Vale of York Hoard

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Vale of York Viking Hoard
Vale of York Hoard 7549067054 c6b946d488 o.jpg
Created927–928 (deposited), 10th century (mid)
Period/culture Viking, Carolingian
Place North Yorkshire (Vale of York Viking Hoard)
Present locationMedieval Gallery, Yorkshire Museum, York
Identification 2007T2

The Vale of York Hoard, also known as the Harrogate Hoard and the Vale of York Viking Hoard, is a 10th-century Viking hoard of 617 silver coins and 65 other items. It was found undisturbed in 2007 near the town of Harrogate in North Yorkshire, England. The hoard was the largest Viking one discovered in Britain since 1840, when the Cuerdale hoard was found in Lancashire, though the Anglo-Saxon Staffordshire Hoard, found in 2009, is larger.

Contents

Discovery

Coins and bullion from the hoard Coins bullion york hoard.JPG
Coins and bullion from the hoard

On 6 January 2007, David Whelan, a semi-retired businessman from Leeds, and his son Andrew, a surveyor, discovered the Harrogate hoard using metal detectors. [1] [2] The Whelans told BBC News they have been metal detecting as a hobby for about five years. [3]

They found the hoard in an empty field that had not yet been ploughed for spring sowing. Later the field was searched but no evidence of a settlement or structure was found. [2] About 30 cm (1 ft) underneath the soil, after parts of a lead chest that had been discovered were excavated, a silver bowl fell from the side of the dig. When it was examined on the ground, coins and scraps of silver were visible. [4] The Whelans reported the find to Amy Cooper, Finds Liaison Officer of the Portable Antiquities Scheme: this was one of the first finds reported to Cooper. [5] The pair were commended for displaying "exemplary behaviour in not unpacking all the objects from the bowl, but keeping the find intact." The Whelans also made note of the exact location of the find before filling in the hole. This proved to be a valuable step as rains washed away evidence of the find when archaeologists returned only four days later. [6] The hoard was transferred to the British Museum, where conservators excavated each find to preserve the objects and "contextual information." [7] The discovery was announced on 19 July 2007. The British Museum press release stated, "The size and quality of the hoard is remarkable, making it the most important find of its type in Britain for over 150 years," and also said, "The find is of global importance, as well as having huge significance for the history of North Yorkshire". [8]

Items

Silver and gold armrings, neckrings and brooch fragments from the hoard Silver and gold arm neck rings brooch fragments york hoard.JPG
Silver and gold armrings, neckrings and brooch fragments from the hoard
The Vale of York cup Vale of York Hoard Cup.jpg
The Vale of York cup

The hoard consists of 617 silver coins and 65 other items, [3] including ornaments, ingots and precious metal. These items were hidden in a gilt silver vessel lined with gold (variously identified as a cup, bowl, or pot) which is thought to possibly be an ecclesiastical vessel from Northern France either plundered [9] or given as tribute. [5] Vines, leaves, and six running animals (two lions and four beasts of prey) decorate the cup. [10] The cup is so closely paralleled by the Halton Moor cup, conserved in the British Museum, that both must be from the same Carolingian workshop and were produced in the mid-ninth century. [11] The vessel was buried in a lead chest. [3] [5]

A rare gold arm ring (possibly from Ireland [5] ), and hacksilver (fragments of cut metal sometimes used as currency) were also found. Reports indicate that the coins bear Islamic, Christian, and pre-Christian Norse pagan symbols: "some of the coins mixed Christian and pagan imagery, shedding light on the beliefs of newly-Christianized Vikings." [1] [3]

The hoard had been protected by lead sheeting of some kind. The coins date from the late 9th and early 10th centuries, providing a terminus post quem for dating the hoard. The first theory as to a likely 10th-century occasion for such a careful burying was that it had belonged to a wealthy Viking leader during the unrest that followed the conquest of the Viking kingdom of Northumbria in the year 927 by the Anglo-Saxon king of a unified England, Athelstan (924–939). [7] Another brief period of Viking rule in Northumbria also followed Athelstan's death in 939; it lasted until the expulsion and murder of the Viking king of Jórvík (modern-day York), Eric Bloodaxe, in 954.

The hoard included objects from many diverse locations, including Samarkand in present-day Uzbekistan, North Africa, Afghanistan, Russia, Ireland, Scandinavia, and continental Europe, "illustrating the breadth of the Vikings' travels and trade connections." [5] Gareth Williams, curator of early medieval coins at the British Museum, examined the artifacts.

Acquisition and display

At a court hearing in Harrogate on 19 July 2007, the hoard was classified as a Treasure by North Yorkshire coroner Geoff Fell under the Treasure Act 1996, which requires the find to be offered for sale to museums, with the proceeds divided by agreement between the discoverers and the landowner. The find was valued by the Independent Treasure Valuation Committee for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

The independent Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1,082,000. [12] The hoard was purchased jointly by York Museums Trust, and the British Museum with funding from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, The Art Fund and The British Museum Friends. [12] [13]

From 17 September 2009 items from the hoard were on display in the Yorkshire Museum, York, for a period of six weeks before the museum closed for refurbishment in November 2009. [14] The hoard was then taken to the British Museum for further conservation work and was returned to the Yorkshire Museum for its reopening following a major refurbishment [15] on 1 August 2010 (Yorkshire Day). [12] [16]

In 2012 it formed part of a temporary exhibition at Harrogate's Mercer Gallery before touring to Copenhagen, Berlin and London. [17] The hoard was used in the British Museum's Vikings exhibition from 6 March to 22 June 2014, [18] the first at the British Museum in 30 years. [19]

The hoard was redisplayed in the Yorkshire Museum in 2015. [17]

From 2017 it formed part of a touring exhibition titled 'Viking: Rediscover the Legend' and is displayed alongside the Bedale Hoard and the Cuerdale Hoard, with the tour starting at the Yorkshire Museum and subsequently including Atkinson Art Gallery and Library in Southport, Aberdeen Art Gallery, Norwich Castle Museum, and the University of Nottingham. [20] [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hoard</span> Collection of valuable objects or artifacts

A hoard or "wealth deposit" is an archaeological term for a collection of valuable objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground, in which case it is sometimes also known as a cache. This would usually be with the intention of later recovery by the hoarder; hoarders sometimes died or were unable to return for other reasons before retrieving the hoard, and these surviving hoards might then be uncovered much later by metal detector hobbyists, members of the public, and archaeologists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portable Antiquities Scheme</span>

The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) is a voluntary programme run by the United Kingdom government to record the increasing numbers of small finds of archaeological interest found by members of the public. The scheme began in 1997 and now covers most of England and Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treasure Act 1996</span> United Kingdom legislation

The Treasure Act 1996 is a UK Act of Parliament, defining which objects are classified as treasure, legally obliging the finder to report their find. It applies in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuerdale Hoard</span> Viking silver hoard

The Cuerdale Hoard is a hoard of more than 8,600 items, including silver coins, English and Carolingian jewellery, hacksilver and ingots. It was discovered on 15 May 1840 on the southern bank of a bend of the River Ribble, in an area called Cuerdale near Preston, Lancashire, England. The Cuerdale Hoard is one of the largest Viking silver hoards ever found, four times larger than its nearest rival in Britain or Ireland, according to Richard Hall. In weight and number of pieces, it is second only to the Spillings Hoard found on Gotland, Sweden.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yorkshire Museum</span> Grade I listed building in York, England

The Yorkshire Museum is a museum in York, England. It was opened in 1830, and has five permanent collections, covering biology, geology, archaeology, numismatics and astronomy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hacksilver</span> Fragments of cut and bent silver items used as currency

Hacksilver consists of fragments of cut and bent silver items that were used as bullion or as currency by weight during the Middle Ages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Staffordshire Hoard</span> Anglo-Saxon hoard discovered in 2009

The Staffordshire Hoard is the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork yet found. It consists of almost 4,600 items and metal fragments, amounting to a total of 5.1 kg (11 lb) of gold, 1.4 kg (3 lb) of silver and some 3,500 pieces of garnet cloisonné jewellery. It is described by the historian Cat Jarman as "possibly the finest collection of early medieval artefacts ever discovered".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frome Hoard</span> Hoard of Roman coins found in Somerset, UK

The Frome Hoard is a hoard of 52,503 Roman coins found in April 2010 by metal detectorist Dave Crisp near Frome in Somerset, England. The coins were contained in a ceramic pot 45 cm (18 in) in diameter, and date from AD 253 to 305. Most of the coins are made from debased silver or bronze. The hoard is one of the largest ever found in Britain, and is also important as it contains the largest group ever found of coins issued during the reign of Carausius, who ruled Britain independently from 286 to 293 and was the first Roman Emperor to strike coins in Britain. The Museum of Somerset in Taunton, using a grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund (NHMF), acquired the hoard in 2011 for a value of £320,250.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrewsbury Hoard</span> Hoard of Roman coins found in England

The Shrewsbury Hoard is a hoard of 9,315 bronze Roman coins discovered by a metal detectorist in a field near Shrewsbury, Shropshire in August 2009. The coins were found in a large pottery storage jar that was buried in about AD 335.

The Furness Hoard is a hoard of Viking silver coins and other artefacts dating to the 9th and 10th Century that was discovered in Furness, Cumbria, England in May 2011 by an unnamed metal detectorist. The exact location of the find, as well as the names of the finder and the landowner, have not been made public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silverdale Hoard</span> Silver hoard discovered in Lancashire, England

The Silverdale Hoard is a collection of over 200 pieces of silver jewellery and coins discovered near Silverdale, Lancashire, England, in September 2011. The items were deposited together in and under a lead container buried about 16 inches (41 cm) underground which was found in a field by a metal detectorist. It is believed to date to around AD 900, a time of intense conflict between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danish settlers of northern England. The hoard is one of the largest Viking hoards ever discovered in the UK. It has been purchased by Lancashire Museums Service and has been displayed at Lancaster City Museum and the Museum of Lancashire in Preston. It is particularly significant for its inclusion of a coin stamped with the name of a previously unknown Viking ruler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viking coinage</span> Type of currency

Viking coinage was used during the Viking Age of northern Europe. Prior to the usage and minting of coins, the Viking economy was predominantly a bullion economy, where the weight and size of a particular metal is used as a method of evaluating value, as opposed to the value being determined by the specific type of coin. By the ninth century, the Viking raids brought them into contact with cultures well familiarised with the use of coins in economies of Europe, hence influencing the Vikings own production of coins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bedale Hoard</span> Treasure hoard found in North Yorkshire, England

The Bedale Hoard is a hoard of forty-eight silver and gold items dating from the late 9th to early 10th centuries AD and includes necklaces, arm-bands, a sword pommel, hacksilver and ingots. It was discovered on 22 May 2012 in a field near Bedale, North Yorkshire, by metal detectorists, and reported via the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Following a successful public funding campaign, the hoard was acquired by the Yorkshire Museum for £50,000.

The Lenborough Hoard is a hoard of more than 5,000 late Anglo-Saxon silver coins, dating to the eleventh century, that was found at Lenborough in Buckinghamshire, England in 2014. It is believed to be one of the largest hoards of Anglo-Saxon coins ever found in Britain. It is now on display at Discover Bucks Museum in Aylesbury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spillings Hoard</span> Largest known Viking silver hoard

The Spillings Hoard is the world's largest Viking silver treasure, found on Friday 16 July 1999 in a field at the Spilling farm northwest of Slite, on northern Gotland, Sweden. The silver hoard consisted of two parts with a total weight of 67 kg (148 lb) before conservation and consisted of, among other things, 14,295 coins most of which were Islamic from other countries. A third deposition containing over 20 kg (44 lb) of bronze scrap-metal was also found. The three caches had been hidden under the floorboards of a Viking outhouse sometime during the 9th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Overton Hoard</span> Roman coin hoard from North Yorkshire, England

The Overton Hoard is a Roman coin hoard dating from the early 3rd century AD. It contains 37 coins and fragments of a pottery container. It was acquired by the Yorkshire Museum in 2018.

Andrew R. Woods is a British numismatist, archaeologist and curator specialising in early medieval and Viking coinage. He is the senior curator of the Yorkshire Museum and was formerly the curator of numismatics at the York Museums Trust.

References

  1. 1 2 "Treasure: Viking coins, jewelry found buried in field". Associated Press. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  2. 1 2 Kennedy, Maev; Wainwright, Martin (20 July 2007). "Treasure hunters share £1m Viking hoard looted from round the world". The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Viking treasure hoard uncovered". BBC. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  4. ↑ A History of the World in 100 Objects, BBC, 22 June 2010
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "British treasure hunters unearth Viking hoard". CBC Arts. CBC. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  6. ↑ "The Harrogate Hoard - Current Archaeology". Current Archaeology. 11 October 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  7. 1 2 Pett, Daniel (19 July 2007). "Most important Viking Treasure in 150 years found by metal detectorists in North Yorkshire". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  8. ↑ "Treasure Trove Inquest spotlights Viking heritage". Yorkshire Dales News. Daelnet. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  9. ↑ Reynolds, Nigel (23 July 2007). "Viking find could net pair £500,000". telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  10. ↑ "Vale of York Viking Hoard". History of York.Org. York Museums Trust, City of York Council. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Cooper, Amy. "The Harrogate Hoard," Current Archaeology 212, p. 27.
  12. 1 2 3 "Most important Viking Treasure in 150 years is jointly acquired by two British museums". British Museum: Press release. August 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  13. ↑ "Two British museums acquire £1million Viking treasure hoard - Culture24".
  14. ↑ "Getting the most out of treasure". BBC News. 17 September 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  15. ↑ "Historic treasures return to the Yorkshire Museum". BBC. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  16. ↑ "Viking Treasure Hoard". Yorkshire Museum. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
  17. 1 2 Pantry, Lyndsey (2 July 2015). "'Once in a lifetime' Viking hoard back on display". Yorkshire Post. Leeds. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  18. ↑ "British Museum to show Viking treasures from North Yorkshire". York Press. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  19. ↑ "Vikings Exhibition". British Museum. 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  20. ↑ Lewis, S. (12 May 2017). "Face to face with the Vikings". York Press . Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  21. ↑ "A new understanding of the Vikings". Minster FM News. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.

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