List of investigational autism and pervasive developmental disorder drugs

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of investigational autism and pervasive developmental disorder drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of autistic spectrum disorders and/or other pervasive developmental disorders but are not yet approved.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses.

This list was last comprehensively updated in October 2024. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Preregistration

• CM-4612 (CM-ADHD; CM-AT; CM-PK) – enzyme modulator/replacement for gastrointestinal or pancreatic secretory deficiencies ^[1]

Phase 3

• Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^[2]
• Cariprazine (Reagila, Symvenu, Vraylar; MP-214, RGH-188, WID-RGC20) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^[3]
• Lumateperone (Caplyta) – dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist, α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and atypical antipsychotic ^[4]
• Lurasidone (Latuda) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist, α_2C-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^[5]
• Tasimelteon (Hetlioz) – melatonin MT₁ and MT₂ receptor agonist ^[6]

Phase 2

• AB-2004 – microbiome modulator ^[7]
• Acamprosate (AOP-2020; Campral; SF-679/SF-775; SF-999) – unknown / GABA_A receptor positive allosteric modulator and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[8]
• Alogabat (RG-7816, RG7816, RO-7017773; GABA-A-α₅ PAM) – GABA_A α₅ subunit-containing receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[9]
• Arbaclofen ((R)-baclofen; STX-209) – GABA_B receptor agonist ^[10]
• Cannabidiol (CBD; Epidiolex) – cannabinoid receptor modulator, other actions ^[11]
• Cannabidiol transdermal patch/gel (Zygel; ZYN-002) – cannabinoid receptor modulator, other actions ^[12]
• Cannabidivarin (CBDV; GWP-42006) – non-intoxicating cannabinoid receptor modulator, other actions ^[13]
• CP-101 – bacteria relacement and gastrointestinal microbiome modulator ^[14]
• JNJ-42165279 (JNJ-5279) – fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor ^[15]
• Oxytocin (intranasal potentiated oxytocin; TI-001, TI-114, TNX-1900, TNX-2900) – oxytocin receptor agonist ^[16]
• Pitolisant (Wakix; tiprolisant) – histamine H₃ receptor inverse agonist ^[17]
• Racemetirosine (DL-α-methyltyrosine; L1-79) – tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor ^[18]
• Suramin (IV suramin; PAX-101/PAX-102) – DNA synthesis inhibitor and anti-purinergic agent ^[19]
• Zolmitriptan modified-release (ML-004, ML004) – serotonin 5-HT_1B and 5-HT_1D receptor agonist ^[20]

Phase 1

• (R)-MDMA ((R)-midomafetamine; MM-402) – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C receptor agonist (entactogen and weak psychedelic hallucinogen) ^[21]
• STP-1 (STALICLA Therapeutic Package 1) – phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitor and sodium–potassium–chloride symporter inhibitor ^[22]
• Sulforafan alfadex (sulforaphane alfadex; sulforafan α-cyclodextrin; SFX-01, STP-2; broccoli sprout extract) – various actions ^[23]

Preclinical

• ASD-002 - a child-specific (non-acidic, sustained-release) anti-hyper excitatory ester prodrug of the potassium channel modulator NSAID mefenamic acid (MFA, approved as Ponstel) ^[24] to prevent toddlers from becoming non-verbal (developmental language disorder, DLD)

• Bryostatin-1 (MW-904) – protein kinase C stimulant ^[25]
• CJRB-303 (CJRB-901, MRx-0006) – bacteria replacement ^[26]
• Debamestrocel (growth factor-producing stem cell therapy) – dopaminergic cell replacement therapy ^[27]
• FIN-211 – bacteria replacement and gastrointestinal microbiome modulator ^[28]
• Levophacetoperane (NLS-3; (R,R)-phacetoperone; methylphenidate reverse ester) – norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and psychostimulant ^{[29] [30]}
• LIT-001 – small-molecule oxytocin receptor agonist ^{[31] [32]}
• MBDB – serotonin and norepinephrine releasing agent and weak serotonin 5-HT₁ and 5-HT₂ receptor ligand (entactogen) ^{[33] [34] [35] [36]}
• Psilocin (PLZ-1015) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[37]
• QBM-001 – undefined mechanism of action (allosteric channel modulator; putative neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent) ^{[38] [39]}

Research

• Baeocystin (PLZ-1019) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist, other actions ^{[40] [41]}
• Norpsilocin (PLZ-1017) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor agonist, other actions ^{[42] [41]}
• Roluperidone (CYR-101, MIN-101, MT-210) – serotonin 5-HT_2A, sigma σ₂, and α_1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist ^[43]
• Squalamine (ENT-01; Enterin-01; kenterin) – various actions ^[44]

Phase unknown

• Psilocybin (COMP360; COMP-360) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen ^[45]

Not under development

Development suspended

• KM-391 – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[46]

No development reported

• AB-1224 – microbiome modulator ^[47]
• AGX-201 (histamine dihydrochloride salt) – histamine H₁ receptor antagonist and histamine H₃ receptor agonist ^[48]
• Aminolevulinic acid/sodium ferrous citrate (5-ALA-SFC, 5-ALA/SFX; sodium ferrous citrate/aminolevulinic acid; SPP-003) – erythropoiesis stimulant and photosensitizer ^[49]
• Aripiprazole transdermal (AQS-1301; transdermal aripiprazole) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₇ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^[50]
• BAER-101 (AZ-7325; AZD-7325) – selective GABA_A α₂ and α₃ subunit-containing receptor positive allosteric modulator ^[51]
• BBP-472 – phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase β (PI3Kβ) inhibitor ^[52]
• Fasoracetam co-crystallised (co-crystallised fasoracetam; AEVI-004) – various actions and racetam ^[53]
• Guanfacine once-daily (Guanfacine Carrier Wave; SPD-547) – α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist ^[54]
• KBLP-010 – bacteria replacement and microbiome modulator ^[55]
• NBTX-001 – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[56]
• Oxytocin intranasal (OPN-300; OptiNose oxytocin) – oxytocin receptor agonist ^[57]
• Research programme: allosteric modulators - Addex Therapeutics (various) – various actions ^[58]
• Research programme: antisense oligonucleotide therapeutics - RogCon U.R (RCUR-313, RCUR-SMP) – voltage-gated sodium channel Na_v1.2 expression stimulants ^[59]
• Research programme: autism and obesity therapeutics - Berand Neuropharmacology – histone deacetylase inhibitors ^[60]
• Research programme: brain development disorder therapeutics - Seaside Therapeutics (STX-110) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor antagonists and muscarinic acetylcholine M₁ receptor antagonists ^[61]
• Research programme: cannabinoid receptor modulators - GW Pharmaceuticals (cannabigerol; CBG) – cannabinoid receptor modulators ^[62]
• Research programme: cannabis extract therapeutics - Cannabis Science (CBIS compounds) – cannabinoid receptor modulators ^[63]
• Research programme: central nervous system therapeutics - AbbVie/Rugen – undefined mechanism of action ^[64]
• Research programme: CNS disorder therapeutics - Promentis Pharmaceuticals – antioxidants, glutamate receptor modulators, SLC7A11 modulators ^[65]
• Research programme: CNS disorders therapeutics - Sage Therapeutics (SAGE-105; SGE-202; SGE-301; SGE-516) – GABA_A receptor modulators and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor modulators ^[66]
• Research programme: G protein-coupled receptor modulating small molecules - Omeros Corporation – G protein-coupled receptor modulator and neuromedin U receptor modulator ^[67]
• Research programme: GPCR modulators - Nxera Pharma – various actions ^[68]
• Research programme: immunomodulating bacteria-based therapeutics - 4D Pharma – bacteria replacements ^[69]
• Research programme: metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonists - Roche/Seaside Therapeutics – metabotropic glutamate mGlu₅ receptor antagonists ^[70]
• Research programme: oxytocin intranasal - Pastorus Pharma – neurotransmitter modulators/oxytocin receptor agonists ^[71]
• Research programme: therapeutic autoantibodies - Sengenics – undefined mechanism of action ^[72]
• RG-7713 (RG7713) – vasopressin V_1A receptor antagonist ^[73]
• Tideglusib (AMO-02, NP-031112, NP-12; Nypta, Zentylor) – glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor ^[74]

• Vafidemstat (ORY-2001) – dual lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor ^[75]
• Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen NBTX 001 - AdisInsight

Discontinued

• Balovaptan (RG-7314, RO-5028442, RO-5285119) – vasopressin V_1A receptor antagonist ^[76]
• Blarcamesine (AE-37, ANA001, ANAVEX 2-73) – sigma σ₁, muscarinic acetylcholine M₁, and ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor agonist ^[77]
• Brilaroxazine (RP-5063, RP-5000) – dopamine D₂, D₃, D₄ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^[78]
• Bumetanide oral liquid (S-95008) – sodium–potassium–chloride symporter/cotransporter inhibitor and indirect GABAergic inhibitor ^{[79] [80]} discontinued after failed phase 3 trial ^[81]
• Carbetocin (CYP-2001) – oxytocin receptor agonist ^[82]
• CX-516 (1-BCP; BDP-12, SPD-420; AMPAlex) – AMPA receptor modulator ^[83]
• EM-036 (memantine analogue) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions ^[84]
• Fasoracetam (AEVI-001, LAM-105, MDGN-001, NFC-1, NS-105) – various actions and racetam ^[85]
• Fluoxetine rapid-dissolve (AT-001; AT001; NPL-2008; Serelsa; Zydis™ ODT fluoxetine) – serotonin reuptake inhibitor ^[86]
• GTS-21 (DMXB-A, DMXB-A sustained release, DMXB-A-SR) – α₇ nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist ^[87]
• Ketamine intranasal (RVT-701) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist ^[88]
• Memantine (Namenda) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions ^[89]
• Oxytocin intranasal (Syntocinon Nasal Spray; TUR 001) – oxytocin receptor agonist ^[90]
• Research programme: AMPA receptor agonists (ampakines, AMPAkines; CX compounds) - RespireRx – ionotropic glutamate AMPA receptor agonists ^[91]
• Research programme: NMDA receptor modulators - AbbVie/Naurex (NRX-1050; NRX-1051; NRX-1059; NRX-105x; NRX-1060; NRX-2085; NRX-20xx) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor modulators ^[92]
• Risperidone extended-release (Risperisphere) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT_1B, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, histamine H₁ receptor inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^[93]
• Secretin (INN-329, RG-1068; SecreFlo) – medical imaging enhancer (diagnosis) ^[94]
• Suramin (Antrypol) – DNA-directed DNA polymerase inhibitor and intercellular signaling peptide/protein inhibitor ^[95]
• Trichuris suis ova (CNDO-201, TSO, TSO-2500, TSO-7500) – immunomodulator ^[96]
• Trofinetide (Daybue; G-2Me-PE; Glycyl-2-methyl-L-prolyl-L-glutamic acid; NNZ-2566; IGF-1 (1–3) analogue) – unknown / various actions ^[97]

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

• Aripiprazole (Abilify) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₇ receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2B receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^{[98] [99]}
• Risperidone (Risperdal) – dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT_1B, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, α₁- and α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, histamine H₁ receptor inverse agonist, and atypical antipsychotic ^{[100] [99]}

Off-label drugs

• α₂-Adrenergic receptor agonists (e.g., clonidine, guanfacine) ^{[99] [80] [101]}
• Anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers (e.g., valproic acid, lamotrigine) ^[101]
• Antipsychotics (non-licensed) (e.g., haloperidol, olanzapine) ^{[101] [102]}
• Dietary supplements (e.g., N-acetylcysteine, omega-3 fatty acids, sulforaphane) ^{[80] [101]}
• Entactogens (serotonin releasing agents) (e.g., MDMA) ^{[103] [104] [105]}
• Melatonin receptor agonists (e.g., melatonin) ^{[99] [80]}
• Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) (e.g., atomoxetine) ^{[99] [80] [101]}
• Opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., naltrexone) ^[101]
• Other antidepressants (e.g., mirtazapine) ^[101]
• Oxytocin receptor agonists (e.g., oxytocin) ^{[80] [101]}
• Probiotics and prebiotics ^{[106] [107] [101]}
• Psychostimulants (norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents and/or reuptake inhibitors) (e.g., amphetamine, methylphenidate) ^{[80] [99]}
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, citalopram) ^{[99] [80] [101]}
• Serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)) ^[108]
• Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., milnacipran) ^{[80] [101]}
• Serotonin releasing agents (e.g., fenfluramine—withdrawn and no longer recommended) ^{[109] [110] [108] [99]}
• Serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonists (e.g., buspirone) ^{[101] [111]}
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (e.g., clomipramine) ^{[80] [101] [99]}

See also

• List of investigational drugs
• List of investigational social anxiety disorder drugs

References

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External links

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