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Other names | AEVI-001; AEVI-004; LAM-105; MDGN-001; NB-001; NFC-1; NS-105; (5R)-5-Oxo-D-prolinepiperidinamide |
Routes of administration | Oral |
Drug class | Racetam |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 79–97% (animals) [1] |
Elimination half-life | 4–6.5 hours [1] |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C10H16N2O2 |
Molar mass | 196.250 g·mol−1 |
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Fasoracetam (INN ) is an experimental drug of the racetam group which was never marketed. [1] [2] [3] It is a putative nootropic that failed to show sufficient efficacy in clinical trials for vascular dementia. [3] The drug was also subsequently repurposed for treatment of a variety of other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but effectiveness for ADHD was disappointing [4] and development of fasoracetam for most other conditions has been discontinued as well. [5] [6] [7] [8] In any case, it remains under development for treatment of DiGeorge syndrome. [6]
Fasoracetam appears to modulate and stimulate all three groups of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). [3] [1] It has been found to improve certain aspects of cognitive function in rodent studies. [3] [1] The drug is orally bioavailable and is excreted mostly unchanged in urine. [1] [3]
Fasoracetam is a racetam and a derivative of pyroglutamic acid. [1] [2]
Fasoracetam was developed in the late 1980s. [3] It was discovered by scientists at the Japanese pharmaceutical company Nippon Shinyaku, which brought it through Phase 3 clinical trials for vascular dementia, and abandoned it due to lack of efficacy. [3] [9] Subsequently, fasoracetam was repurposed for treatment of ADHD and other indications. [3] [5] [6] [7]
Scientists at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia led by Hakon Hakonarson have studied fasoracetam's potential use in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. [3] Hakonarson's company neuroFix tried to bring the drug to market for this use; neuroFix acquired Nippon Shinyaku's clinical data as part of its efforts. [9] [10] neuroFix was acquired by Medgenics in 2015. [10] Medgenics changed its name to Aevi Genomic Medicine in 2016. [11]
Clinical trials in adolescents with ADHD who also have mGluR mutations started in 2016. [10] While fasoracetam may be effective in the treatment of ADHD in people with specific mGluR mutations, these represent around 10% of total ADHD cases, and fasoracetam is likely ineffective in all other cases. [12] [13] Studies showing improvements in cognitive function from fasoracetam have exclusively been done on rodents. [12]
Fasoracetam is a schedule 4 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2020). [14] A schedule 4 substance is classified as "Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription." [14]
Fasoracetam was originally developed for treatment of cognitive impairment related to dementia. [3] It reached phase 3 clinical trials for this indication. [3] However, development was discontinued due to lack of effectiveness and fasoracetam was never marketed. [3]
Fasoracetam (developmental code names AFEVI-001, LAM-105, MDGN-001, NFC-1, NS-105) was under development by Avalo Therapeutics (previously Cerecor) for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autistic disorder, cognition disorders, DiGeorge syndrome, and major depressive disorder. [5] However, development for all indications was discontinued by 2018. [5] The drug (developmental code name NB-001) is also under development by Nobias Therapeutics for the treatment of DiGeorge syndrome and is in phase 2 clinical trials for this use as of October 2023. [6] A co-crystallized form of fasoracetam (developmental code name AEVI-004) is under development by Avalo Therapeutics for the treatment of ADHD, autistic disorder, and epilepsy as well. [7] However, no recent development has been reported for these indications as of April 2023. [7]
The results of clinical studies for ADHD with fasoracetam have not shown statistical significance in efficacy. [4]