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Headache, also known as cephalalgia, is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck. It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. There is an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches.
Shortness of breath (SOB), also medically known as dyspnea or dyspnoea, is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct sensations, the degree of distress and discomfort involved, and its burden or impact on the patient's activities of daily living. Distinct sensations include effort/work to breathe, chest tightness or pain, and "air hunger". The tripod position is often assumed to be a sign.
Fatigue describes a state of tiredness or exhaustion. In general usage, fatigue often follows prolonged physical or mental activity. When fatigue occurs independently of physical or mental exertion, or does not resolve after rest or sleep, it may have other causes, such as a medical condition.
The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments.
Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is inflammation of the membranes that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity (pleurae). This can result in a sharp chest pain while breathing. Occasionally the pain may be a constant dull ache. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, cough, fever, or weight loss, depending on the underlying cause. Pleurisy can be caused by a variety of conditions, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, and pulmonary embolism.
Chest pain is pain or discomfort in the chest, typically the front of the chest. It may be described as sharp, dull, pressure, heaviness or squeezing. Associated symptoms may include pain in the shoulder, arm, upper abdomen, or jaw, along with nausea, sweating, or shortness of breath. It can be divided into heart-related and non-heart-related pain. Pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart is also called angina pectoris. Those with diabetes or the elderly may have less clear symptoms.
Myoclonus is a brief, involuntary, irregular twitching of a muscle, a joint, or a group of muscles, different from clonus, which is rhythmic or regular. Myoclonus describes a medical sign and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease. It belongs to the hyperkinetic movement disorders, among tremor and chorea for example.
Dystonia is a neurological hyperkinetic movement disorder in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions occur involuntarily, resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures. The movements may resemble a tremor. Dystonia is often intensified or exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles.
Hypersomnia is a neurological disorder of excessive time spent sleeping or excessive sleepiness. It can have many possible causes and can cause distress and problems with functioning. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), hypersomnolence, of which there are several subtypes, appears under sleep-wake disorders.
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is a form of cardiac arrest in which the electrocardiogram shows a heart rhythm that should produce a pulse, but does not. Pulseless electrical activity is found initially in about 20% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and about 50% of in-hospital cardiac arrests.
Dobutamine is a medication used in the treatment of cardiogenic shock and severe heart failure. It may also be used in certain types of cardiac stress tests. It is given by IV only, as an injection into a vein or intraosseous as a continuous infusion. The amount of medication needs to be adjusted to the desired effect. Onset of effects is generally seen within 2 minutes. It has a half-life of two minutes. This drug is generally only administered short term, although it may be used for longer periods to relieve symptoms of heart failure in patients awaiting heart transplantation.
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) is one form of intracerebral bleeding in which there is bleeding within brain parenchyma. The other form is intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).
Organic brain syndrome, also known as organic brain disease, organic brain damage, organic brain disorder, organic mental syndrome, or organic mental disorder, refers to any syndrome or disorder of mental function whose cause is alleged to be known as organic (physiologic) rather than purely of the mind. These names are older and nearly obsolete general terms from psychiatry, referring to many physical disorders that cause impaired mental function. They are meant to exclude psychiatric disorders. Originally, the term was created to distinguish physical causes of mental impairment from psychiatric disorders, but during the era when this distinction was drawn, not enough was known about brain science for this cause-based classification to be more than educated guesswork labeled with misplaced certainty, which is why it has been deemphasized in current medicine. While mental or behavioural abnormalities related to the dysfunction can be permanent, treating the disease early may prevent permanent damage in addition to fully restoring mental functions. An organic cause to brain dysfunction is suspected when there is no indication of a clearly defined psychiatric or "inorganic" cause, such as a mood disorder.
Eperisone is an antispasmodic drug.
Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of fibers in the retina that sends visual signals to the brain.
Pediatric advanced life support (PALS) is a course offered by the American Heart Association (AHA) for health care providers who take care of children and infants in the emergency room, critical care and intensive care units in the hospital, and out of hospital. The course teaches healthcare providers how to assess injured and sick children and recognize and treat respiratory distress/failure, shock, cardiac arrest, and arrhythmias.
Obstructive shock is one of the four types of shock, caused by a physical obstruction in the flow of blood. Obstruction can occur at the level of the great vessels or the heart itself. Causes include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and tension pneumothorax. These are all life-threatening. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, weakness, or altered mental status. Low blood pressure and tachycardia are often seen in shock. Other symptoms depend on the underlying cause.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to emergency medicine:
Chest pain in children is the pain felt in the chest by infants, children and adolescents. In most cases the pain is not associated with the heart. It is primarily identified by the observance or report of pain by the infant, child or adolescent by reports of distress by parents or caregivers. Chest pain is not uncommon in children. Many children are seen in ambulatory clinics, emergency departments and hospitals and cardiology clinics. Most often there is a benign cause for the pain for most children. Some have conditions that are serious and possibly life-threatening. Chest pain in pediatric patients requires careful physical examination and a detailed history that would indicate the possibility of a serious cause. Studies of pediatric chest pain are sparse. It has been difficult to create evidence-based guidelines for evaluation.
References
- ↑ Mahadevan; Garmel (2012), An Introduction to Clinical Emergency Medicine, Cambridge University Press, p. 831, ISBN 978-0521747769
- ↑ APGAR, V (1953). "A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant". Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia. 32 (4): 260–7. doi:10.1213/00000539-195301000-00041. PMID 13083014.
- ↑ Griffin, David (July 10, 2019). "Mnemonics". MedGunner (Expert in Field (Pediatrician)). Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Anatomy" (PDF). medicalmnemonics.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ↑ http://embasic.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/em-basic-chest-pain-show-notes4.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
- ↑ "Pediatric Brain Care" (PDF). Oregon Health and Science University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
- ↑ "UMEM Educational Pearls". University of Maryland School of Medicine. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Drug Information Handbook 19th edition 2010-2011
- ↑ "Emergency Medicine Mnemonics". DoctorsHangout.com. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ Mega List of Mnemonics for Nurses & Nursing Students. Examville Study Guides. 2010.
- ↑ "Chapter 8: Analgesics.". Fundamentals of pharmacology for paramedics. Ian Peate, Suzanne Evans, Lisa Clegg. Chichester, West Sussex. 2022. ISBN 978-1-119-72428-5. OCLC 1284288277.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ "Diabetes Complications Mnemonics". medicosideas.com. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ↑ "The Approach To Altered Mental Status". Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ↑ Coughlin, Christopher (2012). EMT Emergency Medical Technician Crash Course. Research and Education Association. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7386-1006-1.
- ↑ NCLEX-RN EXCEL: Test Success through Unfolding Case Study Review. Springer. 2010-02-23. ISBN 9780826106018.
- ↑ Andrews LW (1990). "Neurovascular assessment". Adv Clin Care. 5 (6): 5–7. PMID 2222741.
- ↑ The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Resource. American College of Emergency Physicians. 2007. ISBN 9780763744144.
- ↑ Williams, Benjamin R. (5 January 2011). "Orthopaedic Assessment". OrthopaedicsOne. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ↑ "The 5 Indications for urgent dialysis | Time of Care". 18 November 2017.
- ↑ Le, Tao (2017-12-21). First aid for the USMLE step 1 2018. Bhushan, Vikas,, Sochat, Matthew,, Kallianos, Kimberly,, Chavda, Yash,, Zureick, Andrew H. (Andrew Harrison), 1991-, Kalani, Mehboob. New York. ISBN 9781260116137. OCLC 1031400352.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Ramachandran, Anand (2007). Pharmacology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781755627 . Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ "Causes of Delirium | Geri-EM".
- ↑ "ASTHMA". Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-04-24.
- ↑ "COPD Assessment Test" (PDF).
- ↑ "PULMONARY EDEMA" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ↑ Burchum, Jacqueline (2014-12-02). Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Car. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323340267.
- ↑ Davies SJ (2010). ""C3, 4, 5 Keeps the Diaphragm Alive." Is phrenic nerve palsy part of the pathophysiological mechanism in strangulation and hanging?". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 31 (1): 100–2. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181c297e1. PMID 19935388. S2CID 10228059.
- ↑ Cooper, Angus. "Rapid Sequence Intubation - A guide for assistants" (PDF). Scottish Intensive Care Society Education. NHS - Education for Scotland. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ↑ Raehl, CL. "Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation". NIH. NIH - National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ↑ Samir Mehta (1 October 2009). Step-Up to USMLE Step 1: A High-Yield, Systems-Based Review for the USMLE Step 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-60547-470-0.
