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Below are different types of weapons used during World War II by the People's Liberation Army, the National Revolutionary Army, and numerous warlord forces.
| Name | Cartridge | Origin | Photo | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astra Model 900 | 7.63×25mm Mauser |  Kingdom of Spain | ||
| Mauser C96 | 7.63×25mm Mauser 7.65×21 Parabellum (Rare) 45 ACP (China) 9 mm Mauser export (rare) |  German Empire | Locally-produced Mauser (Germany), Taiyuan Arsenal, Taku Naval Arsenal and Hanyang Arsenal (China) Called the Box Cannon (盒子炮). The most common and popular pistol since the beginning of the Republic. Imported from Germany and Spain (Astra 900 and MM31), but mostly produced locally in various arsenals, the larger being in Hanyang, Shanghai, Gongxian, Taku and Shanxi. Often used with a detachable shoulder stock. [1] [2] The pistol used the 7.63x25mm caliber, but a version in .45 ACP was also produced in Shanxi, called the "Type 17" [3] | |
| Mauser M712 | 7.63×25mm Mauser 7.65×21 Parabellum (Rare) 45 ACP (China) 9 mm Mauser export (rare) | German Empire | Mauser (Germany), Taiyuan Arsenal, Taku Naval Arsenal and Hanyang Arsenal (China) | |
| Ruby | .32 ACP |  Republic of China Kingdom of Spain | Originally made in Spain, but produced in China by the Hanyang Arsenal, as well as smaller shops. [4] | |
| Browning Hi-Power | 7.65×21 Parabellum |  Belgium | Limited numbers in the Burma Campaign X-Forces and Y-Forces Produced by the John Inglis Company in Canada for China through the Mutual Aid Board in 1943. Originally intended to make 180,000, only 4,000 were delivered to Karachi, India before the end of the war, with supply problems over "the Hump" making it hard for them to reach the Chinese Y Force. Production was cancelled in 1944, but restarted in late 1945, with 40,000 being used in the Civil War after World War II. [5] | |
| FN M1900 | .32 ACP (7.65×17mm Browning SR) | Republic of China Belgium | Imported and locally-produced | |
| FN Model 1922 | 9×17mm Browning 7.65×17mm Browning | Republic of China Belgium | ||
| Nambu Type 14 | 8mm Nambu |  Japan | Captured | |
| North China Type 19 | 8mm Nambu |  China-Nanjing | The Type 14 was captured from the Imperial Japanese Army and nicknamed the Turtle Shell Pistol (王八盒子) or Chicken Thigh Pistol (鸡腿撸子). [6] It was also supplied to Manchukuo and the Collaborationist Chinese Army, who also produced a very small amount of the Type 19, a copy of the Type 14. [7] | |
| Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless | .32 ACP (M1903) .380 ACP (M1908) |  United States | Officers only | |
| Nagant M1895 | 7.62×38mmR |  Russian Empire | ||
| Colt M1911A1 | .45 ACP | United States | American Lend Lease | |
| M1917 revolver | .45 ACP (11.43×23mm) .45 Auto Rim (11.43×23mmR) | United States | American Lend Lease | |
| S&W Regulation Police | .32 S&W Long | United States Republic of China | Smith & Wesson revolvers in this caliber, copies of the S&W Regulation Police, was produced in the 44th Arsenal located in Guizhou during slack time, starting 1942, often with a detachable shoulder stock. [8] |
| Name | Cartridge | Origin | Photo | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanyang 88 | 7.92×57mm Mauser |  Qing dynasty | The most common Chinese rifle in the war and was based on the German Gewehr 88 originally used by the New Armies of the Qing dynasty . | |
| Gewehr 1888 | M/88, 7.92×57mm Mauser | German Empire | (Several Gewehr 88's also found their way to China after World War I and even its predecessor, the Gewehr 71/84, was still in very limited use.). [9] Around 1,000,000 were produced in several Chinese arsenals before production ceased in 1944. [10] There also existed a more uncommon carbine version. [9] | |
| Gewehr 98 | M/88 until 1903 7.92×57mm Mauser later | German Empire | Some surplus weapons from various countries in possession of the Gewehr 98 after World War I sold these off internationally, with some ending up in the arms of Chinese warlords. [11] [12] | |
| Standardmodell | 7.92×57mm Mauser 7×57mm Mauser 7.65×53mm Mauser |  Weimar Republic | ||
| Chiang Kai-Shek rifle | 8×57mm IS (7.92x57mm Mauser) | Republic of China | In the Chinese National Armament Standards Conference of 1932 it was decided that the Mauser Standardmodell was to be the standard issue rifle of China. It started being imported from Germany in 1934 and production in Chinese arsenals also began in 1935, first under the name "Type 24 Rifle", but was soon renamed to the "Chiang Kai-Shek rifle" after the Generalissimo. [13] [14] It would remain the standard service rifle throughout the war, but would never outproduce the Hanyang 88, with the total number of Chinese produced Chiang Kai-Shek rifles made between 1935 and 1945 being ~360,000. [15] In 1935, Germany adopted a modified Standardmodell as their service rifle under the designation Karabiner 98k, continued Chinese imports between 1938 and 1939 would consist of some 100,000 examples of this rifle. [16] [17] | |
| Karabiner 98k | 7.92×57mm Mauser |  Nazi Germany | ||
| FN Model 1924 | 7×57mm Mauser 7.62×51mm NATO .30-06 Springfield 7.65×53mm Mauser 7.92×57mm Mauser | Belgium China | After World War I, German arms exports were banned under the Treaty of Versailles, and weapons companies of other countries stepped in to fill the gap. [18] A very large amount of Belgian M1924 rifles and M1930 carbines from FN were sold to China. [19] [20] [21] Chinese arsenals also produced copies, such as the "Type 21 Carbine" from Guangdong or the "Type 77 Rifle" (named after the date of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident) from Zhejiang. [22] [23] | |
| Vz. 98/22 | 7.92×57mm |  Czechoslovakia | After World War I, German arms exports were banned under the Treaty of Versailles, and weapons companies of other countries stepped in to fill the gap. [24] Czechoslovak Brno produced and exported a modified version of the German Gewehr 98. Records show around 200,000 were shipped to China between 1927 and 1939. [24] [25] | |
| Vz. 24 | 7.92×57mm | Czechoslovakia | Right after the ZB vz. 98/22, Brno started producing the shorter ZB vz. 24. Around 100,000 were imported by the Central Government of China between 1937 and 1938, [26] and several tens of thousands more by provincial governors. [27] [28] | |
| Mosin–Nagant 1891Mosin–Nagant 1891/30 | 7.62×54mmR |  Soviet Union | Called the Three-Line Repeater (三线步枪), due to the old Russian measurement of the caliber, or Water Repeater (水连珠), believed to be due to Chinese first encountering the rifle from Russian Naval Infantry. [29] Many Mosin-Nagant 1891 rifles were supplied during the Sino-Soviet cooperation in the 1920s and to the troops of the pro-Soviet Sheng Shicai. [30] The Soviet Aid Program early in the war also supplied China with 50,000 Mosin-Nagant 1891/30 rifles, which were used by second line and garrison troops due to the caliber difference. [30] | |
| Carcano 1891 | 6.5×52mm |  Italy | The Carcano rifle was first imported from Italy in 1920, with an order of 40,000. In 1922, a further 14,000 rifles were purchased. In 1924, a further 40,000 rifles were obtained. [31] Japanese records show these rifles being captured in Fujian. [31] In 1941, Japan sold 15,000 of these captured weapons to the collaborationist Nanjing Army. [32] | |
| M1917 Enfield | .30-06 |  United States | Common Chinese Lend-Lease rifle. Most of the X Force in Burma were carrying this rifle. [33] [34] At first the rifles were cut-down to a shorter length, to better suit the shorter Chinese soldiers, but later issued rifles were of normal length. [33] | |
| M1903A3 Springfield | .30-06 | United States | The M1903A3 Springfield was also commonly issued to soldiers of the X Force. [34] It was also used by Chinese commandos in 1945, provided by the OSS. [35] | |
| M1 Carbine | .30 Carbine | United States | Milton E. Miles of SACO considered the light-weight M1 Carbine to be more suitable to the Chinese soldiers than the bigger Mauser rifles, therefore, most SACO units from 1943 on were issued with this semi-automatic weapon. [36] It was also used by the X Force in Burma. [34] | |
| Lee-Enfield No.4 Mk I* | .303 British |  United Kingdom  Canada United States | The North American produced version of the Lee-Enfield was issued to the X Force while they were training in India. [37] The rifles were part of the Lend-Lease program and marked as US property. Once American rifles started being issued, the Lee-Enfields were kept as training weapons and for guard duty. [37] 40,000 were supplied from 1942 onward. [38] American Lend Lease, used in training in Burma | |
| Mauser 1907Mauser Type 1Mauser Type 4 | 6.8×57mm 7.92×57mm |  China Germany | The Type 1 was a Chinese produced version of a pattern of imported German rifle (Mauser 1907) from the end of the Qing dynasty. Originally chambered in 6.8x57mm, but changed to 7.92x57mm with the new designation Type 4 (usually just called the "Type 1 7.9mm"), in 1915. [39] [40] The Type 4 were the older Chinese standard rifles and common during the Warlord era. In World War II, they were outdated, but still in use by more poorly equipped units. [41] | |
| Liao Type 13 | 7.92×57mm 6.5×50mmSR | China  Manchukuo | A hybrid between Arisaka and Mauser 4 produced in the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo and before. [42] Around 140,000 are estimated to have been produced in total. [43] Most of the weapons are using the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge, but some have turned up chambered in 6.5×50mmSR Arisaka. [44] | |
| Arisaka Type 30 Arisaka Type 38 | 6.5×50mmSR | Japan China | While the Japanese Arisaka rifle was supplied to collaborationist units, [32] particularly the Manchukuo Imperial Army [45] and used as captured weapons by Allied ones, China had also imported and produced (in Shanxi) Type 30 and 38 Rifles since before the war. [46] Up to 1917, ~200,000 Type 38 and 150,000 Type 30 rifles had been imported. [46] The Type 38 was called 38 Big Cover (三八大盖), by the Chinese. [46] Copies of the Type 30 and 38, in 7.92×57mm and 6.5×50mmSR respectively, both named "Type 19", were also made in the collaborationist China. [47] [48] | |
| Karabinek wz. 1929 | 7.92×57mm |  Poland | The Polish Karabinek wz. 1929 were exported to China. It is estimated this was only a small amount. [49] [11] | |
| Mannlicher M1886 | M86: 11×58mmR M86-88: 8×52mmR |  Austria-Hungary | Many were imported very long before World War II, but were still used by some rear-line units. [50] | |
| Mannlicher M1888 | M88 8×52mmR | Austria-Hungary | ||
| ZH-29 | 7.92×57mm | Czechoslovakia | 210 examples of this weapon were purchased in 1930 and 1931 for Northeast China. They were probably captured in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. [51] | |
| Murata Type 13 | 11×60mmR Murata 8×53mmR Murata | Japan | Local defense militias in Manchukuo were issued obsolete weapons such as these. [52] |
The National Revolutionary Army, sometimes shortened to Revolutionary Army (革命軍) before 1928, and as National Army (國軍) after 1928, was the military arm of the Kuomintang from 1925 until 1947 in China. It also became the regular army of the Republican era during the KMT's period of party rule beginning in 1928. It was renamed the Republic of China Armed Forces after the 1947 Constitution, which instituted civilian control of the military.
The Type 3 heavy machine gun, also known as the Taishō 14 machine gun, was a Japanese air-cooled heavy machine gun. The Type 3 heavy machine gun was in a long-line of Japanese Hotchkiss machine gun variants that the Imperial Japanese Army would utilize from 1901 to 1945.
The Mle 1914 Hotchkiss machine gun chambered for the 8mm Lebel cartridge became the standard machine gun of the French Army during the latter half of World War I. It was manufactured by the French arms company Hotchkiss et Cie, which had been established in the 1860s by American industrialist Benjamin B. Hotchkiss. The gas-actuated Hotchkiss system was first formulated in 1893 by Odkolek von Ujezda and improved into its final form by Hotchkiss armament engineers, American Laurence Benét and his French assistant Henri Mercié.
The Type 11 light machine gun was a light machine gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the interwar period and during World War II. Adopted as the Imperial Japanese Army's first light machine gun, the Type 11 was designed by Kijirō Nambu and had certain similarities to the Hotchkiss series of machine guns. It had an unusual feed system which required five round clips to be dropped into a hopper, this held up to a total of six clips and each round was oiled as it was fed into the chamber. Despite good overall performance, this feed system was prone to collect dirt and grit which would jam the weapon while in use. It was issued to troops in 1922 and saw extensive service as a squad weapon until 1945.
The Type 38 rifle is a bolt-action service rifle that was used by the Empire of Japan predominantly during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War. The design was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1905. Due to a lack of power in its 6.5×50mmSR Arisaka cartridge, it was partially replaced during the war with the Type 99 rifle, but both rifles saw usage until the end of the war.
The Type 44 cavalry rifle is a Japanese bolt-action rifle. This rifle is also often referred to as a Type 44 carbine. The Type 44 is sometimes confused with the Type 38 carbine, since both were based on the Type 38 service rifle. Designed in 1911 by Arisaka Nariakira, it is a carbine intended for cavalry troops. It had a fixed bayonet and was first issued before the First World War. It was produced in large numbers and was still in production in the early years of World War Two.
The vz. 24 rifle is a bolt-action carbine designed and produced in Czechoslovakia from 1924 to 1942. It was developed from the German Mauser Gewehr 98 line, and features a very similar bolt design. The rifle was designed in Czechoslovakia shortly after World War I, to replace the Vz. 98/22, also a Czech-designed derivative of the Gewehr 98. The vz. 24 featured a 590 mm (23.2 in) barrel which was shorter and considered more handy than the 740 mm (29.1 in) Gewehr 98 barrel. The vz. 24 was chambered in 7.92×57mm Mauser like its predecessors.
The ZB vz. 26 was a Czechoslovak light machine gun developed in the 1920s, which went on to enter service with several countries. It saw its major use during World War II, and spawned the related ZB vz. 27, vz. 30, and vz. 33. The ZB vz. 26 influenced many other light machine gun designs including the British Bren light machine gun and the Japanese Type 97 heavy tank machine gun. The ZB-26 is famous for its reliability, simple components, quick-change barrel and ease of manufacturing. This light machine gun in the Czechoslovak army was marked as the LK vz. 26. ZB vz. 26 is incorrect nomenclature because "ZB-26" is a factory designation, while "vzor 26" or "vz. 26" is an army designation.
The Type 30 rifleArisaka is a box-fed bolt-action repeating rifle that was the standard infantry rifle of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1897 to 1905.
The Madsen is a light machine gun that Julius A. Rasmussen and Theodor Schouboe designed and proposed for adoption by Colonel Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen, the Danish Minister of War, and that the Royal Danish Army adopted in 1902. It was the world's first true light machine gun produced in quantity and Madsen was able to sell it in 12 calibres to over 34 countries. The gun saw extensive combat usage for over 100 years, with continued use in limited quantities worldwide into the 2010s. The Madsen was produced by Compagnie Madsen A/S.
The ZB-30 and ZB-30J were Czechoslovakian light machine guns that saw extensive use during World War II.
The Type 88, sometimes known as "Hanyang 88" or Hanyang Type 88 and Hanyang Zao, is a Chinese-made bolt-action rifle, based on the German Gewehr 88. It was adopted by the Qing Dynasty towards the end of the 19th century and was used by multiple factions and formations like those in the Republic of China, until the end of the Chinese Civil War.
The Type Chiang Kai-shek rifle, also known as the Generalissimo rifle, and Type 24 (二四式), named after the Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, was a Chinese-made copy of the German Standardmodell rifle, the forerunner of the Karabiner 98k. Preproduction of the Chiang Kai-shek rifle started in 1935. It was designated the Type 79 by the Chinese Communists.
The Hotchkiss M1922 was a light machine gun manufactured by Hotchkiss.
The FN Model 1924 series is a line of Mauser Gewehr 98 pattern bolt-action rifles produced by the Belgian Fabrique Nationale. They are similar to the Czech vz. 24 rifle, however have an intermediate length action, featuring open sights, 7.65×53mm, 7×57mm or 8×57mm IS chambering, Long rifle, Short Rifle and carbine-length barrels, hardwood stocks, and straight or curved bolt handles. This pattern rifle was discontinued from production and was no longer offered after 1932 being totally replaced by the 1930 pattern.
The SIG KE7 is a light machine gun designed and manufactured in Switzerland in the decade before the Second World War. Although exported, it was never used by the Swiss Army.
The Mukden Arsenal Mauser also known as the Model 13 Mauser and Liao Type 13 was a rifle that implemented characteristics of both the Mauser Type 4 and the Arisaka rifles. They were mostly built in the Mukden arsenal in Manchukuo.
The Mauser Model 1904 and Model 1907 were Gewehr 98 pattern bolt-action rifles produced by Mauser and Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM). They were designed for export market. Copies were later produced in China and in Spain.
The Standardmodell rifle is a bolt-action rifle designed to chamber the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge. The rifle was developed in 1924 but entered full-scale production in 1933. Officially designed for export and German security guards, it was used by the paramilitary Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS). Export variants were used in South America, Ethiopia, China and the Iberian Peninsula. The carbine version of this rifle was almost identical with the Karabiner 98k that became the standard German service rifle during World War II.
