| List of the manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1 | |
|---|---|
 Photographic reproduction of the Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran Cave 1. | |
| Material | Papyrus, Parchment, and Bronze |
| Writing | Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Nabataean |
| Created | Est. 408 BCE to 318 CE |
| Discovered | 1946 |
| Present location | Qumran |
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 1 near Qumran.
Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The initial discovery, by Bedouin shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib, his cousin Jum'a Muhammed, and Khalil Musa, took place between November 1946 and February 1947. [1] [2] The shepherds discovered seven scrolls housed in jars in a cave near what is now known as the Qumran site and took them back to the camp to show to his family. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process. [3] The original seven Dead Sea Scrolls from Cave 1 at Qumran are the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa), a second copy of Isaiah (1QIsab), the Community Rule Scroll (1QS), the Pesher on Habakkuk (1QpHab), the War Scroll (1QM), the Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH), and the Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen). [4] One of the pottery jars containing the scrolls from Cave 1 is now kept in the British Museum. [5]
Some resources for more complete information on the Dead Sea Scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert" [6] for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book [7] and the Leon Levy Collection, [8] both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
| Fragment or scroll identifier | Fragment or scroll name | Alternative identifier | English Bible Association | Language | Date/script | Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qumran Cave 1 | |||||||
| 1QIsaa | Great Isaiah Scroll | Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24 | Hebrew | 356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE | Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns | [9] [10] | |
| 1QIsab | Isaiah | cf. 1Q8 | The Book of Isaiah | Hebrew | Hasmonean/Herodian | A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah | [11] [12] |
| 1QS | Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule" | Hebrew | cf. 4QSa-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11 | [13] | |||
| 1QpHab | Pesher on Habakkuk | Habakkuk 1 –2 | Hebrew | Later half of the 1st century BC | Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20 | [14] [15] | |
| 1QM | Milhamah or War Scroll | Hebrew | cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14? | ||||
| 1QHa | Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns | Hebrew | Some parts are also preserved in 1QHb and 4QHa-f | [16] | |||
| 1QapGen | Genesis Apocryphon | Genesis 12:18–15:4 | Aramaic | 25 BCE–50 CE | [17] | ||
| CTLevi | Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi | Aramaic | |||||
| 1QGen | Genesis | 1Q1 | Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [18] [19] | |
| 1QExod | Exodus | 1Q2 | Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [20] | |
| 1QpaleoLev | Leviticus – Numbers | 1Q3 | Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script | [18] [21] | |
| 1QDeuta | Deuteronomy | 1Q4 | Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [22] [23] | |
| 1QDeutb | 1Q5 | Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [22] [24] | ||
| 1QJudg | Judges | 1Q6 | Judges 6:20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [25] | |
| 1QSam | Samuel | 1Q7 | 2 Samuel 18:17–18; 20:6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [26] | |
| 1QIsab | Isaiah | Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q8 | Isaiah 7:22–25; 8:1; 10:17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24 | Hebrew | Herodian | [11] [18] | |
| 1QEzek | Ezekiel | Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q9 | Ezekiel 4:16–17; 5:1 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [27] | |
| 1QPsa | Psalms | 1Q10 | Psalm 86:5–8; 92:12–14; 94:16; 95:11–96:2; 119:31–34, 43–48, 77–79 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [28] | |
| 1QPsb | 1Q11 | Psalm 126:6; 127:1–5; 128:3 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [18] [29] | ||
| 1QPsc | 1Q12 | Psalm 44:3–5, 7, 9, 23–25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [18] [30] | ||
| 1QPhyl | Phylactery | 1Q13 | Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | 58 fragments from a Phylactery | [22] [31] [32] |
| 1QpMic | Pesher on Micah | 1Q14 | Hebrew | Herodian | [31] [33] | ||
| 1QpZeph | Pesher on Zephaniah | 1Q15 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [31] [34] | ||
| 1QpPs | Pesher on Psalms | 1Q16 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [31] [35] | ||
| 1QJuba | Jubilees | 1Q17 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | Jubilees | [31] [36] | |
| 1QJubb | 1Q18 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Jubilees | [31] [37] | ||
| 1QNoah | Book of Noah | 1Q19 | Hebrew | Herodian | Parts of the lost Book of Noah | [31] [38] | |
| 1QapGen | Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon" | 1Q20 | Aramaic | Herodian | [39] [40] | ||
| 1QTLevi / 1QALD | Testament of Levi | 1Q21 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Aramaic Levi Document | [41] [42] | |
| 1QDM | "Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses" | 1Q22 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [41] [43] | ||
| 1QEnGiantsa | Book of Giants | 1Q23 | Aramaic | Hasmonean | Enoch | [44] [45] | |
| 1QEnGiantsb | Book of Giants | 1Q24 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | Enoch | [44] [46] | |
| 1Q Apocr.Prophecy | "Apocryphal Prophecy" | 1Q25 | Hebrew | Herodian | [47] [48] | ||
| 1Q Instruction | "Instruction" | 1Q26 | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [47] [49] | ||
| 1QMyst | "The Book of Mysteries" | 1Q27 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [47] [50] | ||
| 1QS or 1QSa | "Rule of the Congregation" | 1Q28 (1Q28a) | Hebrew | Hasmonean | Fragment from "Community Rule" | [47] [51] | |
| 1QSb | "Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions" | 1Q28b | Hebrew | Hasmonean | [47] [52] | ||
| 1QapocrMoses B | Apocryphon of Moses | 1Q29 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | "Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire" | [47] [53] | |
| 1Q Liturgical Text(?) A | "Liturgical Text 1" | 1Q30 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [47] [54] | ||
| 1Q Liturgical Text(?) B | "Liturgical Text 2" | 1Q31 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [47] [55] | ||
| 1QNJ(?) | "New Jerusalem" | 1Q32 | Aramaic | Herodian | cf. 11Q18 | [56] [57] | |
| 1QM | Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah" | 1Q33 | Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31:8 | Hebrew | 30–1 BCE Early Herodian | [22] [56] | |
| 1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr | "Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers" | 1Q34 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56] [58] | ||
| 1QHb | "Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns" | 1Q35 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56] [59] | ||
| 1Q Hymns | "Hymns" | 1Q36 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [56] [60] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q37 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56] [61] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q38 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [56] [62] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q39 | Hebrew | Herodian | [56] [63] | ||
| 1Q Hymnic Composition(?) | "Hymnic Composition" | 1Q40 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [56] [64] | ||
| 1Q41–70 | 1Q41–70 | Hebrew | Unclassified Fragments | [8] | |||
| 1QDana | Daniel | 1Q71 | Daniel 1:10–17; 2:2–6 | Hebrew | Hellenistic-Roman | [65] | |
| 1QDanb | 1Q72 | Daniel 3:22–30 | Aramaic | Hellenistic-Roman | [66] | ||
The Dead Sea Scrolls, also called the Qumran Caves Scrolls, are a set of ancient Jewish manuscripts from the Second Temple period. They were discovered over a period of 10 years, between 1946 and 1956, at the Qumran Caves near Ein Feshkha in the West Bank, on the northern shore of the Dead Sea. Dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, the Dead Sea Scrolls are considered to be a keystone in the history of archaeology with great historical, religious, and linguistic significance because they include the oldest surviving manuscripts of entire books later included in the biblical canons, along with extra-biblical and deuterocanonical manuscripts that preserve evidence of the diversity of religious thought in late Second Temple Judaism. At the same time, they cast new light on the emergence of Christianity and of Rabbinic Judaism. Almost all of the 15,000 scrolls and scroll fragments are held in the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum, located in the city of Jerusalem. The Israeli government's custody of the Dead Sea Scrolls is disputed by Jordan and the Palestinian Authority on territorial, legal, and humanitarian grounds — they were mostly discovered following the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank and were acquired by Israel after Jordan lost the 1967 Arab–Israeli War — whilst Israel's claims are primarily based on historical and religious grounds, given their significance in Jewish history and in the heritage of Judaism.
Emanuel Tov, is a Dutch–Israeli biblical scholar and linguist, emeritus J. L. Magnes Professor of Bible Studies in the Department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has been intimately involved with the Dead Sea Scrolls for many decades, and from 1991, he was appointed Editor-in-Chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project.
4Q108 is a fragment containing a portion of the Song of Songs (3:7–8) in Hebrew. Fragments from three such scrolls were found in Cave 4 at Qumran. These, and 6Q6 from Cave 6, estimated from 2nd century BCE, comprise the total witness to the Song from the Dead Sea Scrolls, known so far.
4Q106 is one large and three small fragments from three columns of a scroll containing portions of the Song of Songs in Hebrew. It is one of three scrolls found in Cave 4 at Qumran that have been reconstructed as copies of the Song of Songs. These, and 6Q6 from Cave 6, comprise the total witness to the Song from the Dead Sea Scrolls, known so far.
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (DJD) is the official 40-volume publication that serves as the editio princeps for the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is published by Oxford University Press.
6Q6 is a small portion of a scroll from Cave 6 at Qumran, containing Song of Songs 1:1-7 in Hebrew. Together with three scroll portions found in Cave 4, they comprise the total witness to the Song from the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is dated to about 50 CE.
Donald W. Parry is an American academic who is a professor of Hebrew Bible in the Department of Asian and Near Eastern Languages at Brigham Young University. He holds the Abraham O. Smoot Professorship. He is the author and editor of works related to the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hebrew Bible, Old Testament. He has been a member of the International Team of Translators of the Dead Sea Scrolls since January 1994. He served as a member of the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation Board of Advisors, 2008–present and presently serves as a member of the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation Board of Trustees.
The Isaiah Scroll, designated 1QIsaa and also known as the Great Isaiah Scroll, is one of the seven Dead Sea Scrolls that were first discovered by Bedouin shepherds in 1946 from Qumran Cave 1. The scroll is written in Hebrew and contains the entire Book of Isaiah from beginning to end, apart from a few small damaged portions. It is the oldest complete copy of the Book of Isaiah, being approximately 1000 years older than the oldest Hebrew manuscripts known before the scrolls' discovery. 1QIsaa is also notable in being the only scroll from the Qumran Caves to be preserved almost in its entirety.