast majority of the evidence.
8. Kaufman, Stephen A. (1986). "The Pitfalls of Typology: On the Early History of the Alphabet". Hebrew Union College Annual. 57: 1–14. JSTOR   23507690.
9. McCarter Jr., P. Kyle (1 January 1991). "The Dialect of the Deir Alla Texts". In Jacob Hoftijzer and Gerrit Van der Kooij (ed.). The Balaam Text from Deir ʻAlla Re-evaluated: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Leiden, 21–24 August 1989. BRILL. pp. 87–. ISBN   90-04-09317-6. It may be appropriate to observe at this point that students of the Northwest Semitic languages seem to be becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the usefulness of the Canaanite-Aramaic distinction for categorizing features found in texts from the Persian Period and earlier. A careful reevaluation of the binary organization of the Northwest Semitic family seems now to be underway. The study of the Deir 'Alla texts is one of the principal things prompting this reevaluation, and this may be counted as one of the very positive results of our work on these texts… the evidence of the Zakkur inscription is crucial, because it shows that the breakdown is not along Aramaic-Canaanite lines. Instead, the Deir 'Alla dialect sides with Hebrew, Moabite, and the language spoken by Zakkur (the dialect of Hamath or neighboring Lu'ath) against Phoenician and the majority of Old Aramaic dialects.
10. KAUFMAN, STEPHEN A. (1985). "המיון של הדיאלקטים השמיים הצפוניים-מערביים מתקופת המקרא" [THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH WEST SEMITIC DIALECTS OF THE BIBLICAL PERIOD AND SOME IMPLICATIONS THEREOF]. Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies. ט: 41–57. JSTOR   23529398. The very term "Canaanite" is meaningful only vis-a-vis something else – i.e. Aramaic, and, as we shall see, each new epigraphic discovery of the early first millennium seems to contribute further evidence that the division between Canaanite and Aramaic cannot be traced back any distance into the second millennium and that the term "Canaanite," in a linguistic as opposed to an ethnic sense, is irrelevant for the Late Bronze Age. Ugaritic is a rather peripheral member of the Late Bronze Age proto-Canaanite-Aramaic dialect continuum, a dead-end branch of NW Semitic, without known descendants. Our inability to reach a universally acceptable decision on the classification of Ugaritic is by no means due only to our less than total knowledge of the language. As witnessed by the case of the Ethiopian dialects studied by Hetzron, even when we do have access to relatively complete information, classification is by no means a certain thing. How much more so, then, in the case of dialects attached in a few short, broken inscriptions! The dialect of ancient Samal has been the parade example of such a case within the NW Semitic realm. Friedrich argued long and hard for its independent status; of late, however, a consensus seems to have developed that Samalian is Aramaic, albeit of an unusual variety. The achievement of such a consensus is due in no small part to the ongoing recognition of the dialectal diversity within Aramaic at periods much earlier than previously considered, a recognition largely due to the work of our main speaker, Prof. J.C. Greenfield. When we tum to the dialect of the language of the plaster texts from Deir 'Alla, however, scholarly agreement is much less easy to perceive. The texts were published as Aramaic, or at least Aramaic with a question mark, a classification to which other scholars have lent their support. The savants of Jerusalem, on the other hand, seem to be agreed that the language of Deir 'Alla is Canaanite – perhaps even Ammonite. Now frankly I have never been much interested in classification. My own approach has always been rather open-ended. If a new language appears in Gilead in the 8th century or so, looks somewhat like Aramaic to its North, Ammonite and Moabite to its South, and Hebrew to its West (that is to say: it looks exactly like any rational person would expect it to look like) and is clearly neither ancestor nor immediate descendant of any other known NW Semitic language that we know, why not simply say it is Gileadite and be done with it? Anyone can look at a map and see that Deir 'Alla is closer to Rabbat Ammon than it is to Damascus, Samaria or Jerusalem, but that doesn't a priori make it Ammonite. Why must we try to squeeze new evidence into cubbyholes designed on the basis of old evidence?
11. Garr, W. Randall (2004). "The Dialectal Continuum of Syria-Palestine". Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. pp. 205–. ISBN   978-1-57506-091-0.
12. Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na’ama (2005). The Semitic Languages. Oxon: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN   0415057671.
13. Gibson, J. C. L. (30 October 1975). Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: II. Aramaic Inscriptions: Including Inscriptions in the Dialect of Zenjirli. OUP Oxford. p. 120. ISBN   978-0-19-813186-1. The Carpentras stele: The famous funerary stele (CIS ii 141) was the first Syrian Semitic inscr. to become known in Europe, being discovered in the early 18 cent.; it measures 0.35 m high by 0.33m broad and is housed in a museum at Carpentras in southern France.
14. Daniels, Peter T. (31 March 2020). "The Decipherment of Ancient Near Eastern Languages". In Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 7–8. ISBN   978-1-119-19329-6. Barthélemy was not done. On 13 November 1761, he interpreted the inscription on the Carpentras stela (KAI 269), again going letter by letter, but the only indication he gives of how he arrived at their values is that they were similar to the other Phoenician letters that were by now well known… He includes a list of roots as realized in various languages – and also shows that Coptic, which he conjectured was the continuation of the earlier language of the hieroglyphs, shares a variety of grammatical features with the languages listed above. The name "Semitic" for those languages lay two decades in the future, and the group "Aramaic," which from the list includes Syriac, Chaldaean [Jewish Aramaic], and Palmyrene, as well as the Carpentras stela, seems to have been named only about 1810 though it was recognized somewhat earlier (Daniels 1991)
15. Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology". Biblische Exegese und hebräische Lexikographie. pp. 209–266. doi:10.1515/9783110267044.209. ISBN   978-3-11-026612-2. Quote: "Nearly two hundred years later the repertory of Phoenician-Punic epigraphy counts about 10.000 inscriptions from throughout the Mediterranean and its environs."
16. Rollig, 1983
17. Rollig, 1983, "The Phoenician-Punic vocabulary attested to date amounts to some 668 words, some of which occur frequently. Among these are 321 hapax legomena and about 15 foreign or loan words. In comparison with Hebrew with around 7000–8000 words and 1500 hapax legomena (8), the number is remarkable."
18. Ullendorff, Edward (1971). "Is Biblical Hebrew a Language?". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 34 (2): 241–255. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00129520. JSTOR   612690. S2CID   162745779.
19. Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology" (PDF). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 427. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 210 and 257. ISBN   978-3-11-026612-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-02-21. Soon thereafter, at the end of the 17th century, the abovementioned Ignazio di Costanzo was the first to report a Phoenician inscription and to consciously recognize Phoenician characters proper... And just as the Melitensis prima inscription played a prominent part as the first-ever published Phoenician inscription... and remained the number-one-inscription in the Monumenta (fig. 8), it now became the specimen of authentic Phoenician script par excellence... The Melitensis prima inscription of Marsa Scirocco (Marsaxlokk) had its lasting prominence as the palaeographic benchmark for the assumed, or rather deduced "classical" Phoenician ("echtphönikische") script.
20. Millard, Alan (1993). "Review of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions. Corpus and Concordance". The Journal of Theological Studies. 44 (1): 216–219. doi:10.1093/jts/44.1.216. JSTOR   23967100. …every identifiable Hebrew inscription dated before 200 BC… First ostraca, graffiti, and marks are grouped by provenance. This section contains more than five hundred items, over half of them ink-written ostraca, individual letters, receipts, memoranda, and writing exercises. The other inscriptions are names scratched on pots, scribbles of various sorts, which include couplets on the walls of tombs near Hebron, and letters serving as fitters' marks on ivories from Samaria.... The seals and seal impressions are set in the numerical sequence of Diringer and Vattioni (100.001–100.438). The pace of discovery since F. Vattioni issued his last valuable list (Ί sigilli ebraici III', AnnaliAnnali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientate di Napoli 38 (1978), 227—54) means the last seal entered by Davies is 100.900. The actual number of Hebrew seals and impressions is less than 900 because of the omission of those identified as non-Hebrew which previous lists counted. A further reduction follows when duplicate seal impressions from different sites are combined, as cross references in the entries suggest... The Corpus ends with 'Royal Stamps' (105.001-025, the Imlk stamps), '"Judah" and "Jerusalem" Stamps and Coins' (106.001-052), 'Other Official Stamps' (107.001), 'Inscribed Weights' (108.001-056) and 'Inscribed Measures' (109.001,002).... most seals have no known provenance (they probably come from burials)... Even if the 900 seals are reduced by as much as one third, 600 seals is still a very high total for the small states of Israel and Judah, and most come from Judah. It is about double the number of seals known inscribed in Aramaic, a language written over a far wider area by officials of great empires as well as by private persons.
21. Graham I. Davies; J. K. Aitken (2004). Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN   978-0-521-82999-1. This sequel to my Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions includes mainly inscriptions (about 750 of them) which have been published in the past ten years. The aim has been to cover all publications to the end of 2000. A relatively small number of the texts included here were published earlier but were missed in the preparation of AHI. The large number of new texts is not due, for the most part, to fresh discoveries (or, regrettably, to the publication of a number of inscriptions that were found in excavations before 1990), but to the publication of items held in private collections and museums.
22. AVIGAD, N. (1953). "The Epitaph of a Royal Steward from Siloam Village". Israel Exploration Journal. 3 (3): 137–152. JSTOR   27924525. The inscription discussed here is, in the words of its discoverer, the first 'authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah', for it was discovered ten years before the Siloam tunnel inscription. Now, after its decipherment, we may add that it is (after the Moabite Stone and the Siloam tunnel inscription) the third longest monumental inscription in Hebrew and the first known text of a Hebrew sepulchral inscription from the pre-Exilic period.
23. Clermont-Ganneau, 1899, Archaeological Researches In Palestine 1873–1874, Vol 1, p.305: "I may observe, by the way, that the discovery of these two texts was made long before that of the inscription in the tunnel, and therefore, though people in general do not seem to recognise this fact, it was the first which enabled us to behold an authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah."
24. Lehmann, Reinhard G. [in German] (2013). "Wilhelm Gesenius and the Rise of Phoenician Philology" (PDF). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 427. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter: 240. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-08. Basically, its core consists of the comprehensive edition, or re-edition of 70 Phoenician and some more non-Phoenician inscriptions... However, just to note the advances made in the nineteenth century, it is noteworthy that Gesenius' precursor Hamaker, in his Miscellanea Phoenicia of 1828, had only 13 inscriptions at his disposal. On the other hand only 30 years later the amount of Phoenician inscribed monuments had grown so enormously that Schröder in his compendium Die phönizische Sprache. Entwurf einer Grammatik nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben of 1869 could state that Gesenius knew only a quarter of the material Schröder had at hand himself.
25. "Review of Wilhelm Gesenius's publications". The Foreign Quarterly Review. L. Scott. 1838. p. 245. What is left consists of a few inscriptions and coins, found principally not where we should a priori anticipate, namely, at the chief cities themselves, but at their distant colonies... even now there are not altogether more than about eighty inscriptions and sixty coins, and those moreover scattered through the different museums of Europe.
26. Rollig, 1983, "This increase of textual material can be easily appreciated when one looks at the first independent grammar of Phoenician, P.SCHRODER'S Die phonizische Sprache Entuurf einer Grammatik, Halle 1869, which appeared just over 110 years ago. There on pp. 47–72 all the texts known at the time are listed — 332 of them. Today, if we look at CIS Pars I, the incompleteness of which we scarcely need mention, we find 6068 texts."
27. Parker, Heather Dana Davis; Rollston, Christopher A. (2019). "Teaching Epigraphy in the Digital Age". In Hamidović, D.; Clivaz, C.; Savant, S. (eds.). Ancient Manuscripts in Digital Culture: Visualisation, Data Mining, Communication. Vol. 3. Alessandra Marguerat. Brill. pp. 189–216. ISBN   978-90-04-34673-4. JSTOR   10.1163/j.ctvrxk44t.14. Of course, Donner and Röllig's three-volume handbook entitled KAI has been the gold standard for five decades now
28. Bevan, A. A. (1904). "North-Semitic Inscriptions". The Journal of Theological Studies. 5 (18): 281–284. doi:10.1093/jts/os-V.18.281. JSTOR   23949814.
29. ICO: Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia (1967). Le iscrizioni fenicie e puniche delle colonie in Occidente. Studi semitici (in Italian). Istituto di studi del Vicino Oriente, Università. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
30. AO 4831
31. Moriggi, Marco (2011). "Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions in the Museo di Antichità di Torino (Turin, Italy)". Egitto e Vicino Oriente. 34: 81–94. JSTOR   24233436.
32. See Commons:Category:Euting Nabataean inscriptions from Hegra, Al-Ula
33. Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1897). "Une inscription phénicienne de Tyr". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 41 (4): 347–349. doi:10.3406/crai.1897.71008.
34. Smirnov, 1895
35. Teixidor, Javier (1979). "L'inscription phénicienne de Tartous (RÉS 56)". Syria. 56 (1/2). Institut Francais du Proche-Orient: 145–151. doi:10.3406/syria.1979.6656. ISSN   0039-7946. JSTOR   4198182 . Retrieved 2024-08-09.
36. Dussaud, René, Voyage en Syrie, Oct-Nov 1896, Revue Archéologique, 30, 1897, p. 332-336
37. Clermont-Ganneau, Deux statues pheniciennes à inscriptions, Recueil d'archéologie orientale, 1903, p.373-
38. Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik, II, p.165-
39. Berger, Philippe; Cagnat, René Louis Victor (1899). "L'inscription trilingue d'Henchir Alaouin". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres . 43 (1): 48–54. doi:10.3406/crai.1899.71329.
40. Vassel, Eusèbe (1907). "Notes sur quelques stèles puniques". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 51 (5): 262–265. doi:10.3406/crai.1907.72083.
41. Sola Solé, Josep M. (1951–52). "La plaquette en bronze d'Ibiza". Semitica. IV. Paris: 25 ff.
    Sola Solé, Josep M. (1955). "Inscripciones fenicias en la Peninsula Ibérica". Sefarad. XV. Madrid - Barcelona: 45ff.
    Littmann, Enno (1932). "Punische Inschriften aus Ibiza". Forschungen und Fortschritte: Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen Wissenschaft und Technik (in German). 8: 179.
42. Schmitz, Philip C. (1994). "The Name 'Agrigentum' in a Punic Inscription (CIS I 5510.10)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 53 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1086/373651. JSTOR   545353. S2CID   161397507.
43. Note sur l'inscription punique d'une borne limite découverte en Tunisie
44. Garbini, Giovanni (1968). "Note di Epigrafia Punica – III". Rivista degli studi orientali. 43 (1). [Fabrizio Serra Editore, Sapienza – Universita di Roma]: 5–17. ISSN   0392-4866. JSTOR   41880004 . Retrieved 2023-04-24.
45. Honeyman, A. M. (1960). "Inscriptions from Cyprus". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (3/4): 111–112. ISSN   0035-869X. JSTOR   25202364.
46. Series of articles in the journal Sumer
47. Aggoula B., Inventaire des inscriptions hatréennes, Paris, 1991.
    Beyer K., Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Ḥatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien (datiert 44 v.Chr. bis 238 n.Chr.), Göttingen, 1998.
    Healey, J., Aramaic Inscriptions & Documents of the Roman Period, (Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume IV), Oxford, 2009.
48. Jacob Kaplan (1958). "The Excavation in Tell Abu Zeitun in 1957". Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society (in Hebrew). 22 (1/2). Israel Exploration Society: 99. JSTOR   23730357.
49. Dupont-Sommer, André (1961). "Une inscription araméenne inédite de Cilicie et la déesse Kubaba". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 105 (1): 19–23. doi:10.3406/crai.1961.11248. ISSN   0065-0536 – via PERSEE.
50. https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/1660 n.1 in Garbini G., Le iscrizioni fenicie, in R. Zucca (ed.), Il tempio del Sardus Pater ad Antas, Rome, 2019, 67-86
51. Solà-Solé, Josep María (1961). "La inscripción púnica Hispania". Sefarad (in Spanish). 21 (2). Instituto "Arias Montano.": 251–256.
52. Amadasi, M.G. (1986). Scavi a Mozia, le iscrizioni. Collezione di studi fenici (in Italian). Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. p. Numbers 23, 24, 31. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
53. https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/1611 No. 23 = KAI 296
    No. 24 = KAI 297
    No. 31 = KAI 298
    Amadasi Guzzo M.G., Scavi a Mozia - Le iscrizioni, Rome 1986
54. Bisi, A.M.; Amadasi, M.G. (1969). Grotta Regina, I.: Rapporto preliminare della Missione congiunta con la Soprintendenza alle antichità della Sicilia occidentale (in Italian). Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche. p. Number 38A. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
55. KAI 288 [probably in the Cyprus museum]
    
    • Yon, Marguerite; Sznycer, Maurice (1991). "Une inscription phénicienne royale de Kition, Chypre". Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (in French). 135 (4). PERSEE Program: 791–823. doi:10.3406/crai.1991.15050. ISSN   0065-0536.
    • https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/269
      1. 144 in Calvet, Y.; Salles, J.F. (1982). Kition-Bamboula: Kition dans les textes. Testimonia littéraires et épigraphiques et Corpus des inscriptions (in French). Vol. 5. Editions Recherche sur les civilisations. ISBN   978-2-86538-292-7 . Retrieved 2023-09-24.
56. KAI 289 https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/29
    
    • 1. A30 (Three lines) in Guzzo, M.G.A.; Karageorghis, V. (1977). Fouilles de Kition: Inscriptions phéniciennes (in French). Vol. 3. Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
      2. 1030 in Calvet, Y.; Salles, J.F. (1982). Kition-Bamboula: Kition dans les textes. Testimonia littéraires et épigraphiques et Corpus des inscriptions (in French). Vol. 5. Editions Recherche sur les civilisations. ISBN   978-2-86538-292-7 . Retrieved 2023-09-24.
57. KAI 290 Three lines
58. Cross, Frank Moore (1980). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (238): 15–17. doi:10.2307/1356511. ISSN   0003-097X. JSTOR   1356511. S2CID   222343641.
59. Bourogiannis, Giorgos. The Phoenician presence in the Aegean during the Early Iron Age: Trade, settlement and cultural interaction, Rivista di Studi Fenici46, 2018, p. 63.
60. Sznycer, Maurice (1979). "L'INSCRIPTION PHÉNICIENNE DE TEKKE, PRES DE CNOSSOS". Kadmos. 18 (1). doi:10.1515/kadm.1979.18.1.89. ISSN   0022-7498.
61. Bordreuil, Pierre, "Une tablette araméenne inédite de 635 av. J.-C.." Sem 23 (1973): 95–102 + pls. I-V.
62. Fales, Frederick Mario, "Sulla tavoletta aramaica A.O. 25.341." AION 36 (1976): 541–47.
63. Kaufman, Stephen A., "An Assyro-Aramaic egirtu ša Šulmu." Pp. 119–27 In Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein. Ellis, M. de Jong, ed. Hamden, Ct.: Archon, 1977.
64. Wesselius, J.W., "A Document Concerning the Sustenance of a Mother by Her Sons." AION 45 (1985): 506–8.
65. Bhayro, Siam (2008). "The Aramaic 'Fugitive' Decree: A New Interpretation". Aramaic Studies. 6 (1). Brill: 1–15. doi: 10.1163/147783508x371268 . ISSN   1477-8351. S2CID   162356215.
66. J.W. Wesselius, ‘The Aramaic Decree about Fugitives Reconsidered’, in E. Talstra (ed.), Narrative and Comment:Contributions to Discourse Grammar and Biblical Hebrew presented to Wolfgang Schneider(Amsterdam: Societas Hebraica Amstelodamensis,1995), pp.199–209(p.201)
67. TelShHa 3 and TelShHa 5
68. Pritchard J.B., The Tanit Inscription from Sarepta, in H.G. Niemeyer (ed.), Phönizier im Westen (Madrider Beiträge 8), Mainz am Rhein, 1982, 83-92.
    Amadasi Guzzo M. G., Two Phoenician Inscriptions Carved in Ivory: Again the Ur Box and the Sarepta Plaque, Orientalia 59/1, 1990, 58-66.
69. "ERC MAP - View Source #13".
70. Ch. Kantzia (Greek inscription) and Maurice Sznycer (Phoenician inscription), Archaiologikon Deltion, 35 (1980) [1986], p. 1-30.
71. Sokoloff, Michael (1999). "The Old Aramaic Inscription from Bukān: A Revised Interpretation". Israel Exploration Journal. 49 (1/2): 105–115. JSTOR   27926880.
72. https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/2347 Lemaire A., Une inscription araméenne du VIIIe s. av. J.-C. trouvée à Bukân (Azebaïdjan Iranien), Sudia Iranica 27, 1998, 15-30.
73. "İvriz Monument". Hittite Monuments. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
74. Yakubovich, Ilya; Hawkins, J.D. (2015). "Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia". Anatolian Studies. 65: 49. doi:10.1017/S0066154615000010. ISSN   0066-1546. JSTOR   24878375. S2CID   162771440.
75. FALES, F. M; BACHELOT, L.; ATTARDO, E. (1996). "An Aramaic Tablet from Tell Shioukh Fawqani, Syria". An Aramaic Tablet from Tell Shioukh Fawqani, Syria. 46: 81–121. INIST   2463380.
76. Tekoglu, Recai; Lemaire, André; Ipek, Ismet; Kasim Tosun, A. (2000). "La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 144 (3): 961–1007. doi:10.3406/crai.2000.16174. INIST   13488688.
77. Yakubovich, Ilya (2015). "Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia". Anatolian Studies. 65: 35–53. doi:10.1017/S0066154615000010. JSTOR   24878375. S2CID   162771440. ProQuest   1693847338.
78. Schloen, J. David; Fink, Amir S. (2009). "New Excavations at Zincirli Höyük in Turkey (Ancient Samʾal) and the Discovery of an Inscribed Mortuary Stele". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 356 (356): 1–13. doi:10.1086/BASOR25609345. JSTOR   25609345. S2CID   164088482.
79. Aaron Demsky (2012). "An Iron Age IIA Alphabetic Writing Exercise from Khirbet Qeiyafa". Israel Exploration Journal. 62 (2). Israel Exploration Society: 186–199. JSTOR   43855624.
80. Adam L. Bean (2018). "An inscribed altar from the Khirbat Ataruz Moabite sanctuary". Levant. 50 (2): 211–236. doi:10.1080/00758914.2019.1619971. S2CID   199266038.
81. Yosef Garfinkel, Mitka R. Golub, Haggai Misgav, and Saar Ganor (2015). "The ʾIšbaʿal Inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 373 (373). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 217–233. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.373.0217. JSTOR   10.5615/bullamerschoorie.373.0217. S2CID   164971133.
82. KAI 283, 15 legible lines, left side damaged
83. KAI 284, 21 inscriptions, few words