List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

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Leningrad/Petrograd Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3 LeningradCodex text.jpg
Leningrad/Petrograd Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3

A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic). The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Leningrad/Petrograd Codex). [1]

Contents

The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple) and other intentional destructions. [2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.

The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent. [3] Giovanni Bernardo de Rossi (1742–1831) published a list of 731 manuscripts. [4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea/Qumran Caves Scrolls (1947). 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts. [5] [6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea/Qumran Caves Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965. [7]

The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg. [4]

The Leningrad/Petrograd Codex (c. 1008-1010) is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. The Leningrad/Petrograd codex is the manuscript upon which the Old Testament of most modern English translations of the Bible are based. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.

The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella. [8]

Masorah manuscripts

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century)

Masoretic (8th–10th century)

Later (11th–17th century)

Modern discoveries

Dead Sea Scrolls

Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE. [34]

Qumran Cave 1

Qumran Cave 2

Qumran Cave 3

Qumran Cave 4

Qumran Cave 5

Qumran Cave 6

Qumran Cave 7

Qumran Cave 8

Qumran Cave 11

See also

Notes

    1. In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.

    References

    1. H. Kelley, Daniel Stephen Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998, p. 18
    2. Randall Price, Searching for the Original Bible, Harvest House Publishers, 2007, p. 45-50
    3. Thomas Hartwell Horne, An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1836), vol. 2, p. 7. Page 6 states: "To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. De Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784–1787), in four volumes..."
    4. 1 2 Old Testament manuscripts [ usurped ]
    5. Fragmentos do Gueniza do Cairo
    6. David Sinclair, An Overview of the Bible Archived 2013-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (2006)
    7. Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, pp. 38–39; translated into English and published in 1995 as Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (2nd rev. ed, 1995, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm.B. Eerdmans Publg. Co.)(this is the source for most of the dates of the mss listed).
    8. Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), Oldest Torah scroll still in use found in Italy, 3 March 2016, accessed 2 August 2019
    9. Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 38. ISBN   978-0-8028-0788-5.
    10. "Piecing Together the Past | the Israel Museum, Jerusalem".
    11. Engel, Edna; Mishor, Mordechay (2015). "An Ancient Scroll of the Book of Exodus: The Reunion of Two Separate Fragments" (PDF). Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology. 7: 24–61.
    12. British Library Asian and African studies blog 10 April 2014
    13. Manuscript written by two different scribes, the older square script believed to be from the 10th century, whereas the newer Yemenite square script was written in the 16th century. See the British Library, Or. 4445 Archived 2022-12-08 at the Wayback Machine .
    14. "Digitised Manuscripts". Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
    15. Khomami, Nadia (February 15, 2023). "Oldest complete Hebrew Bible expected to break auction records". The Bible | The Guardian. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
    16. "Hebrew Manuscripts in the Collections of the National Library of Russia. Second Firkovich Collection".
    17. Eleazar Birnbaum, The Michigan Codex: An important Hebrew Bible manuscript, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 17 pages 373-415 (Oct. 1967).
    18. Damascus Pentateuch
    19. British Library
    20. Vat. ebr. 448
    21. British Library collection
    22. "Pentateuch, Codex Hilleli, Bible. Pentateuch. Hebrew. 1241 | Jewish Theological Seminary".
    23. "Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary Library" . Retrieved 21 March 2025.
    24. "Patrimonio Digital Complutense, de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid" . Retrieved 21 March 2025.
    25. "Hebrew Bible". www.metmuseum.org. MET. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    26. The Farhi Bible
    27. Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 141. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR   1453413.
    28. Rashba Bible, Info from Sotheby
    29. Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 143–144. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR   1453413.
    30. González López, Emilio (1967). "Un tesouro de arte galego: A Biblia en hebreo da Universidade de Oxford" (PDF). Grial (in Galician) (16): 198.
    31. The Lisbon Bible – 1483
    32. Irwin, W. A. (1932). "An Ancient Biblical Text" . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 48 (3): 184–193. doi:10.1086/370339. ISSN   1062-0516. JSTOR   528842.
    33. Lazaro, Enrico de (2016-09-23). "En-Gedi Scroll Finally Deciphered | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
    34. Timothy Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005, Dating the Scrolls,
    35. The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
    36. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14–15.
    37. 1 2 1Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    38. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15–16.
    39. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18.
    40. Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
    41. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16.
    42. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16–18.
    43. Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
    44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 19.
    45. 1Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    46. 1Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    47. 1Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
    49. 1Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    50. 1Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    51. 1Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    52. 1Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    53. 1Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    54. 1Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    55. 1Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    56. 1Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 20.
    58. 1Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    59. 1Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    60. 1Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    61. 1Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    62. 1Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    63. 1Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    64. 1Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    65. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21.
    66. 1Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    67. 1 2 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 21.
    68. 1Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    69. 1Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    70. 1 2 Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21–22.
    71. 1Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    72. 1Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 22.
    74. 1Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    75. 1Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    76. 1Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    77. 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    78. 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    79. 1Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    80. 1Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    81. 1Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 23.
    83. 1Q32 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    84. 1Q34 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    85. 1Q35 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    86. 1Q36 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    87. 1Q37 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    88. 1Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    89. 1Q39 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    90. 1Q40 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    91. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority . Retrieved 2015-01-22.
    92. 1Q71 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    93. 1Q72 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    94. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 25.
    95. 2Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    96. 2Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    97. 2Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    98. 2Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    99. 2Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    100. 2Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    101. 2Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    102. 2Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    103. 2Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    104. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 26.
    105. 2Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    106. 2Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    107. 2Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    108. 2Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    109. 2Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    110. 2Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    111. 2Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    112. 2Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    113. 2Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    114. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27.
    115. 2Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    116. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 27.
    117. 2Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    118. 2Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    119. 2Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    120. 2Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    121. 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection
    122. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 28.
    123. 3Q2 at Leon Levy Collection
    124. 3Q3 at Leon Levy Collection
    125. 3Q4 at Leon Levy Collection
    126. 3Q5 at Leon Levy Collection
    127. 3Q6 at Leon Levy Collection
    128. 3Q7 at Leon Levy Collection
    129. 3Q8 at Leon Levy Collection
    130. 3Q9 at Leon Levy Collection
    131. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28–29.
    132. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
    133. 3Q14 at Leon Levy Collection
    134. 3Q15 at Leon Levy Collection
    135. 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    136. 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    137. 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    138. 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    139. 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    140. 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    141. 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    142. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
    143. 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    144. 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    145. 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    146. 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    147. 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    148. 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    149. 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    150. 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    151. 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    152. 1 2 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    153. 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    154. Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
    155. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
    156. 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    157. 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    158. 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    159. 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    160. 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    161. 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    162. 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    163. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
    164. 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    165. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
    166. 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    167. 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    168. 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    169. 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    170. 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    171. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
    172. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
    173. 1 2 3 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
    174. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
    175. 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    176. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
    177. 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    178. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
    179. 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    180. 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    181. 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    182. 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    183. 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    184. 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    185. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
    186. 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    187. 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    188. 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    189. 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    190. 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    191. 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    192. 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    193. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
    194. 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    195. 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    196. 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    197. 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    198. 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    199. 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    200. 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    201. 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    202. 1 2 3 Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
    203. 1 2 3 4 5 Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195084504.
    204. 1 2 3 4 5 Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN   9780687494491.
    205. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
    206. 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    207. 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    208. Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
    209. 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    210. 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    211. 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    212. 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    213. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
    214. 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    215. 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    216. 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    217. 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    218. 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    219. 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    220. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
    221. 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    222. Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
    223. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
    224. 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    225. 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    226. 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    227. 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    228. 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    229. 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    230. 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    231. 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    232. 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    233. 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    234. 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    235. 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    236. 4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    237. 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    238. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
    239. 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    240. 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    241. 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    242. 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    243. 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    244. 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    245. 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    246. 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    247. 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    248. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
    249. 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    250. 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    251. 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    252. 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    253. 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    254. 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    255. 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    256. 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    257. 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    258. 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    259. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
    260. 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    261. 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    262. 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    263. 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    264. 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    265. Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN   9783161495465.
    266. 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    267. 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    268. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
    269. 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    270. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
    271. 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    272. 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    273. 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    274. 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    275. 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    276. 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    277. 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    278. 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    279. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
    280. 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    281. 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    282. 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    283. 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    284. 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    285. 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    286. 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    287. 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    288. 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    289. 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    290. 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    291. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
    292. 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    293. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
    294. 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    295. 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    296. 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    297. 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    298. 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    299. 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    300. 1 2 Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation . New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p.  577. ISBN   9780060766627.
    301. 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    302. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
    303. 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    304. 1 2 3 4 5 Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
    305. 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    306. 1 2 3 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
    307. 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    308. 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    309. 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    310. 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    311. 1 2 "The Qumran Library: Scrolls". Library of Congress .
    312. 1 2 3 4 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
    313. 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    314. 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    315. 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    316. 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    317. 1 2 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
    318. 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    319. 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    320. 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    321. 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    322. 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    323. 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    324. 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    325. 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    326. 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    327. 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    328. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
    329. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
    330. 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    331. Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
    332. 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    333. 1 2 3 4 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
    334. 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    335. 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    336. 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    337. 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    338. 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    339. 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    340. 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    341. 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    342. 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    343. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
    344. 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    345. 1 2 3 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
    346. 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    347. 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    348. 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    349. 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    350. 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    351. 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    352. 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    353. 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    354. 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    355. 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    356. 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    357. Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
    358. 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    359. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
    360. Collins, J. J., 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 684
    361. 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    362. 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    363. 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    364. 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    365. "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
    366. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104–105.
    367. 5Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    368. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 105.
    369. 5Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    370. 5Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    371. 5Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    372. 5Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    373. 5Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    374. 5Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    375. 5Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    376. 5Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    377. 5Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    378. 5Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    379. 1 2 3 4 5 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 106.
    380. 5Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    381. 5Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    382. 5Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    383. 5Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    384. 1 2 3 4 Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 106.
    385. 6Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    386. 6Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    387. 6Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    388. 6Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    389. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 107.
    390. 6Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    391. 6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    392. 6Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    393. 6Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    394. 6Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    395. 6Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    396. 6Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    397. 6Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    398. 6Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    399. 6Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    400. 6Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    401. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Fitzmyer 2008, p. 108.
    402. 6Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    403. 6Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    404. 6Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    405. 6Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    406. 6Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    407. 6Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    408. 6Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    409. 6Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    410. 6Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    411. 6Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    412. 6Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    413. 6Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    414. 6Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    415. 7Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    416. 7Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    417. 7Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    418. 7Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    419. 7Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    420. 7Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    421. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 110.
    422. 11Q4 - 11QEzek at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    423. 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.

    Bibliography

    Further reading