List of mnemonics

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This article contains a list of notable mnemonics used to remember various objects, lists, etc.

Contents

Astronomy

obsolete (per the IAU definition of planet):
Most Vegetables Eat More Juice So Usually Never Pee [1]
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Potatoes [1]
Many Vicious Elephants Met Just Slightly Under New Pineapples [1]
My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets
Mark's Very Extravagant Mother Just Sent Us Ninety Parakeets
Mother Very Eagerly Made A (Asteroids) Jelly Sandwich Under No Protest

Since the IAU change the definition of a planet and relegated Pluto to the status of minor planet, the following has gained popularity

My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos
Oh Be AFine Girl/Guy, Kiss Me Right Now, Sweetheart! [2]
Old, Bald, And Fat Generals Kiss More Ladies Than You [3]
(Aries,Taurus,Gemini,Cancer,Leo,Virgo,Libra,Scorpio,Sagittarius,Capricorn,Aquarius,Pisces)
ATenseGreyCatLays VeryLow,SneakingSlowly,ContemplatingAPounce.
Jupiter: 5 AU, Saturn: 10 AU, Uranus: 20 AU, Neptune: 30 AU, Pluto: 40 AU

Biology

Chemistry

Harry, he likes beer by cupfuls, not over frothy, never nasty mugs allowed. Since past six closing, are kegs cancelled?
(H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca.)

An Ox (Oxidation at Anode)

Red Cat (Reduction at Cathode)

Positive Anode Negative Is Cathode
At the ANode, Oxidation Involves electron Loss.
Reduction Involves electron Gain at the CAThode.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Engineering

Big brown rabbits often yield great big vocal groans when gingerly slapped [14]
Bad boys run our young girls behind victory garden walls [15]
B. B. Roy [of] Great Britain [has] Very Good Wife.

Geography

  • Boring, Average Politics Can Become Very Corrupt. People Everywhere Get Used Sometimes
  • Big Gorillas Eat Hotdogs, Not Cold Pizza [16]
  • Including Mexico, My Grandma's Bunny Eats Hamburgers, Not Canned Peas
  • BUt Angry SaM's StuBborn KNights ABandon Money to Guard Dominant Marines and SteaLSteVe's Barrels of Green Tobacco
  • Super Heroes Must Eat Oats
  • Shake My hand Evil Octopus
  • Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior: HOMES
Latitude, Altitude, Build, Distance from the sea, Ocean currents, Wind, Aspect
  • BASMOQN, pronounced "Baz-Mock-Win"

Geology

  • Pregnant Camels Often Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak? Possibly Early Oiling Might Prevent Permanent Rheumatism [8] :62–63 [17]
  • Paleozoic to Cenozoic: Pregnant Camels Ordinarily Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak [18]
  • Post-Cretaceous Epochs: Please Eat Oats My Pretty Pet Horse (Holocene)
For Talc(=1), Gypsum(=2), Calcite(=3), Fluorite(=4), Apatite(=5), Orthoclase(=6), Quartz(=7), Topaz(=8), Corundum(=9), Diamond(=10)
  • Tall Girls Can Fight And Other Queer Things Can Develop [8] :64
  • TAll GYroscopes CAn FLy APart ORbiting QUickly TOCOmplete DIsintegration [8] :64
  • Toronto Girls Can Flirt And Only Quit To Chase Dwarves
  • Terrible Giants Can Find Alligators Or Quaint Trolls Conveniently Digestible
  • Tall Gene Calls Florence At Our Quarters ToCorrect Dumbness [20]

History

  • SheShamefully Chose Chinese Hand Jingles (and) SiNfully Sweet Tango Songs: "You (and) Me, Chickadee!" [17]
  • No Plan Like Yours To Study History Wisely. [22]
  • All Boys Should Come Home Please [8] :103
  • Do Men Ever Visit Boston? [17]
  • Losers Bearing Grudges Grieve Mainly Cowards Killing Orators

Languages

Characteristic sequence of letters

In most words like friend, field, piece, pierce, mischief, thief, tier, it is "i" which comes before "e". But on some words with c just before the pair of e and i, like receive, perceive, "e" comes before "i". This can be remembered by the following mnemonic,

I before E, except after C

But this is not always obeyed as in case of weird and weigh, weight, height, neighbor etc. and can be remembered by extending that mnemonic as given below

I before E, except after C
Or when sounded "A" as in neighbor, weigh and weight
Or when sounded like "eye" as in height
And "weird" is just weird

Another variant, which avoids confusion when the two letters represent different sounds instead of a single sound, as in atheist or being, runs

When it says ee
Put i before e
But not after c

Most frequently u follows q. e.g.: Que, queen, question, quack, quark, quartz, quarry, quit, Pique, torque, macaque, exchequer. Hence the mnemonic:

Where ever there is a Q there is a U too [24] (But this is violated by some words; see:List of English words containing Q not followed by U)

Letters of specific syllables in a word

Do not believe a lie. [24]
A secretary must keep a secret [24]
There is an ache in every teacher. [24]
Be sure of your measurements before you start work. [24]
Fri the end of your friend [24]
The CIA have special agents [24]
Big Elephants Are Ugly [25]
Always smell a rat when you spell separate [24]
There was a farmer named Sep and one day his wife saw a rat. She yelled, "Sep! A ratE!!!" [26]
The principal is your pal.

Distinguishing between similar words

Advice, Practice, Licence etc. (those with c) are nouns and Advise, Practise, License etc. are verbs.

One way of remembering this is that the word 'noun' comes before the word 'verb' in the dictionary; likewise 'c' comes before 's', so the nouns are 'practice, licence, advice' and the verbs are 'practise, license, advise'. [27]
We hear with our ear.
complement adds something to make it enough
compliment puts you in the limelight [24]
Your principal is your pal
A rule can be called a principle [26]
Remedial work is meant to remedy.
Menial work is boring but it's mean (-ial) to complain.
Theirs is not mine even though 'I' is in it.
There is where we'll be.
They're is a contraction of 'they are.'
Stationery contains er and so does paper; stationary (not moving) contains ar and so does car [24]
A for "at rest", e for envelope
Gray is preferred in America while grey is preferred in England

First letter mnemonics of spelling

Dashing In ARush, Running Harder (or) Else Accident!
Dining In ARough Restaurant: Hurry, (otherwise) Expect Accidents!
Diarrhea Is AReally Runny Heap (of) Endless Amounts [25]
ARat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream [28]
Not Every Cat Eats Sardines (Some Are Really Yummy) [28]
Never Eat Chocolate, Eat Sardine Sandwiches And Remain Young
Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants
Big Elephants Cause Accidents Under Small Elephants
Big Elephants Can't Always Use Small Exits
Big Elephants Can't Always Use Small Entrances [28]
Mnemonics Now Erase Man's Oldest Nemesis, Insufficient Cerebral Storage [26]
George's Elderly Old Grandfather Rode APig Home Yesterday. [26]
Trails Of My Old Red Rose Over Window [25]
Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move [28]

Grammar

devenir, revenir, monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naître, descendre, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir [32]

Mathematics

Pi

The first 15 numbers of Pi can be remembered by counting the letters in the phrase, "How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics."

Quadratic equation

The articulation of the quadratic equation can be sung to the tune of various songs as a mnemonic device. [33]

Mathematical operations

For helping students in remembering the rules in adding and multiplying two signed numbers, Balbuena and Buayan (2015) made the letter strategies LAUS (like signs, add; unlike signs, subtract) and LPUN (like signs, positive; unlike signs, negative), respectively. [34]
Order of Operations
PEMDAS
Please - Parenthesis
Excuse - Exponents
My - Multiplication
Dear - Division
Aunt - Addition
Sally - Subtraction
(In the UK, the phrase BIDMAS is used instead; Brackets, Indices, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.) [35]

Trigonometry

The mnemonic "SOHCAHTOA" (occasionally spelt "SOH CAH TOA") is often used to remember the basic trigonometric functions: [36]

Other mnemonics that have been used for this include:

Some Old Hippie Caught Another Hippie Tripping On Acid.

Ships Of Holland Call At Harwich To Obtain Apples.

Sighs Of Happiness Come After Having Tankards Of Ale.

Some Old Hen Caught Another Hen Taking Off Alone.

Silly Old Hitler Can't Advance His Troops On Africa.

Topology

Mnemonics for Euler's characteristic are "fav.me", for "F add V, minus E", and "veryfun". [37]

Calculus

The mnemonic "LIATE" is commonly used to determine which functions are to be chosen as u and DV in integration by parts.

Medicine

Anatomy

'A OF A OF A'

Thenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface):

Abductor pollicis brevis     Opponens pollicis     Flexor pollicis brevis     Adductor pollicis

Hypothenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface):

Opponens digiti minimi     Flexor digiti minimi     Abductor digiti minimi
My Tensors Dig Ants for Mom
2 big ones, 2 small ones, 2 tensors, 2 pterygoids
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her
So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb
Simply Learn The Positions That The Carpus Has
Send Louis To Paris To Tame Carnal Hungers
Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hands
VINDICATE
List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves, their respective type and foramen
NERVE:Olfactory nerveOptic nerveOculomotor nervePathic (Trochlear) nerveTrigeminal (dentist) nerveAbducens nerveFacial nerveVestibulo-cochlear (Auditory) nerveGlosso-pharyngeal nerveVagus nerveSpinal Accessory nerveHypoglossal nerve
OphthalmicMaxillaryMandibular
Mnemonic:
(for nerve) [40]
OLdOPenOCeansTROubleTRIbesmenABoutFishVEnomGivingVAriousACute / SPlittingHeadaches
OnOldOlympus'ToweringTopAFatVocalGermanViewedAHop
TYPE:SensorySensoryMotorMotorBoth (sensory + motor)MotorBothSensoryBothBothMotorMotor
Mnemonic:
(for type) [41]
SomeSayMoneyMatters,ButMyBrotherSaysBigBrainsMatterMore
FORAMINA:Cribriform plateOptic canalSuperior Orbital FissureSuperior Orbital FissureSuperior Orbital FissureForamen RotundumForamen OvaleSuperior Orbital FissureInternal Acoustic MeatusInternal Acoustic MeatusJugular ForamenJugular ForamenJugular ForamenHypoglossal Canal
Mnemonics:
(for foramina)
CleanersOnlySpraySmellyStuffRightOnSmellyIdiotsInJumbledJunkyardsJuggledHigh
CarlOnlySwimsSouth.SillyRogerOnlySwimsInInfinitiJacuzzis.JaneJustHitchhikes.

Music

Bowed strings

Guitar

  • Every Average Dude Gets Better Eventually
  • Eggs Are Deliciously Good Breakfast Energy
  • Eddy Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddy
  • Every Adult Dog Growls Barks Eats.
  • Every Acid Dealer Gets Busted Eventually
  • Even After Dinner Giant Boys Eat
  • Elephants All Dine Generally Before Eight
  • Elephants And Donkeys Grow Big Ears
  • Every American Dog Gets Bones Easily
  • Every Angel Does Good Before Evil
  • Eat All Day Get Big Easy
  • Eine Alte Dame Geht Heute Einkaufen (German: an old lady goes shopping today)
  • Een Aap Die Geen Bananen Eet (Dutch: A monkey that doesn't eat bananas)

Thus we get the names of the strings from 6th string to the 1st string in that order.

Conversely, a mnemonic listing the strings in the reverse order is:

  • Every Beginning Guitarist Does All Exercises!
  • Elvis' Big Great Dane Ate Everything
  • Every Big Girl Deserves An Elephant
  • Easter Bunny Gets Drunk At Easter
  • Easter Bunnies Go Dancing After Easter

Ukulele

As for guitar tuning, there is also a mnemonic for ukuleles.

  • Good Cooks Eat A-lot
  • In the other direction it is Aunt Evy Cooks Grits

Reading music

E, G, B, D, and F EGBDF.svg
E, G, B, D, and F
  • Every Good Boy Does Fine. [45]
  • Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge (or Friendship, Fun, Fruit, etc.)
  • Eggnog Gets Better During February
  • Empty Garbage Before Dad Flips
  • Eat Good Bread Dear Father
F, A, C, and E FACE mnemonic acronym.svg
F, A, C, and E
  • Good Boys Do Fine Always
  • Good Birds Don't Fly Away
  • Grizzly Bears Don't Fly Airplanes
  • Great Basses Dig Fine Altos
  • Goblins Bring Death For All
  • GeorgeBush Didn't FindAnything
  • Good Burritos Don't Fall Apart
  • All Cows Eat Grass
  • All Cars Eat Gas
  • Fat Alley Cat Eats Garbage
  • Green Birds Do Fly
C-sharp-major a-sharp-minor.svg
C-flat-major a-flat-minor.svg
Key signatures of C♯ major or A♯ minor (left) and C♭ major or A♭ minor (right)
  • Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle
  • Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket. [46]
  • Fat Cats Go Down Alleys Eating Birds.
  • Fidel Castro Gets Drunk And Eats Babies.
  • Fat Cats Greedy Dogs All Eat Bananas.
  • Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father
  • Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet. [46]
  • Before Eating ADoughnut Get Coffee First.

Music theory

Philosophy

Physics

Theology

Transportation

  • "Red, Right, Return" reminds the skipper entering ("returning to") an IALA region B port to keep red markers to the starboard of the vessel. Conversely the opposite convention exists in IALA region A ports, where a similar (but significantly different) mnemonic of "Red on the Right Returning To Sea" can be used.
  • The phrase "there's always some red port (wine) left" is used to remember the basics in seafaring. "Red" refers to the color of navigation lights on the port (left) side of a vessel (as opposed to green on the starboard side). [47]
  • "Nuclear Restrictions Constrain Fishing and Sailing, People Say" is used to encode the "order of priority" for which vessels have right of way (earlier in the list has priority over later): Not under command; Restricted; Constrained by draft; Fishing vessel; Sailboat; Powerboat; Seaplane. [47]

  • CRAFT - Clearance limit, Route, Altitude, Frequency, Transponder.
  • pre-landing: GUMPS - Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Speed.
  • pre-final: MARTHA - Missed (procedure), Altitude (limit), Radios (set), Time (limit), Heading (final), Airspeed (descent)
  • pre-high-altitude - FLOWER - Flow (enabled), Lights (test), Oxygen (charged), Water (humidity), Electricity (on), Radio (check)
  • pre-flight-paperwork - ARROW - Airworthiness (certificate), Registration, Required (charts), Operating (checklists), Weight and balance
  • night collision avoidance: Red, Right, Returning - Red nav light on Right implies target is Returning (closing)
  • radio loss Instrument course - CDEF - as Cleared, else Direct to last fix, else as directed to Expect, else as flight plan Filed
  • spin recovery - POKER - Power (off), Opposite (full rudder), Klean (flaps, ...), Elevator (briskly forward), Recover (from dive)

Units of measure

  • kilo-, hecto-, deca-, deci-, centi-, milli-, in descending order of magnitude:
"Base" (Meters, liters, grams) come in between "deca" and "deci".
  • Kangaroos Hop Down British Driveways Carrying M&Ms [50]
  • King Henry Drank Both Diet Cokes Monday [50] [ dead link ]
  • King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk [50] [ dead link ]
  • deca-, hecto-, kilo-, mega-, giga-, tera-, in ascending order of magnitude:
  • Decadent Hector Killed Meg's Gigantic Terrier [50] [ dead link ]
  • deci-, centi-, milli-, micro-, nano-, pico-, femto-, atto- in descending order of magnitude:
  • Darn Clever Mnemonic Makes No Prefix Forgettable, Absolutely [50] [ dead link ]

See also

Related Research Articles

In Western musical notation, a key signature is a set of sharp, flat, or rarely, natural symbols placed on the staff at the beginning of a section of music. The initial key signature in a piece is placed immediately after the clef at the beginning of the first line. If the piece contains a section in a different key, the new key signature is placed at the beginning of that section.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mnemonic</span> Learning technique that aids remembering

A mnemonic device or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember.

The major system is a mnemonic technique used to help in memorizing numbers.

A mnemonic link system, sometimes also known as a chain method, is a method of remembering lists that is based on creating an association between the elements of that list. For example, when memorizing the list, one could create a story about a "dog stuck in an envelope, mailed to an unlucky thirteen black cat playing with yarn by the window". It is argued that the story would be easier to remember than the list itself.

In music, sharp – eqv. dièse or diesis – means higher in pitch. The sharp symbol, , indicates that the note to which the symbol is applied is played one semitone higher. The opposite of sharp is flat, indicating a lowering of pitch. The symbol derives from a square form of the letter b.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Modulation (music)</span> Change from one tonality to another

In music, modulation is the change from one tonality to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature. Modulations articulate or create the structure or form of many pieces, as well as add interest. Treatment of a chord as the tonic for less than a phrase is considered tonicization.

Modulation is the essential part of the art. Without it there is little music, for a piece derives its true beauty not from the large number of fixed modes which it embraces but rather from the subtle fabric of its modulation.

Memorization is the process of committing something to memory. It is a mental process undertaken in order to store in memory for later recall visual, auditory, or tactical information.

Piphilology comprises the creation and use of mnemonic techniques to remember many digits of the mathematical constant π. The word is a play on the word "pi" itself and of the linguistic field of philology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wariʼ language</span> Chapacuran language of Brazil and Bolivia

The Wariʼ language is the sole remaining vibrant language of the Chapacuran language family of the Brazilian–Bolivian border region of the Amazon. It has about 2,700 speakers, also called Wariʼ, who live along tributaries of the Pacaas Novos river in Western Brazil. The word wariʼ means "we!" in the Wariʼ language and is the term given to the language and tribe by its speakers.

The Kirnberger temperaments are three irregular temperaments developed in the second half of the 18th century by Johann Kirnberger. Kirnberger was a student of Johann Sebastian Bach who greatly admired his teacher; he was one of Bach's principal proponents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morse code mnemonics</span> Systems to remember Morse characters

Morse code mnemonics are systems to represent the sound of Morse characters in a way intended to be easy to remember. Since every one of these mnemonics requires a two-step mental translation between sound and character, none of these systems are useful for using manual Morse at practical speeds. Amateur radio clubs can provide resources to learn Morse code.

Apma is the language of central Pentecost island in Vanuatu. Apma is an Oceanic language. Within Vanuatu it sits between North Vanuatu and Central Vanuatu languages, and combines features of both groups.

Taxonomy mnemonics are used to memorize the scientific classification applied in taxonomy. They are usually constructed with a series of words that begin with the letters KPCOFGS, corresponding to the initials of the primary taxonomic ranks. Words beginning with D are sometimes added to the beginning of the sequence, and words beginning with S are sometimes added at the end of the sequence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planetary mnemonic</span> Phrase used to remember the planets of the Solar System

A planetary mnemonic refers to a phrase created to remember the planets and dwarf planets of the Solar System, with the order of words corresponding to increasing sidereal periods of the bodies. One simple visual mnemonic is to hold out both hands side-by-side with thumbs in the same direction. The fingers of hand with palm down represent the terrestrial planets where the left pinkie represents Mercury and its thumb represents the asteroid belt, including Ceres. The other hand represents the giant planets, with its thumb representing trans-Neptunian objects, including Pluto.

In trigonometry, it is common to use mnemonics to help remember trigonometric identities and the relationships between the various trigonometric functions.

LFN has an analytic grammar and resembles the grammars of languages such as the Haitian Creole, Papiamento, and Afrikaans. On the other hand, it uses a vocabulary drawn from several modern romance languages – Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, and Italian.

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Further reading