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Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, commonly referred to simply as Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) and also known as herpes zoster oticus, is inflammation of the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve as a late consequence of varicella zoster virus (VZV). In regard to the frequency, less than 1% of varicella zoster infections involve the facial nerve and result in RHS. It is traditionally defined as a triad of ipsilateral facial paralysis, otalgia, and vesicles close to the ear and auditory canal. Due to its proximity to the vestibulocochlear nerve, the virus can spread and cause hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. It is common for diagnoses to be overlooked or delayed, which can raise the likelihood of long-term consequences. It is more complicated than Bell's palsy. Therapy aims to shorten its overall length, while also providing pain relief and averting any consequences.
Anorexia is a medical term for a loss of appetite. While the term outside of the scientific literature is often used interchangeably with anorexia nervosa, many possible causes exist for a loss of appetite, some of which may be harmless, while others indicate a serious clinical condition or pose a significant risk.
Shortness of breath (SOB), known as dyspnea or dyspnoea, is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct sensations, the degree of distress and discomfort involved, and its burden or impact on the patient's activities of daily living. Distinct sensations include effort/work to breathe, chest tightness or pain, and "air hunger". The tripod position is often assumed to be a sign.
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder or REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which people act out their dreams. It involves abnormal behavior during the sleep phase with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The major feature of RBD is loss of muscle atonia during otherwise intact REM sleep. The loss of motor inhibition leads to sleep behaviors ranging from simple limb twitches to more complex integrated movements that can be violent or result in injury to either the individual or their bedmates.
The ankle jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. It is a type of stretch reflex that tests the function of the gastrocnemius muscle and the nerve that supplies it. A positive result would be the jerking of the foot towards its plantar surface. Being a deep tendon reflex, it is monosynaptic. It is also a stretch reflex. These are monosynaptic spinal segmental reflexes. When they are intact, integrity of the following is confirmed: cutaneous innervation, motor supply, and cortical input to the corresponding spinal segment.
Chest pain is pain or discomfort in the chest, typically the front of the chest. It may be described as sharp, dull, pressure, heaviness or squeezing. Associated symptoms may include pain in the shoulder, arm, upper abdomen, or jaw, along with nausea, sweating, or shortness of breath. It can be divided into heart-related and non-heart-related pain. Pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart is also called angina pectoris. Those with diabetes or the elderly may have less clear symptoms.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac surrounding the heart. Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, which may also be felt in the shoulders, neck, or back. The pain is typically less severe when sitting up and more severe when lying down or breathing deeply. Other symptoms of pericarditis can include fever, weakness, palpitations, and shortness of breath. The onset of symptoms can occasionally be gradual rather than sudden.
Hypersomnia is a neurological disorder of excessive time spent sleeping or excessive sleepiness. It can have many possible causes and can cause distress and problems with functioning. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), hypersomnolence, of which there are several subtypes, appears under sleep-wake disorders.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine is an American textbook of internal medicine. First published in 1950, it is in its 21st edition and comes in two volumes. Although it is aimed at all members of the medical profession, it is mainly used by internists and junior doctors in this field, as well as medical students. It is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative books on internal medicine and has been described as the "most recognized book in all of medicine."
Costochondritis, also known as chest wall pain syndrome or costosternal syndrome, is a benign inflammation of the upper costochondral and sternocostal joints. 90% of patients are affected in multiple ribs on a single side, typically at the 2nd to 5th ribs. Chest pain, the primary symptom of costochondritis, is considered a symptom of a medical emergency, making costochondritis a common presentation in the emergency department. One study found costochondritis was responsible for 30% of patients with chest pain in an emergency department setting.
Respiratory diseases, or lung diseases, are pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in air-breathing animals. They include conditions of the respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleurae, pleural cavity, the nerves and muscles of respiration. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, influenza, and pharyngitis to life-threatening diseases such as bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, acute asthma, lung cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndromes, such as COVID-19. Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause of the disease.
Organic brain syndrome, also known as organic brain disease, organic brain damage, organic brain disorder, organic mental syndrome, or organic mental disorder, refers to any syndrome or disorder of mental function whose cause is alleged to be known as organic (physiologic) rather than purely of the mind. These names are older and nearly obsolete general terms from psychiatry, referring to many physical disorders that cause impaired mental function. They are meant to exclude psychiatric disorders. Originally, the term was created to distinguish physical causes of mental impairment from psychiatric disorders, but during the era when this distinction was drawn, not enough was known about brain science for this cause-based classification to be more than educated guesswork labeled with misplaced certainty, which is why it has been deemphasized in current medicine. While mental or behavioural abnormalities related to the dysfunction can be permanent, treating the disease early may prevent permanent damage in addition to fully restoring mental functions. An organic cause to brain dysfunction is suspected when there is no indication of a clearly defined psychiatric or "inorganic" cause, such as a mood disorder.
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) refers to a condition in which the patient has an elevated temperature (fever) but, despite investigations by one or more qualified physicians, no explanation is found.
Eperisone is an antispasmodic drug.
Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of fibers in the retina that sends visual signals to the brain.
Pediatric advanced life support (PALS) is a course offered by the American Heart Association (AHA) for health care providers who take care of children and infants in the emergency room, critical care and intensive care units in the hospital, and out of hospital. The course teaches healthcare providers how to assess injured and sick children and recognize and treat respiratory distress/failure, shock, cardiac arrest, and arrhythmias.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to emergency medicine:
Orthostatic syncope refers to syncope resulting from a postural decrease in blood pressure, termed orthostatic hypotension.
An epilepsy syndrome is defined as "a characteristic cluster of clinical and Electroencephalography (EEG) features, often supported by specific etiological findings ."
Chest pain in children is the pain felt in the chest by infants, children and adolescents. In most cases the pain is not associated with the heart. It is primarily identified by the observance or report of pain by the infant, child or adolescent by reports of distress by parents or caregivers. Chest pain is not uncommon in children. Many children are seen in ambulatory clinics, emergency departments and hospitals and cardiology clinics. Most often there is a benign cause for the pain for most children. Some have conditions that are serious and possibly life-threatening. Chest pain in pediatric patients requires careful physical examination and a detailed history that would indicate the possibility of a serious cause. Studies of pediatric chest pain are sparse. It has been difficult to create evidence-based guidelines for evaluation.
References
- ↑ Mahadevan; Garmel (2012), An Introduction to Clinical Emergency Medicine, Cambridge University Press, p. 831, ISBN 978-0521747769
- ↑ APGAR, V (1953). "A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant". Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia. 32 (4): 260–7. doi:10.1213/00000539-195301000-00041. PMID 13083014.
- ↑ Griffin, David (July 10, 2019). "Mnemonics". MedGunner (Expert in Field (Pediatrician)). Retrieved July 10, 2019.
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- ↑ "Pediatric Brain Care" (PDF). Oregon Health and Science University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
- ↑ "UMEM Educational Pearls". University of Maryland School of Medicine. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
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- ↑ "Emergency Medicine Mnemonics". DoctorsHangout.com. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ Mega List of Mnemonics for Nurses & Nursing Students. Examville Study Guides. 2010.
- ↑ "Chapter 8: Analgesics.". Fundamentals of pharmacology for paramedics. Ian Peate, Suzanne Evans, Lisa Clegg. Chichester, West Sussex. 2022. ISBN 978-1-119-72428-5. OCLC 1284288277.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - 1 2 3 Education, Oxford Medical (2015-02-17). "Trauma & Orthopaedics Mnemonics". Oxford Medical Education. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
- ↑ Cone, Jennifer; Inaba, Kenji (2017-10-01). "Lower extremity compartment syndrome". Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open. 2 (1): e000094. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000094. ISSN 2397-5776. PMC 5877908 .
- ↑ "Diabetes Complications Mnemonics". medicosideas.com. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ↑ "The Approach To Altered Mental Status". Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ↑ Coughlin, Christopher (2012). EMT Emergency Medical Technician Crash Course. Research and Education Association. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7386-1006-1.
- ↑ NCLEX-RN EXCEL: Test Success through Unfolding Case Study Review. Springer. 2010-02-23. ISBN 9780826106018.
- ↑ Andrews LW (1990). "Neurovascular assessment". Adv Clin Care. 5 (6): 5–7. PMID 2222741.
- ↑ The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Resource. American College of Emergency Physicians. 2007. ISBN 9780763744144.
- ↑ Williams, Benjamin R. (5 January 2011). "Orthopaedic Assessment". OrthopaedicsOne. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ↑ "The 5 Indications for urgent dialysis | Time of Care". 18 November 2017.
- ↑ Le, Tao (2017-12-21). First aid for the USMLE step 1 2018. Bhushan, Vikas,, Sochat, Matthew,, Kallianos, Kimberly,, Chavda, Yash,, Zureick, Andrew H. (Andrew Harrison), 1991-, Kalani, Mehboob. New York. ISBN 9781260116137. OCLC 1031400352.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Ramachandran, Anand (2007). Pharmacology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781755627 . Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ "Causes of Delirium | Geri-EM".
- ↑ "ASTHMA". Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2015-04-24.
- ↑ "COPD Assessment Test" (PDF).
- ↑ "PULMONARY EDEMA" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ↑ Burchum, Jacqueline (2014-12-02). Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Car. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323340267.
- ↑ Davies SJ (2010). ""C3, 4, 5 Keeps the Diaphragm Alive." Is phrenic nerve palsy part of the pathophysiological mechanism in strangulation and hanging?". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 31 (1): 100–2. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181c297e1. PMID 19935388. S2CID 10228059.
- ↑ Cooper, Angus. "Rapid Sequence Intubation - A guide for assistants" (PDF). Scottish Intensive Care Society Education. NHS - Education for Scotland. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ↑ Raehl, CL. "Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation". NIH. NIH - National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ↑ Samir Mehta (1 October 2009). Step-Up to USMLE Step 1: A High-Yield, Systems-Based Review for the USMLE Step 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-60547-470-0.
