Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet

Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet
The chief eunuch, Nabu-sharussu-ukin (Nebuchadnezzar II's right-hand man), "rab sha-reshi", donated gold to the god Marduk temple at Babylon. His name and title occur as Nebo-Sarsekim, "rab-saris", in Hebrew in the Book of Jeremiah. ME 114789.
Material	Clay
Width	5.5 cm
Created	c. 595 BC
Discovered	c. 1875 Babylon, Iraq
Present location	London, England, United Kingdom

The Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet is a clay cuneiform inscription referring to an official at the court of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon. It almost certainly refers to an official named in the Biblical Book of Jeremiah.

It is currently in the collection of the British Museum. Dated to circa 595 BC, the tablet was part of an archive from a large sun-worship temple at Sippar.

Description

The tablet is a clay cuneiform inscription (2.13 inches; 5.5 cm) with the following content: ^{[1] [2]}

Akkadian (cuneiform)	Akkadian (pronunciation)	translation
1½ MA.NA GUṦKIN šá p.d+AG-LUGAL-su-GIN	1½ mana ḫurāṣu ša Nabû-šarrussu-ukīn	[Regarding] 1.5 minas [3] of gold of Nabu-sharrussu-ukin,
LÚ.GAL.SAG šá ina °ṦUIIpARAD-dDÙ-tú	rab ša-rēši ša ina qāt Arad-Banītu	the chief eunuch, which via Arad-Banitu
LÚ.SAG šá a-na É-sag-gíl	ša-rēši ša ana Esaggil	the eunuch to [the temple] Esangila
ú-še-bi-la pARAD-dDÙ-tú	ušēbila Arad-Banītu	he sent: Arad-Banitu
a-na É-sag-gíl it-ta-din	ana Esaggil ittadin	to Esangila has delivered [it].
ina GUB-zu šá p.d+EN-ú-sat	ina ušuzzu ša Bēl-usāt	In the presence of Bel-usat,
A-šú šá pA-a LÚ-qur-ZAG?	māršu ša Aplâ ša-qurbūti?	son of Apla, the royal bodyguard,
pna-din A-šú šá p.dmarduk-NUMUN-DÙ	Nādin māršu ša Marduk-zēr-ibni	[and of] Nadin, son of Marduk-zer-ibni.
gap
ITI.ZÍZ U4.18.KAM MU.10.KAM		Month XI, day 18, year 10 [of]
dPA-NÍG.°GUB-ú-ṣu[r]		Nebuchadnezza[r]
LUGAL TIN.TIRki°		king of Babylon.

Discovery

Archaeologists unearthed the tablet in the ancient city of Sippar (about a mile from modern Baghdad) in the 1870s. The British Museum acquired it in 1920, but it had remained in storage unpublished until Michael Jursa (associate professor at the University of Vienna) discovered its relevance to biblical history. He noted that both the name and the title (rab ša-rēši) of the official closely matched the Hebrew text of Jeremiah 39:3. Additionally, the tablet is dated just eight years before the events in Jeremiah. According to Jursa, the rarity of the Babylonian name, the high rank of the rab ša-rēši and the close proximity in time make it almost certain that the person mentioned on the tablet is identical with the biblical figure. ^[4]

Bible comparisons

According to Jeremiah (39:3 in the Masoretic Text or 46:3 in the Septuagint), an individual by this same name visited Jerusalem during the Babylonian conquest of it. The verse begins by stating that all the Babylonian officials sat authoritatively in the Middle Gate, then names several of them, and concludes by adding that all the other officials were there as well.

Over the years, Bible translators have divided the named individuals in different ways (as seen in the table below), rendering anywhere from two to eight names.^{[ citation needed ]}

Hebrew:	נֵרְגַל שַׂרְ-אֶצֶר סַמְגַּר-נְבוּ שַׂר-סְכִים רַב-סָרִיס נֵרְגַל שַׂרְאֶצֶר רַב-מָג
Hebrew (Romanized):	Nērəgal Śar-’eṣer Samgar-Nəḇū Śar-səḵīm Raḇ-sārīs Nērəgal Śar-’eṣer Raḇ-māg
Greek:	Μαργανασαρ και Σαμαγωθ και Ναβουσαχαρ και Ναβουσαρεις Ναγαργας Νασερραβαμαθ
Vulgate:	NEREGEL SERESER SEMEGAR NABV SARSACHIM RABSARES NEREGEL SERESER REBMAG
English Standard Version:	Nergal-sar-ezer of Samgar, Nebu-sar-sekim the Rab-saris, Nergal-sar-ezer the Rab-mag

Josephus

In Book 10 (chapter VIII, paragraph 2; or line 135) of his Antiquities of the Jews , Josephus records the Babylonian officials as:

Ρεγαλσαρος Αρεμαντος Σεμεγαρος Ναβωσαρις Αχαραμψαρις

William Whiston's translation follows the KJV/ASV rendition, albeit reversing two of them:

Nergal Sharezer, Samgar Nebo, Rabsaris, Sarsechim, and Rabmag

The literal translation by Christopher T. Begg and Paul Spilsbury is:

Regalsar, Aremant, Semegar, Nabosaris, and Acarampsaris

See also

• Biblical archaeology
• Cylinder of Nabonidus
• List of artifacts significant to the Bible

References

1. Stadhouders, Henry (2009). "Appendix: The Nebu^(!)sarsekim Tablet" (PDF). Biblische Notizen. 140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
2. Translation (by Michael Jursa?) found in Reynolds, Nigel. (2007). "Tiny Tablet provides proof for Old Testament." Telegraph.co.uk. Archived.
3. ~850 grams / 27 troy oz
4. Jursa, M., "Nabû-šarrūssu-ukīn, rab ša-rēši, und "Nebusarsekim" (Jer 39:3)" Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2008-1 pp. 9-10 (link)

External links

• Initial news coverage:
  • Hillel Fendel (2007-07-11). "Babylonian King's Eunuch Really Existed!". Arutz Sheva . Retrieved 2014-08-14.
  • Times Online article by Dalya Alberge
  • "British Museum Makes Important Breakthrough In Biblical Archaeology". 24 Hour Museum. 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
  • Telegraph article by Nigel Reynolds with alternate photo
  • Moshe Inbar (2007-08-01). נבושרסכים רב סריס - תעודה חדשה [Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet - a new documentary]. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2014-08-14.
• Josephus translations:
  • Antiquities book 10, section 135 via Perseus at Tufts University (English)
  • Antiquities book 10, section 135 via Perseus at Tufts University (Greek)
  • Antiquities via PACE at York University (enter Book 10, Section 135 manually)
• Professional commentaries:
  • An edition of the Nebu^(!)sarsekim Tablet by an Assyriologist (providing transcription, transliteration and translation of its text along with some rudimentary observations on its content and context)
  • Christopher Heard (initial observations)
  • Christopher Heard (continued discussion)
  • John F. Hobbins (with details on Assyrian names by Charles Halton)