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The following is a list of inscribed artifacts, items made or given shape by humans, that are significant to biblical archaeology.
This table lists inscriptions which are of particular significance to the study of biblical chronology. References are from ANET [1] and COS [2] and link to editio princeps (EP), if known.
Name | Image | Current location | Discovered | Date | Writing | Significance | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autobiography of Weni | Cairo Museum | 1880, Abydos | c.2280 BC | Egyptian hieroglyphs | Records the earliest known Egyptian military campaigns in Sinai and the Levant. | ANET 227–228 | |
Sebek-khu Stele | Manchester Museum | 1901, Abydos | c.1860 BC | Egyptian hieroglyphs | Records the earliest known Egyptian military campaign in Retjenu, including Sekmem (s-k-m-m, thought to be Shechem). | ANET 230 | |
Merneptah Stele | Cairo Museum | 1896, Thebes | c. 1209 BC | Egyptian hieroglyphs | The text is largely an account of a military campaign against the ancient Libyans, but the last three of the 28 lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, including the first documented instance of the name Israel in the historical record, and the only documented record in Ancient Egypt. | COS 2.6 / ANET 376–378 / EP [3] | |
Bubastite Portal | Original location | 1828, Karnak | c. 925 BC | Egyptian hieroglyphs | Records the conquests and military campaigns in c.925 BC of Shoshenq I, of the Twenty-second Dynasty, identified with the biblical Shishaq. Towns identified include Rafah (rph), Megiddo (mkdi) and Ajalon (iywrn) | ANET 242–243 | |
Name | Image | Current location | Discovered | Date | Writing | Significance | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statue of Idrimi | British Museum | 1939, Alalakh | c.1500 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | Records the earliest certain cuneiform reference to Canaan | ANET 557 | |
Kurkh Monoliths | British Museum | 1861, Üçtepe, Bismil | c.850 BC | Assyrian cuneiform | The Shalmaneser III monolith contains a description of the Battle of Qarqar at the end. This description contains the name "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a" which is generally accepted to be a reference to Ahab king of Israel, [12] [13] although it is the only known reference to the term "Israel" in Assyrian and Babylonian records, a fact brought up by some scholars who dispute the proposed translation. | COS 2.113A / ANET 277–278 | |
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III | British Museum | 1846, Nimrud | c.825 BC | Assyrian cuneiform | Contains what is thought to be the earliest known picture of a biblical figure: possibly Jehu son Omri (mIa-ú-a mar mHu-um-ri-i), or Jehu's ambassador, kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III. | COS 2.113F / ANET 278–281 | |
Saba'a Stele | Istanbul Archaeology Museums | 1905, Saba'a | c.800 BC | Assyrian cuneiform | Records Adad-nirari III's Assyrian campaign to Pa-la-áš-tu (Philistia) | COS 2.114E / ANET 282 / EP [14] | |
Nimrud Slab | Unknown | 1854, Nimrud | c.800 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes Adad-nirari III's early Assyrian conquests in Palastu (Phillistia), Tyre, Sidon, Edom and Humri (the latter understood as the Kingdom of Israel). | COS 2.114G [15] | |
Nimrud Tablet K.3751 | British Museum | c.1850, Nimrud | c.733 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes Tiglath-Pileser III's (745 to 727 BC) campaigns to the region, including the first known archeological reference to Judah (Yaudaya or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a). | COS 2.117 / ANET 282–284 | |
Sargon II's Prism A | British Museum | c.1850, Library of Ashurbanipal | c.710 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes Sargon II's (722 to 705 BC) campaigns to Palastu, Judah, Edom and Moab. | COS 2.118i / ANET 287 | |
Lachish relief | British Museum | 1845, Nineveh | c.700 BC | Assyrian cuneiform | Portion of the Sennacherib relief, which depicts captives from Judah being led into captivity after the Siege of Lachish in 701 BC | COS 2.119C / EP [16] | |
Azekah Inscription | British Museum | c.1850, Library of Ashurbanipal | c.700 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes an Assyrian campaign by Sennacherib against Hezekiah, King of Judah, including the conquest of Azekah. | COS 2.119D | |
Sennacherib's Annals | British Museum, Oriental Institute of Chicago, and the Israel Museum | 1830, likely Nineveh, unprovenanced | c.690 BC | Assyrian cuneiform | Describes the Assyrian king Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem in 701 BC during the reign of king Hezekiah. | COS 2.119B / ANET 287–288 | |
Esarhaddon's Treaty with Ba'al of Tyre | British Museum | c.1850, Library of Ashurbanipal | c.675 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes a treaty between Esarhaddon (reigned 681 to 669 BC) and Ba'al of Tyre with respect to pi-lis-te | COS 2.120 / ANET 533 | |
Cylinders of Nabonidus | British Museum and Pergamon Museum | 1854, Ur | c.550 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes Belshazzar (Balthazar) as Nabonidus' eldest son | COS 2.123A | |
Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle | British Museum | 1896 (acquired), unprovenanced | c.550 – 400 BC [17] | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes Nebuchadnezzar's first siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC, the Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) | COS 1.137 / ANET 301–307 | |
Cylinder of Cyrus | British Museum | 1879, Babylon | c.530 BC | Akkadian cuneiform | King Cyrus's treatment of religion, which is significant to the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah. | COS 2.124 / ANET 315–316 | |
Nabonidus Chronicle | British Museum | 1879 (acquired), Sippar, unprovenanced | 4th –1st century BC [18] | Akkadian cuneiform | Describes the conquest of Babylon by the Persian king Cyrus the Great | COS 1.137 / ANET 301–307 / EP [19] | |
Name | Image | Current location | Discovered | Date | Writing | Significance | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesha Stele | Louvre | 1868, Dhiban, Jordan | c.850 BC | Moabite language | Describes the victories of Moabite king Mesha over the House of Omri (kingdom of Israel). It bears the earliest certain extra-biblical reference to the Israelite god Yahweh, and—if French scholar André Lemaire's reconstruction of a portion of line 31 is correct—the earliest mention of the "House of David" (i.e., the kingdom of Judah). One of the only two known artifacts containing the "Moabite" dialect of Canaanite languages (the second is the El-Kerak Inscription) | COS 2.23 / ANET 320–321 | |
Tel Dan Stele | Israel Museum | 1993, Tel Dan | c.800 BC | Old Aramaic | Significant as an extra-biblical corroboration of Israel's past, particularly in lines 8 and 9, which mention a "king of Israel" and a "house of David". The latter is generally understood by scholars to refer to the ruling dynasty of Judah. Although the meaning of this phrase has been disputed by a small minority of scholars, [33] today it is generally accepted as a reference to the Davidic dynasty. [34] [35] [36] [37] | ||
Siloam inscription | Istanbul Archaeology Museums | 1880, Siloam tunnel | c.701 BC | Paleo-Hebrew | Records the construction of Siloam tunnel | COS 2.28 / ANET 321 | |
LMLK seals | Various | 1870 onwards | c.700 BC | Phoenician alphabet (also known as Paleo-Hebrew) | c.2,000 stamp impressions, translated as "belonging to the King" | COS 2.77 / EP [38] | |
Ekron inscription | Israel Museum | 1996, Ekron | c.650 BC | Phoenician alphabet | The first known inscription from the area ascribed to Philistines | COS 2.42 | |
Trumpeting Place inscription | Israel Museum | 1968, Jerusalem | c.1st century AD | Hebrew [39] | Believed to be a directional sign for the priests who blew a trumpet, consistent with an account in Josephus | ||
Name | Image | Current location | Discovered | Date | Writing | Significance | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eunēlos inscription | Likely the National Museum of Damascus | Ras Macalister's excavations of Gezer | Greek | Early Greek trigrammaton attestation with syncretic character, refers to Hercules and a feast of Yahweh Inasios. | [64] | ||
Temple Warning inscription | Istanbul Archaeology Museums | 1871, Jerusalem | c.23 BC – 70 AD | Greek | Believed to be an inscription from Herod's Temple, warning foreigners ("allogenē") to refrain from entering the Temple enclosure | ||
Arch of Titus | Original location | n.a., Rome | c.82 AD | Latin | Relief showing spoils from the Sack of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 AD. Depicted are the menorah and trumpets, as well as what might be the Table of Showbread. | ||
Inscription | COS | ANET | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. | Title | Ref. | Title | |
Pyramid Texts | 1.4 | Pyramid Texts Spell 600 | 3 | The Creation by Atum |
1.9 | Papyrus Bremer-Rind | 6–7 | The Repulsing of the Dragon and the Creation | |
Shabaka Stone | 1.15 | The "Memphite Theology" | 4–6 | The Theology of Memphis |
1.17 | Coffin Texts Spell 1130 | 7–8 | All Men Created Equal in Opportunity | |
Book of the Dead | 1.18 | Book of the Dead 175 | 9–10 | The Primeval Establishment of Order |
Coffin Texts | 1.19 | Coffin Text 157 | 10 | The Mythological Origin of Certain Unclean Animals |
1.21 | The Repulsing of the Dragon | 11–12 | The Repulsing of the Dragon | |
1.22 | The Legend of Isis and the Name of Re | 12–14 | The God and His Unknown Name of Power | |
Astarte and the Insatiable Sea | 1.23 | The Legend of Astarte and the Tribute of the Sea | 17–18 | Astarte and the Tribute of the Sea |
Book of the Heavenly Cow | 1.24 | The Destruction of Mankind | 10 | Deliverance of Mankind from Destruction |
Great Hymn to the Aten | 1.25 | The Great Cairo Hymn of Praise to Amun-Re | 365–367 | A Hymn to Amon-Re |
1.27 | Two Hymns to the Sun-god | 367–368 | A Universalist Hymn to the Sun | |
1.28 | The Great Hymn to the Aten | 369–371 | The Hymn to the Aton | |
Harper's Songs | 1.30 | The Song from the Tomb of King Intef | 467 | A Song of the Harper |
1.31 | The Song from the Tomb of Neferhotep | 33–34 | The Good Fortune of the Dead | |
Execration texts | 1.32 | Execration Texts | 328–329 | The Execration of Asiatic Princes |
1.33 | Dream Oracles | 495 | The Interpretation of Dreams | |
1.34 | Daily Ritual of the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak | 325–326 | The Daily Ritual in the Temple | |
Teaching for King Merykara | 1.35 | Merikare | 414–418 | The Instruction for King Meri-ka-re |
Instructions of Amenemhat | 1.36 | Amenemhet | 418–419 | The Instruction of King Amen-em-het |
Story of Sinuhe | 1.38 | Sinuhe | 18–22 | The Story of Si-nuhe |
Tale of Two Brothers | 1.40 | The Two Brothers | 23–25 | The Story of Two Brothers |
Story of Wenamun | 1.41 | The Report of Wenamun | 25–29 | The Journey of Wen-Amon to Phoenicia |
Ipuwer Papyrus | 1.42 | The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage: the Admonitions of Ipuwer | 441–444 | The Admonitions of Ipu-wer |
The Eloquent Peasant | 1.43 | The Eloquent Peasant | 407–410 | The Protests of the Eloquent Peasant |
Instruction of Any | 1.46 | Instruction of Any | 420–421 | The Instruction of Ani |
Instruction of Amenemope | 1.47 | Instruction of Amenemope | 421–424 | The Instruction of Amen-em-Opet |
The Satire of the Trades | 1.48 | Dua-khety or the Satire on the Trades | 432–434 | The Satire on the Trades |
Famine Stela | 1.53 | The Famine Stela | 31–32 | The Tradition of Seven Lean Years in Egypt |
Bentresh stela | 1.54 | The Legend of the Possessed Princess ("Butresh Stela") | 29–31 | The Legend of the Possessed Princess |
1.55 | Elkunirsa and Asertu | 519 | El, Ashertu and the Storm-god | |
Illuyanka | 1.56 | The Storm-god and the Serpent (Iluyanka) | 125–126 | The Myth of Iluyankas |
Telipinu | 1.57 | The Wrath of Telipinu | 126–128 | The Telepinus Myth |
Muršili II | 1.60 | Plague Prayers of Mursili II | 394–396 | Plague Prayers of Mursilis |
1.63 | Uhhamuwa's Ritual Against Plague | 347 | Ritual Against Pestilence | |
Hittite military oath | 1.66 | The First Soldiers' Oath | 353–354 | The Soldiers' Oath |
Šuppiluliuma I | 1.74 | Deeds of Suppiluliuma | 319 | Suppiluliumas and the Egyptian Queen |
1.83 | Instructions to Priests and Temple Officials | 207–210 | Instructions for Temple Officials | |
1.84 | Instructions to Commanders of Border Garrisons | 210–211 | From the Instructions for the Commander of the Border Guards | |
Baal Cycle | 1.86 | The Ba`lu Myth | 129–142 | Poems about Baal and Anath |
Legend of Keret | 1.102 | The Kirta Epic | 142–149 | The Legend of King Keret |
Tale of Aqhat | 1.103 | The 'Aqhatu Legend | 149–155 | The Tale of Aqhat |
1.108 | The Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld | 106–109 | Descent of Ishtar to the Nether World | |
1.109 | Nergal and Ereshkigal | 507–512 | Nergal and Ereshkigal | |
1.110 | Nergal and Ereshkigal (Amarna Version) | 103–104 | Nergal and Ereshkigal | |
Enūma Eliš | 1.111 | Epic of Creation | 60–72, 501–503 | The Creation Epic |
Dynasty of Dunnum | 1.112 | The Theogony of Dunnu | 517–518 | A Babylonian Theogony |
1.115 | Prayer to Gods of the Night | 390–391 | Prayer to the Gods of the Night | |
Great Prayer to Šamaš | 1.117 | The Shamash Hymn | 387–389 | Hymn to the Sun-god |
1.129 | The Adapa Story | 101–103 | Adapa | |
Atra-Hasis | 1.130 | Atra-Hasis | 104–106, 512–514 | Atrahasis |
1.131 | Etana | 114–118, 517 | Etana | |
Epic of Gilgamesh | 1.132 | Gilgamesh | 72–99, 503–507 | The Epic of Gilgamesh |
1.133 | The Birth Legend of Sargon of Akkad | 119 | The Legend of Sargon | |
1.134 | Babylonian King Lists | 271, 272, 566–567 | The Babylonian King List B, The Babylonian King List A, A Seleucid King List | |
1.135 | Assyrian King Lists | 564–566 | The Assyrian King List | |
Babylonian Chronicles | 1.137 | Babylonian Chronicle | 301–307 | The Neo-Babylonian Empire and its Successors |
1.143 | An Assurbanipal Hymn for Shamash | 386–387 | Prayer of Ashurbanipal to the Sun-God | |
Adad-guppi | 1.147 | The Adad-Guppi Autobiography | 560–562 | The Mother of Nabonidus |
Ludlul bēl nēmeqi | 1.153 | The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer | 596–600; 434 | Ludlul Bēl Nēmeqi |
Babylonian Theodicy | 1.154 | The Babylonian Theodicy | 601–604 | The Babylonian Theodicy |
Dialogue of Pessimism | 1.155 | Dialogue of Pessimism or the Obliging Slave | 600–601 | The Dialogue of Pessimism |
1.171 | Gilgamesh and Akka | 45–47 | Gilgamesh and Agga | |
Dialogue between a Man and His God | 1.179 | "Man and his God" | 589–591 | Man and His God |
Autobiography of Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet | 2.1 | The Tomb Biography of Ahmose of Nekheb | 233–234 | The Expulsion of the Hyksos |
2.2A | The Annals of Thutmose III | 234B–238 | The Annals in Karnak | |
2.2B | The Gebel Barkal Stela of Thutmose III | 238C, 240D-C | The Barkal Stela | |
2.2C | The Armant Stela of Thutmose III | 234 A | The Armant Stela | |
2.3 | The Memphis and Karnak Stelae of Amenhotep II | 245–247 | The Memphis and Karnak Stelae | |
Karnak | 2.4A | [Sethos I] Karnak, Campaign from Sile to Pa-Canaan, Year 1 | 254C, 254A, 254D | Campaigns of Seti I in Asia |
2.4C | [Sethos I] Karnak, Campaign to Yenoam and Lebanon (Year 1 or Later) | 254C | Campaigns of Seti I in Asia | |
Beisan steles | 2.4B | [Sethos I] First Beth-Shan Stela, Year 1 | 253–254 | A Campaign of Seti I in Northern Palestine |
2.4D | [Sethos I] Second Beth-Shan Stela, Year Lost | 255 | Beth-Shan Stelae of Seti I and Ramses II | |
Kadesh inscriptions | 2.5A | [Ramesses II] The Battle of Qadesh — The Poem, or Literary Record | 255–256 | The Asiatic Campaigning of Ramses II |
Merneptah Stele | 2.6 | The (Israel) Stela of Merneptah | 376–378 | Hymn of Victory of Mer-ne-ptah (The "Israel Stela”) |
2.10 | Coffin Text 159 | 33 | The Fields of Paradise | |
2.12 | Book of the Dead 125 | 34–36 | The Protestation of Guiltlessness | |
Mesha Stele | 2.23 | The Inscription of King Mesha | 320–321 | The Moabite Stone |
Siloam inscription | 2.28 | The Siloam Tunnel Inscription | 321 | The Siloam Inscription |
Yehimilk inscription | 2.29 | The Inscription of King Yahimilk | 653–654 | Yehimilk of Byblos |
Kilamuwa Stela | 2.30 | The Kulamuwa Inscription | 654–655 | Kilamuwa of Y'dy-Sam'al |
Yehawmilk Stele | 2.32 | The Inscription of King Yehawmilk | 656 | Yehawmilk of Byblos |
Stele of Zakkur | 2.35 | The Inscription of Zakkur, King of Hamath | 655–656 | Zakir of Hamat and Lu`ath |
Ahiram sarcophagus | 2.55 | The Sarcophagus Inscription of ‘Ahirom, King of Byblos | 661 | Ahiram of Byblos |
Tabnit sarcophagus | 2.56 | The Sarcophagus Inscription of Tabnit, King of Sidon | 662 | Tabnit of Sidon |
Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II | 2.57 | The Sarcophagus Inscription of 'Eshmun`azor, King of Sidon | 662 | Eshmun`azar of Sidon |
Sefire steles | 2.82 | The Inscription of Bar Ga'yah and Mati`el from Sefire | 659–661 | The Treaty between KTK and Arpad |
Gezer calendar | 2.85 | The Gezer Calendar | 320 | The Gezer Calendar |
Arslan Tash amulets | 2.86 | An Amulet from Arslan Tash | 658 | The Amulet from Arslan Tash |
Kurkh Monoliths | 2.113A | [Shalmaneser III] Kurkh Monolith | 277–278 | [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports (i 29 – ii 13) |
2.113B | [Shalmaneser III] Annals: Assur Clay Tablets | Cf. 278–279 | [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports | |
2.113C | [Shalmaneser III] Annals" Calah Bulls | 279–280 | [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports (Bull Inscription) | |
Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III | 2.113F | [Shalmaneser III] Black Obelisk | 278–281 | [Shalmaneser III] Annalistic Reports (Black Obelisk) |
2.113G | [Shalmaneser III] Assur Basalt Statue | 280 | [Shalmaneser III] Various Inscriptions (a) | |
2.113H | [Shalmaneser III] Black Stone Cylinder | 281 | [Shalmaneser III] Various Inscriptions (c) | |
Saba'a Stele | 2.114E | [Adad-nirari III] Saba'a Stela | 282 | [Adad-Nirari III] (b) Saba'a Stela |
2.117A | [Tiglath-Pileser III] The Calah Annals | 282–283 | [Tiglath-Pileser III] Annalistic Records (103-133) | |
2.117C | [Tiglath-Pileser III] Summary Inscription 4 | 283–284 | [Tiglath-Pileser III] Annalistic Records (1-34) | |
Annals of Sargon II | 2.118A | [Sargon II] The Annals | 285 | [Sargon II] From Annalistic Reports (23-57) |
Sargon Stele | 2.118E | [Sargon II] The Great “Summary" Inscription | 284–285 | [Sargon II] Inscriptions of a General Nature (1) |
Annals of Sargon II | 2.118F | [Sargon II] The Small “Summary" Inscription | 285 | [Sargon II] From Annalistic Reports (11-15) |
Sargon II's Prisms | 2.118i | [Sargon II] The Nimrud Inscription | 287 | [Sargon II] From Broken Prisms (3) |
Sennacherib's Annals | 2.119B | Sennacherib's Siege of Jerusalem | 287–288 | [Sennacherib] (a) The Siege of Jerusalem |
Cyrus Cylinder | 2.124 | Cyrus Cylinder | 315–316 | Cyrus |
Laws of Eshnunna | 2.130 | The Laws of Eshnunna | 161–163 | The Laws of Eshnunna |
Code of Hammurabi | 2.131 | The Laws of Hammurabi | 163–180 | The Code of Hammurabi |
2.132 | The Middle Assyrian Laws | 180–188 | The Middle Assyrian Laws | |
2.133 | The Neo-Babylonian Laws | 197–198 | The Neo-Babylonian Laws | |
Code of Ur-Nammu | 2.153 | The Laws of Ur-Nammu | 523–525 | The Laws of Ur-Nammu |
Lipit-Ishtar | 2.154 | The Laws of Lipit-Ishtar | 159–161 | Lipit-Ishtar Lawcode |
Gudea cylinders | 2.155 | The Cylinders of Gudea | 268–269 | Gudea, ENSI of Lagash |
3.2 | The Craft of the Scribe | 475–479 | A Satirical Letter | |
Papyrus Anastasi I | 3.3 | Praise of Pi-Ramessu (Papyrus Anastasi I) | 471 | In Praise of the City Ramses |
3.4 | A Report of Escaped Laborers (Papyrus Anastasi V) | 259 | The Pursuit of Runaway Slaves | |
3.5 | A Report of Bedouin (Papyrus Anastasi VI) | 259 | The Report of a Frontier Official | |
Judicial Papyrus of Turin | 3.8 | The Turin Judicial Papyrus (The Harem Conspiracy against Ramesses III) | 214–216 | Results of a Trial for Conspiracy |
3.10 | A Lawsuit over a Syrian Slave | 216–217 | From the Record of a Lawsuit | |
Yavne-Yam ostracon | 3.41 | The Mesad Hashavyahu (Yavneh Yam) Ostracon | 568 | A Letter from the Time of Josiah |
Lachish letters | 3.42A | Lachish Ostraca [2] | 322 | Lachish Ostracon II |
3.42B | Lachish Ostraca [3] | 322 | Lachish Ostracon III | |
3.42C | Lachish Ostraca [4] | 322 | Lachish Ostracon IV | |
3.42D | Lachish Ostraca [5] | 322 | Lachish Ostracon V | |
3.42E | Lachish Ostraca [6] | 322 | Lachish Ostracon VI | |
3.42F | Lachish Ostraca [9] | 322 | Lachish Ostracon IX | |
Arad ostraca | 3.43A | Arad Ostraca [1] | 569B | Three Ostraca from Arad (A) |
3.43H | Arad Ostraca [17] | 569C | Three Ostraca from Arad (B) | |
3.43i | Arad Ostraca [18] | 569A | Three Ostraca from Arad (C) | |
Elephantine papyri and ostraca | 3.46 | [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] The Passover Letter | 491 | "The Passover Papyrus" |
3.51 | [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] Request for Letter of Recommendation (First Draft) | 491–492 | Petition for Authorization to Rebuild the Temple of Yaho | |
3.52 | [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] Recommendation for Reconstruction of Temple | 492 | Advice of the Governors of Juda and Samaria to the Jews of Elephantine | |
3.53 | [The Jedaniah Archive from Elephantine] Offer of Payment for Reconstruction of Temple (Draft) | 492 | Petition by Elephantine Jews, Perhaps to Arsames | |
3.65 | [The Mibtahiah Archive] Withdrawal from Goods | 491 | Settlement of Claim by Oath | |
3.87C | Offer to Sew a Garment | 491 | Letter from One Jew to Another of Superior Station | |
3.87E | Greetings from a Pagan to a Jew | 491 | Greeting from a Pagan to a Jew | |
Amarna letters | 3.92A | Letter of Abdi-heba of Jerusalem (EA 286) | 487–488 | [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 286 |
3.92B | Letter of Abdi-heba of Jerusalem (EA 289) | 489 | [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 289 | |
3.92C | Letter of the Ruler of Gazru (EA 292) | 489–490 | [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 292 | |
3.92G | Letter of Lab'ayu of Shechem (EA 254) | 486 | [The Amarna Letters] EA, No. 254 | |
3.129 | Inheritance of a Brother and Sister | 545–546 (§ 14) | Litigation Concerning Inheritance | |
Dispute between a man and his Ba | 3.146 | The Dispute Between a Man and His Ba | 405–407 | A Dispute Over Suicide |
Anzû | 3.147 | The Akkadian Anzu Story | 514–517 | The Myth of Zu |
Hezekiah, or Ezekias, was the son of Ahaz and the thirteenth king of Judah according to the Hebrew Bible.
The Kingdom of Judah was an Israelite kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. Centered in the highlands to the west of the Dead Sea, the kingdom's capital was Jerusalem. It was ruled by the Davidic line for four centuries. Jews are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the region.
The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile was the period in Jewish history during which a large number of Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were forcibly relocated to Babylonia by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The deportations occurred in multiple waves: After the siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE, around 7,000 individuals were deported to Mesopotamia. Further deportations followed the destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple in 587 BCE.
Lachish was an ancient Israelite city in the Shephelah region of Canaan on the south bank of the Lakhish River mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible. The current tell by that name, known as Tel Lachish or Tell el-Duweir, has been identified with Lachish. Today, it is an Israeli national park operated and maintained by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. It lies near the present-day moshav of Lakhish, which was named in honor of the ancient city.
Uzziah, also known as Azariah, was the tenth king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and one of Amaziah's sons. Uzziah was 16 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 52 years. The first 24 years of his reign were as a co-regent with his father, Amaziah.
The Davidic line refers to the descendants of Dawid ben Yishai, who established the House of David in the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. In Judaism, it is based on texts from the Hebrew Bible, as well as on later Jewish traditions.
Matthew 1:10 is the tenth verse of the first chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the Bible. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the father of Jesus, is listed.
Matthew 1:9 is the ninth verse of the first chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the Bible. The verse is part of the non-synoptic section where the genealogy of Joseph, the legal father of Jesus, is listed, or on non-Pauline interpretations the genealogy of Jesus. The purpose of the genealogy is to show descent from the line of kings, in particular David, as the Messiah was predicted to be the son of David, and descendant of Abraham.
Hilkiah was a Kohen or Israelite priest at the time of King Josiah.
Eliakim was the son of Hilkiah. He succeeded Shebna to become royal steward or prime minister for King Hezekiah of Judah, according to the Hebrew Bible.
Gedaliah, son of Pashhur, is a man described in the Book of Jeremiah of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism's Tanakh, and Christianity's Old Testament. He is described as one of the political opponents of Jeremiah, one of those who appealed to King Zedekiah to have Jeremiah executed because of his prophecies that Jerusalem and the Temple would be destroyed by the Babylonians due to the wickedness of the Jews:
1 And Shephatiah the son of Mattan, and Gedaliah the son of Pashhur, and Jucal the son of Shelemiah, and Pashhur the son of Malchiah, heard the words that Jeremiah spoke unto all the people, saying: 2 Thus saith the LORD: He that remaineth in this city shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence; but he that goeth forth to the Chaldeans shall live, and his life shall be unto him for a prey, and he shall live. 3 Thus saith the LORD: This city shall surely be given into the hand of the army of the king of Babylon, and he shall take it.' 4 Then the princes said unto the king: 'Let this man, we pray thee, be put to death; forasmuch as he weakeneth the hands of the men of war that remain in this city, and the hands of all the people, in speaking such words unto them; for this man seeketh not the welfare of this people, but the hurt.'.
Jaazaniah or Jezaniah is a biblical Hebrew personal name that appears in the Bible for several different individuals, and has been found on an onyx seal dating from the 6th century BCE.
Several kinds of archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple exist. Those for what is customarily called Solomon's Temple are indirect and some are challenged. There is extensive physical evidence for the temple called the Second Temple that was built by returning exiles around 516 BCE and stood until its destruction by Rome in the year 70 CE. There is limited physical evidence of Solomon's Temple, although it is still widely accepted to have existed.
2 Kings 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Hezekiah, the king of Judah, a part of the section comprising 2 Kings 18:1 to 20:21, with a parallel version in Isaiah 36–39.
2 Kings 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BC, with a supplement added in the sixth century BC. This chapter records the invasion of Assyrian to Judah during the reign of Hezekiah, the king of Judah, a part of the section comprising 2 Kings 18:1 to 20:21, with a parallel version in Isaiah 36–39.
Jeremiah 36 is the thirty-sixth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It is numbered as Jeremiah 43 in the Septuagint. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter records the burning of a scroll of Jeremiah's prophecy by King Jehoiakim and the creation of another scroll by Baruch the scribe, acting on Jeremiah's instructions.
2 Chronicles 32 is the thirty-second chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament in the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had its final shape in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar II and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia. The focus of this chapter is the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah.
2 Kings 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Josiah, the king of Judah, especially the discovery of the Book of the Law (Torah) during the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.
2 Chronicles 34 is the thirty-fourth chapter of the Second Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or of the second part of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible. The book was compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingdom of Judah until its destruction by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar and the beginning of restoration under Cyrus the Great of Persia. It contains the regnal accounts of Josiah the king of Judah.
The reference to az-ri-a-u (? ANET ia-u-ha-zi) (mat)ia-u-da-a is seen by a minority of scholars (see, e.g., ANET) as a reference to Azariah of Judah; the majority, however, identify the state in question as Y'di, mentioned in the Zinjirli inscription and located in northern Syria.
Thus the Erastus inscription soon became a linchpin in 20th century reconstructions of the social status of Pauline Christianity. Unfortunately, the inscription was incorrectly published and the identification of the two Erastus references is wrong.- Abstract Only.