List of Armillaria species

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A. mellea is the type species of the genus Armillaria. Armillaria mellea 107462.jpg
A. mellea is the type species of the genus Armillaria.

Armillaria is a genus of fungi commonly known as honey mushrooms. First treated by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, and later assigned generic rank by Friedrich Staude in 1857, [1] Armillaria is classified in the family Physalacriaceae of the Agaricales, the gilled mushrooms. [2] The majority of species in Armillaria are saprotrophic and live mainly on dead wood, but some are parasites that can cause root and butt rot in over 600 species of woody plants. [3] Some Armillaria species form mycorrhizae with orchids; [4] others, such as A. gallica , A. mellea , and A. tabescens , are bioluminescent. [5]

Contents

Armillaria species form fleshy, white-spored mushrooms with a cottony or membranous veil that typically forms a distinct annulus on the stem. The fruit bodies usually occur in autumn in large clusters at the base of the stem or roots. Armillaria species can produce rhizomorphs—rootlike aggregations of hyphae—that can form massive, long-lasting underground networks. The growth of the rhizomorph networks allows for tree-to-tree spread of the fungus even when direct contact between diseased and healthy plants is not possible. [6]

The genus once served as a wastebasket taxon for many agaric mushrooms with a white spore print, gills attached to the stem, and an annulus. Due largely to differing interpretations on the limits of the genus, over 270 species and varieties have been placed in Armillaria or its synonym Armillariella. A comprehensive 1995 study by Tom Volk and Harold Burdsall evaluated all of the epithets that have been used in Armillaria or Armillariella. They determined that about 40 species belong to Armillaria sensu stricto (in the strict sense); the remaining names belong to species that are distributed among 43 other modern fungal genera. [7]

Many species are difficult or impossible to distinguish from each other using observable characteristics; laboratory incompatibility tests are often used on pure cultures to reliably determine species. Because of the difficulties posed by routine species identification, the use of DNA sequencing and phylogenetic approaches has become a standard method to help clarify relationships between species. Species differ in their geographical distribution and ecological position, host specificity, microscopic and macroscopic features, and also in their aggressiveness in colonizing wood hosts. The following list of Armillaria species is based on the taxonomic overviews provided by Volk and Burdsall in 1995, [8] David Pegler in 2000, [9] and reports of new species that have been published since then. [10] [11] [12]

Species

Key to the table of species below
ImagePhoto of the Armillaria species.
NameThe binomial name of the Armillaria species.
AuthorityThe author citation—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name, eventually combined with the one who placed it in Armillaria, and using standardized abbreviations.
YearThe year in which the species was named, or transferred to the genus Armillaria. Where the actual year of publication (as defined for the purpose of priority) differs from the date given in the material, the latter date is given in quotes.
DistributionThe distribution of the species; unless otherwise indicated, this information is obtained from Volk and Burdsall (1995), and Pegler (2000).
A. borealis Armillaria borealis - Lindsey.jpg
A. borealis
A. cepistipes Armillaria spec. - Lindsey 1a.jpg
A. cepistipes
A. gallica Armillaria gallica 26659.jpg
A. gallica
A. hinnulea Armillaria sp Marriott edit.jpg
A. hinnulea
A. luteobubalina Wielangta Unidentified Fungus 5164.jpg
A. luteobubalina
A. puiggarii Armillaria puiggarii 111052.jpg
A. puiggarii
A. tabescens Clitocybe Tabescens.JPG
A. tabescens
ImageNameAuthority YearDistribution
Armillaria affinis (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds. [13] 1995
  • Caribbean
  • Central America
Armillaria altimontana Brazee, B.Ortiz, Banik & D.L.Lindner. [12] 2012Western North America
Armillaria apalosclera (Berk.) A.Chandra & Watl. [14] 1982
("1981")		Asia
Fungus 005.jpg Armillaria borealis Marxm. & Korhonen [15] 1982Eurasia [16]
Armillaria calvescens Bérubé & Dessur. [17] 1989Eastern North America
Armillaria camerunensis (Henn.) Courtec. [18] 1995Africa
Armillaria cepistipes, UK.jpg Armillaria cepistipes [N 1] Velen. [19] 1920
  • Eurasia
  • North America [20]
Armillaria duplicata (Berk.) Sacc. [21] 1887India
Armillaria ectypa.jpg Armillaria ectypa (Fr.) Lamoure [22] 1965Europe
Armillaria fellea (Hongo) Kile & Watling [23] 1983Australia
Armillaria fumosa Kile & Watling [23] 1983Australia
Armillaria fuscipes Petch 837158.jpg Armillaria fuscipes Petch [24] 1909
Armillaria gallica 13081732.jpg Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. [26] 1987
  • Africa
  • Europe
  • Japan
  • North America [16] [20]
Armillaria gemina 790261.jpg Armillaria gemina Bérubé & Dessur. [17] 1989Eastern North America [17]
Armillaria griseomellea (Singer) Kile & Watling [23] 1983North and South America [27]
Armillaria heimii [N 2] Pegler [31] 1977Africa
Armillaria sp Marriott.jpg Armillaria hinnulea Kile & Watling [23] 1983Australasia
Armillaria jezoensis J.Y.Cha & Igarashi [32] 1994Japan
Armillaria limonea.jpg Armillaria limonea (G.Stev.) Boesew. [33] 1977
  • Australasia
  • South America
Armillaria luteobubalina 67511.jpg Armillaria luteobubalina [N 3] Watling & Kile [34] 1978
  • Australasia
  • South America [35]
Armillaria mellea (Honey Fungus, D= Honiggelber Hallimasch, NL= Echte honingzwam) white spores and causes white rot, mature (grown up) at NP Hoge Veluwe in the rain - panoramio.jpg Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P.Kumm. [36] 1871
  • Eurasia
  • North America [16]
Armillaria melleorubens (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc. [21] 1887North and Central America
Armillaria mexicana.jpg Armillaria mexicana Elías-Román et al. [37] 2018Mexico
Armillaria montagnei [N 3] (Singer) Herink [38] 1973
  • Europe
  • South America
Armillaria nabsnona 18048.jpg Armillaria nabsnona T.J.Volk & Burds. [39] 1996
  • Asia
  • Western North America [20]
Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G. Stev.) Boesew 144291.jpg Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G.Stev.) Boesew. [33] 1973
  • Australia
  • New Guinea
  • New Zealand
  • South America
Armillaria omnituens (Berk.) Sacc. [21] 1887India
Armillaria pallidula Kile & Watling [40] 1988Australia
Armillaria paulensis Capelari [10] 2008South America [10]
Armillaria pelliculata Beeli [29] 1927Africa
Armillaria procera Speg. [41] 1889South America
Armillaria puiggarii Speg 843405.jpg Armillaria puiggarii Speg. [41] 1889South America
Armillaria sinapina 276996.jpg Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessur. [42] 1988
Armillaria singula J.Y.Cha & Igarashi [32] 1994
  • Japan
  • North America
Armillaria socialis (DC.) Fayod [43] 1889
  • Eurasia
  • North America [44]
Armillaria solidipes Peck 680230.jpg Armillaria solidipes , popularly known as Armillaria ostoyae [N 4] Peck [46] 1900
Armillaria sparrei (Singer) Herink [38] 1973North and South America
2011-09-14 Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel.jpg Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel [47] 1921
  • Eurasia
  • North America [16]
Armillaria tigrensis (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds. [48] 1983South America
Armillaria umbrinobrunnea (Singer) Pildain & Rajchenb. [11] 2010South America
Armillaria viridiflava (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds. [49] 1995
  • Europe(?)
  • South America
Armillaria yungensis (Singer) Herink [38] 1973South America

Notes

  1. ↑ The original spelling of the species name was cepaestipes. [19]
  2. ↑ This was a nomen novum for Robert Heim's Clitocybe elegans, [28] as Maurice Beeli had described Armillaria elegans [29] in 1927 (that species is now placed in Cystodermella ). [30]
  3. 1 2 A. montagnei and A. luteobubalina may represent the same species. If this is so, its correct epithet would be montagnei. [11]
  4. ↑ This species was known as Armillaria ostoyae until a 2008 publication revealed that Charles Horton Peck had described the taxon under a different name in 1900. [45]

Related Research Articles

<i>Armillaria</i> Genus of fungi

Armillaria is a genus of fungi that includes the A. mellea species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs. It includes about 10 species formerly categorized summarily as A. mellea. Armillarias are long-lived and form the largest living fungi in the world. The largest known organism covers more than 3.4 square miles (8.8 km2) in Oregon's Malheur National Forest and is estimated to be 2,500 years old. Some species of Armillaria display bioluminescence, resulting in foxfire.

<i>Armillaria mellea</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria mellea, commonly known as honey fungus, is an edible basidiomycete fungus in the genus Armillaria. It is a plant pathogen and part of a cryptic species complex of closely related and morphologically similar species. It causes Armillaria root rot in many plant species and produces mushrooms around the base of trees it has infected. The symptoms of infection appear in the crowns of infected trees as discoloured foliage, reduced growth, dieback of the branches and death. The mushrooms are edible but some people may be intolerant to them. This species is capable of producing light via bioluminescence in its mycelium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycelial cord</span> Structure produced by fungi

Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae. Cords may look similar to plant roots, and also frequently have similar functions; hence they are also called rhizomorphs. As well as growing underground or on the surface of trees and other plants, some fungi make mycelial cords which hang in the air from vegetation.

<i>Armillaria luteobubalina</i> Species of fungus in the family Physalacriaceae.

Armillaria luteobubalina, commonly known as the Australian honey fungus, is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. Widely distributed in southern Australia, the fungus is responsible for a disease known as Armillaria root rot, a primary cause of Eucalyptus tree death and forest dieback. It is the most pathogenic and widespread of the six Armillaria species found in Australia. The fungus has also been collected in Argentina and Chile. Fruit bodies have cream- to tan-coloured caps that grow up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and stems that measure up to 20 cm (8 in) long by 1.5 cm (1 in) thick. The fruit bodies, which appear at the base of infected trees and other woody plants in autumn (March–April), are edible, but require cooking to remove the bitter taste. The fungus is dispersed through spores produced on gills on the underside of the caps, and also by growing vegetatively through the root systems of host trees. The ability of the fungus to spread vegetatively is facilitated by an aerating system that allows it to efficiently diffuse oxygen through rhizomorphs—rootlike structures made of dense masses of hyphae.

<i>Armillaria tabescens</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria tabescens is a species of fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. It is a plant pathogen. The mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.

<i>Fistulinella</i> Genus of fungi

Fistulinella is a genus of bolete fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus has a pantropical distribution, and contains 15 species. Fistulinella was circumscribed by German mycologist Paul Christoph Hennings in 1901.

<i>Armillaria novae-zelandiae</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria novae-zelandiae is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. This plant pathogen species is one of three Armillaria species that have been identified in New Zealand.

<i>Armillaria limonea</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria limonea is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. This plant pathogenic species is one of three Armillaria that have been identified in New Zealand.

<i>Armillaria gallica</i> Species of fungus in the family Physalacriaceae

Armillaria gallica is a species of honey mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae of the order Agaricales. The species is a common and ecologically important wood-decay fungus that can live as a saprobe, or as an opportunistic parasite in weakened tree hosts to cause root or butt rot. It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms fruit bodies singly or in groups in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been inadvertently introduced to South Africa. Armillaria gallica has had a confusing taxonomy, due in part to historical difficulties encountered in distinguishing between similar Armillaria species. The fungus received international attention in the early 1990s when an individual colony living in a Michigan forest was reported to cover an area of 15 hectares, weigh at least 9.5 tonnes, and be 1,500 years old. This individual is popularly known as the "humongous fungus", and is a tourist attraction and inspiration for an annual mushroom-themed festival in Crystal Falls. Recent studies have revised the fungus's age to 2,500 years and its size to about 400 tonnes, four times the original estimate.

Armillaria fellea is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. This species is found in Australia.

Armillaria fumosa is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. This species is found in Australia.

Armillaria griseomellea is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. This species is found in South America.

Armillaria montagnei is a species of agaric fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. This species is found in Australia, Europe, New Zealand, and South America.

<i>Armillaria nabsnona</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria nabsnona is a species of fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. The species is found in the west coast of North America, Hawaii, and Japan, where it grows on decaying hardwoods, particularly species of alder. Its fruit bodies have convex to flattened orange-brown caps up to 7 cm in diameter, brown stipes, and whitish to pinkish-tan gills.

<i>Armillaria ostoyae</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria ostoyae is a species of fungus (mushroom), pathogenic to trees, in the family Physalacriaceae. In the western United States, it is the most common variant of the group of species under the name Armillaria mellea. A. ostoyae is common on both hardwood and conifer wood in forests west of the Cascade Range in Oregon, United States. It has decurrent gills and the stipe has a ring. The mycelium invades the sapwood and is able to disseminate over great distances under the bark or between trees in the form of black rhizomorphs ("shoestrings"). In most areas of North America, Armillaria ostoyae can be separated from other species by its physical features: cream-brown colors, prominent cap scales, and a well-developed stem ring distinguish it from other Armillaria. Like several other Armillaria, the mycelium of Armillaria ostoyae can display bioluminescence, resulting in foxfire.

Armillaria umbrinobrunnea is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. This species is found in South America. The beige to light brown caps of the mushroom are between 15 and 50 mm in diameter, and densely covered in small scales. The species was originally collected in 1952 by Rolf Singer in Argentina, and named as the variety Armillariella montagnei var. umbrinobrunnea.

Roy Watling, PhD., DSc, FRSE, F.I.Biol., C.Biol., FLS is a Scottish mycologist who has made significant contributions to the study of fungi both in the identification of new species and correct taxonomic placement, as well as in fungal ecology.

References

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