List of anatomy mnemonics

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This is a list of human anatomy mnemonics , categorized and alphabetized. For mnemonics in other medical specialties, see this list of medical mnemonics. Mnemonics serve as a systematic method for remembrance of functionally or systemically related items within regions of larger fields of study, such as those found in the study of specific areas of human anatomy, such as the bones in the hand, the inner ear, or the foot, or the elements comprising the human biliary system or arterial system.

Contents

Bones

Bones of the Upper Limbs

How Rare UCook Mesquite Pork?

He Runs Up Cold Mountains Panting

Hurry! Ralph Untie Carol's Mini Pechay

He Races Until Chunky Men Pace

(In order from proximal to distal)

Bones of the Arm

"Ultra Red Hair"

"Ultimate Rave Headquarters

Usually Really Hard

Unemployment Rises High

  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Humerus
Ulna

Understand

Listen

Name

A bone

Bones of the Hand

"Please Make Cookies"

"Please Massage Chest"

People Make Choices

  • Phalanges
  • Metacarpal bones
  • Carpal bones

(These are in order from the distal end of the fingertips to the wrist)

Carpal bones
  • Carpal Bones:

Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home:

She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her:

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle:
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.


  • Carpal bones:

So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb:
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium.

  • Carpal Bones:

""" T T Table Par Chillate hui Sunny Leone """, APG-007

Bones of the Phalanges

Damn My Pinky!

Dick Move Pal!

Distance My People

Don't Make Problems

  • Distal phalanx
  • Middle phalanx
  • Proximal phalanx

(From distal to proximal.)

Bones of the head

Cranial Bones

F POETS "Fluffy Puppies On Every Third Street"

Fit People Occasionally Eat Table Salt

Fat People Only Eat Thick Steak

Funny People Over Entertainment Try Songs

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Ethmoid
  • Temporal
  • Sphenoid


Fraternity Parties Occasionally Teach Spam Etiquette

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid


Old People From Texas Eat Spiders

  • Occipital
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
  • Temporal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid

Vomer

Very bad

Odor

Makes my

Eyes

Run

Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Arm

CS

Clearwater Sucks

Crazy Seals

Spine (Vertebral Column)

Can This Little Servant Cook ?

(These are in order superior to inferior- or starting from the top of the spine to the bottom.)


"Can Tall Ladies Sit Comfortably"

"Can The Ladies Stand Comfortably"

"Candy Takes Liking Stripping Catiously"

Can Tinkerbell Let Stars Collide?


Projections of Bone

PTTTCC "People Take Teaspoons Temporarily Causing Constipation

Humerus tubercles (Bone projections)

Humerus tubercles

Girls In Leadership

  • Greater tubercle
  • Intertubercular groove
  • Lesser tubercle

Bone Markings of Humerus

Let's Rewatch Criminal Minds

Let's Roll Clay Moons

  • L-lateral epicondyle
  • R-radial fossa
  • C-coronoid fossa
  • M-medial epicondyle

Holes and Depressions in Bones

FFNF "Fireman Fight Notorious Fires

Flowers Flow Neatly Fabulously

Family Feuds are No Fun

Muscles

Rotator Cuff Muscles

SITS

"Sit In The Seat" / The humerus SITS in the glenoid fossa

Shit ITrusted Sam

Swimming In The Summer

She Is The Scientist


Scooby Investigated The Mysterious Scene

Flexor muscles of the arm

3 Bs bend the elbow: (in order of location)

Biceps brachii   Brachialis  Brachioradialis

Anterior Flexor Muscles of the Forearm

Cats Run Circles Under Dogs Stomachs

Can't Really Come Until Day Six

  • Carpi
  • Radialis
  • Carpi
  • Ulnaris
  • Digitorum
  • Superficialis

Anterior leg Compartment (muscles)

"The Hospitals Are Not Dirty Places"

"Those Horses Are Never Doing Pilates"

"Tom Had ANight Down Town"

Posterior Leg Compartment (Posterior Ankle Structures)

Tom Dig ANice Hole

Tom, Dick, And Very Naughty Harry

Tom, Dick, And Very Nervous Harry

Joint, suture, ligament, tendon

Joint In The Wrist

RIC "Rice Is Curing

RIC "Really Interesting Crap

Roads In California

Rum In Coke

Joints/Sutures of Skull

CLSS "Crazy Llamas Sassing Santa

The Lazy Cat Sleeps Safely

"Come Sing Love Songs"

"Come Smoke L 's Sam

"Can Seagulls Lift Snacks

Pes anserinus

A mnemonic to remember the muscles that contribute tendons to the pes anserinus and the innervations of these muscles is SGT FOT (sergeant FOT)

Notice the order of the muscles (S, G, T) follows the order of the innervating nerves which correspond to those muscles (F, O, T)[ citation needed ]

Another anterior to posterior is “Say Grace before Tea” Sartorius, Gracilis, semiTendinosus.

Vessels

Celiac trunk(Coeliac trunk): branches

Left Hand Side (LHS):

Tributaries of the Inferior vena cava

"ILike To Rise So High"

Subclavian artery

The branches of the subclavian artery can be remembered using VITamin C and D.

Internal iliac artery: branches

ILike Going Places Using My Very Own Unmanned Vehicle
Posterior division:

Anterior division:

Contents of canal & foramen

Mediastinum

Superior mediastinum

The contents of superior mediastinum can be remembered using the mnemonic, "TT ET AV N LO"

or

"Try To Eat Toast And Vitamins Now Little Oliver" [4]

Inferior mediastinum

Anterior inferior mediastinum

The contents of anterior inferior mediastinum can be remembered using the mnemonic, "RT LN"

or

"ReTweet Light Novels!" [4]

Middle inferior mediastinum

The contents of middle inferior mediastinum can be remembered using the mnemonic, "PHP P ASP" or "PHP plus ASP"

or

"'Personal Home Page' plus 'Active Server Pages'" [4]

Posterior inferior mediastinum

The contents of posterior inferior mediastinum can be remembered using the mnemonic, "DATE VSL"

or

"on the DATEVivian Slapped Larry" [4]


The contents of posterior mediastinum can be remembered using the mnemonic, "DATES"

  • Descending aorta
  • Azygous vein and hemiazygos vein
  • Thoracic duct
  • Esophagus
  • Sympathetic trunk/ganglia. [5]

Foramen magnum

Contents of the foramen magnum: VAMPS-AT-SD

or

VAMPires Sing ATSD card [6]

VAMPires Stalk At Twilight Seaking Damsels/Darkness


VAMPires Sing ATSunDown


Contents of the foramen magnum: VAMPS-ATM

or

VAMPires Sing ATMidnight

Greater sciatic foramen

Structures passing through greater sciatic foramen below piriformis (S.N.I.P. N.I.P.)

Lesser sciatic foramen

Structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen: (P.I.N.T.)

Tarsal tunnel

a mnemonic to remember the contents of the Tarsal tunnel from anterior to posterior is "Tom, Dick and Harry". [7] [8] [9] or alternatively "Tom, Dick (and very nervous) Harry" if the artery, vein, and nerve are included.

Femoral triangle

The femoral triangle is shaped like the sail of a sailing ship and hence its boundaries can be remembered using the mnemonic, "SAIL":

The order of structures in the femoral triangle is important in the embalming of bodies, as the femoral artery is often exposed and used to pump embalming fluids into the body. The order of this neurovascular bundle can be remembered using the mnemonic, "NAVY":

An alternate to this mnemonic is "NAVEL" for Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty Space and Lymph, to include the deep inguinal lymph nodes located medial to the Femoral vein.[ citation needed ]

Popliteal fossa

A useful mnemonic to remember popliteal fossa anatomy (medial-to-lateral arrangement) is: Serve And Volley Next Ball.

Carotid sheath contents

I See 10 CC's in the IV: [2] p. 1

Cavernous sinus contents

O TOM CAT: [2] p. 1

O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior.

CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM.

Vertebral level

Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels

Many mnemonics are used for diaphragm apertures including:

(V)oice (O)f (A)merica

number of letters = vertebral level


  • Vena cava = 8 letters = T8 [2] p. 1
  • Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10
  • Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12

Openings of the diaphragm and structures passing through

"I Read, Very Old, And Torn Articles." - (IVC, Right phrenic nerve), (Vagus nerve, Oesophagus), (Aorta, Thoracic duct, Azygos vein).


Openings of the diaphragm and structures passing through [12]

I ate 10 eggs at 12

  • I = IVC
  • ate = T8
  • 10 = T10
  • Eggs = Esophagus
  • At = Aorta
  • 12 = T12

Sternal angle

The sternal angle marks the approximate level of the 2nd pair of costal cartilages, which attach to the second ribs, and the level of the intervertebral disc between T4 and T5. [13] In clinical applications, the sternal angle can be palpated at the T4 vertebral level.

The sternal angle is used in the definition of the thoracic plane. This marks the level of a number of other anatomical structures.


For structures lying at the level of the sternal angle, the following mnemonic can be used:

RAT PLLANT

  • Rib 2
  • Aortic arch
  • Tracheal bifurcation
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Ligamentum arteriosum
  • Left recurrent laryngeal
  • Azygos Vein
  • Nerves (Cardiac and Pulmonary plexuses)
  • Thoracic duct

PLOT of EARTH PLLANTS

is a more detailed mnemonic including:

  • Phrenic and Vagus Nerve
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Oblique fissure of lungs (top of it)
  • Thymus
  • Esophagus (trending right to left)
  • Aortic Arch (bottom of the arch)
  • Rib 2, Manubrium-sternal angle, T4(more specifically T4-5 disc)
  • Tracheal Bifurcation (Carina: Latin –like keel of boat)
  • Heart
  • Pulmonary trunk bifurcation
  • L2 : Left Recurrent Laryngeal (Looping under Aorta); Ligamentum Arteriosum: Connects Aortic Arch to Pulmonary. Bifurcation
  • Azygous vein arches over the root of the Rt. Lung and opens in SVC.
  • Nerve plexi: Cardiac and Pulmonary Plexus
  • Thoracic duct (on its way to drain into the Left Subclavian)
  • SVC going down

Neuroanatomy

Afferent vs efferent

Afferent connection arrives and an efferent connection exits.

Brachial plexus

Remember To Drink Cold Beer - Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches


Cerebellum

Deep cerebellar nuclei and their positions relative to the midline: "Fat Guys Eat Donuts," where each letter indicates the medial to lateral location in the cerebellar white matter.

Or inversely, "Don't Eat Greasy Food", where each letter indicates the lateral to medial location in the cerebellar white matter.

Cranial nerves

12 Cranial Nerves

On Occasion Of Parties, The Attractive Faces Are Girl Visitors. Say Hello!

List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves, their respective type and foramen
NERVE: Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducens nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve
OphthalmicMaxillaryMandibular
Mnemonic:
(for nerve) [14] 		OLdOPenOCeansTROubleTRIbesmenABoutFishVEnomGivingVAriousACute / SPlittingHeadaches
TYPE:SensorySensoryMotorMotorBoth (sensory + motor)MotorBothSensoryBothBothMotorMotor
Mnemonic:
(for type) [15] 		SomeSayMarryMoney,ButMyBrotherSaysBigBusinessMakesMoney
FORAMINA:Cribriform plateOptic canalSuperior Orbital FissureSuperior Orbital FissureSuperior Orbital FissureForamen RotundumForamen OvaleSuperior Orbital FissureInternal Acoustic MeatusInternal Acoustic MeatusJugular ForamenJugular ForamenJugular ForamenHypoglossal Canal
Mnemonics:
(for foramina)		CleanersOnlySpraySmellyStuffRightOnSmellyIzodsInJumbledJunkyardsJuggledHigh
CarlOnlySwimsSouth.SillyRogerOnlySwimsInInfinitiJacuzzis.JaneJustHitchhikes.

OOOh the 2Traceys Are From Virginia Good cause Virginians Are Hilarious

On, On, On, They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes


There are many mnemonics for the names of the cranial nerves, e.g.

  • "OOOTTAFAGVSH" is "OLd OPen OCeans TROuble TRIbesmen ABout Fish VEnom Giving VArious ACute/SPlitting Headaches" (a mnemonic that gives enough letters to distinguish between nerves that start with the same letter), or "On old Olympus's towering tops, a Finn and German viewed some hops," [16] and for the initial letters "OOOTTAFVGVAH" is "Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet ... ah, heaven." [17] The differences between these depend on "vestibulocochlear nerve" versus "acoustic nerve" and "accessory nerve" versus "spinal accessory nerve".


Old Ollie Oson Teaches Teenagers About Fashion Very Gladly Very Adequately Hilarious


Only Our Old Trusty Vodka And Friends Validate Great Victories, So Harmonious.


One Orange Orangutan Tries To Avoid Fragile Vines & Gracefully Vacates All Hazards


Ongoing Optimism Only Teaches True Amazing Fundamentals Varying Globally Versatile And Honesty


Only Old Otters Take Time And Find Very Good Values At Hand


Only One Ounce To Take Another Farmer's Very Great Vest And Hat

Functions of the Cranial Nerves

motor (M), sensory (S), or both (B)


Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Business Makes Money.


A common example mnemonic for remembering which nerves are motor (M), sensory (S), or both (B), "Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Benevolent Bride Matters More". There are a very large number of additional mnemonics. [18]


Summertime Seems More Majestic Because Multiple Bystanders Sing Brilliant Ballads Making Masterpieces


Silly Sally Makes Many Big Muffins But Sally Bakes Big Macarons Moreover


Some Sundays Make Me Bored, My Brother Stays Busy Building Miniature Models


Some Say Moms Make Boys Magnificent Because She Babies Boys Much More


Sometimes She May Muster Big Motors Because She Believes Both Men Matter


Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More


Some Say Marry Money, But My Buddy Says Brilliant Brains Make Money

3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Standing room only can be used to remember that:

5 branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)

For the five branches of the facial nerve there are: "Two Zebras Bit My Cookie" or "To Zanzibar By MotorCar" or "To Zoo By My Car"

Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

In neuroanatomy, the lateral geniculate nucleus is a structure in the thalamus and a key component of the mammalian visual pathway.


A simple mnemonic for remembering which layers of lateral geniculate body are synapsed with the ganglion cells of the ipsilateral or contralateral optic nerve is "See I? I see, I see," with "see" representing the C in "contralateral," and "I" representing the I in "ipsilateral." (CIICIC)

Another is "Emily and Pete meet eye to eye" as in "M and P meet I to I," or again, "Magno and Parvo meet Ipsi to Ipsi." (MMPPPP)


Another way of remembering which layers of lateral geniculate body are synapsed with the ganglion cells of the ipsilateral or contralateral optic nerve is 2+3=5 (layers II, III and V), which is correct, so it is from the same (ipsilateral) side as the ganglion cells from the side of question, while at the same time 1+4 doesn't equal 6, so the remaining layers (I, IV, and VI) are synapsing with ganglion cells of the other (contralateral) optic nerve.

Coronal section of brain (structures)

"In Extremis, Cannibals Eat People's Globus Pallidi Instead of Their Hearts":

From insula to midline:

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

FLAG TOP

Etc.

Bowel components

"Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report" [2]

From proximal to distal:

Duodenum: lengths of parts

"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered": [2] p. 1

Endocrine glands

The major glands of the endocrine system, excluding ovaries and testes: "T-A-P." (T2, A3, P4)

G.I. tract layers (simplified)

M.S.M.S.

Kidney functions

A WET BED

Placenta-crossing substances

WANT My Hot Dog [22]

Layers of the retina

A mnemonic to remember the layers of the retina:

MyMembrane (internal limiting)
NervesNerve fibers
GetGanglions
InInner plexiform
KnotsInner nuclear
OutsideOuter plexiform
OurOuter nuclear
EasyExternal limiting membrane
PracticePhotoreceptors
ReviewRetinal pigment epithelium

Sperm: path through male reproductive system

"My boyfriend's name is STEVE": [2]

Connective Tissue and Fascicles

Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Organs

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human leg</span> Lower extremity or limb of the human body (foot, lower leg, thigh and hip)

The leg is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh or sometimes even the hip or buttock region. The major bones of the leg are the femur, tibia, and adjacent fibula.

Articles related to anatomy include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subclavian artery</span> Major arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle

In human anatomy, the subclavian arteries are paired major arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle. They receive blood from the aortic arch. The left subclavian artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm, with some branches supplying the head and thorax. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the aortic arch, while on the right side it arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azygos vein</span> Human blood vessel by the spine

The azygos vein is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava. It connects the systems of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is blocked.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Popliteal artery</span> Continuation of the femoral artery that supplies the lower leg

The popliteal artery is a deeply placed continuation of the femoral artery opening in the distal portion of the adductor magnus muscle. It courses through the popliteal fossa and ends at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, where it branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdominal aorta</span> Largest artery in the abdomen

In human anatomy, the abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of the descending aorta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cervical vertebrae</span> Vertebrae of the neck

In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull. Truncal vertebrae lie caudal of cervical vertebrae. In sauropsid species, the cervical vertebrae bear cervical ribs. In lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The vertebral transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Most mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, with the only three known exceptions being the manatee with six, the two-toed sloth with five or six, and the three-toed sloth with nine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mediastinum</span> Central part of the thoracic cavity

The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Surrounded by loose connective tissue, it is a region that contains vital organs and structures within the thorax, namely the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, the trachea, the vagus, phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, the thymus and the lymph nodes of the central chest.

The anterior tibial artery is an artery of the leg. It carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibial nerve</span> Branch of the sciatic nerve

The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common carotid artery</span> One of the two arteries that supply the head and neck with blood

In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deep fibular nerve</span> Type of nerve

The deep fibular nerve begins at the bifurcation of the common fibular nerve between the fibula and upper part of the fibularis longus, passes infero-medially, deep to the extensor digitorum longus, to the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane, and comes into relation with the anterior tibial artery above the middle of the leg; it then descends with the artery to the front of the ankle-joint, where it divides into a lateral and a medial terminal branch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inferior phrenic arteries</span>

The inferior phrenic artery is a bilaterally paired artery of the abdominal cavity which represents the main source of arterial supply to the diaphragm. Each artery usually arises either from the coeliac trunk or the abdominal aorta, however, their origin is highly variable and the different sites of origin are different for the left artery and right artery. The superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inferior thyroid artery</span> Artery of the neck

The inferior thyroid artery is an artery in the neck. It arises from the thyrocervical trunk and passes upward, in front of the vertebral artery and longus colli muscle. It then turns medially behind the carotid sheath and its contents, and also behind the sympathetic trunk, the middle cervical ganglion resting upon the vessel.

In anatomy, arterial tree is used to refer to all arteries and/or the branching pattern of the arteries. This article regards the human arterial tree. Starting from the aorta:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Head and neck anatomy</span> Structure of the human head and neck

This article describes the anatomy of the head and neck of the human body, including the brain, bones, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, nose, mouth, teeth, tongue, and throat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intercostal arteries</span> Arteries supplying the space between the ribs

The intercostal arteries are a group of arteries passing within an intercostal space. There are 9 anterior and 11 posterior intercostal arteries on each side of the body. The anterior intercostal arteries are branches of the internal thoracic artery and its terminal branch - the musculophrenic artery. The posterior intercostal arteries are branches of the supreme intercostal artery and thoracic aorta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumbar veins</span> Veins that drain the posterior abdominal wall

The lumbar veins are four pairs of veins running along the inside of the posterior abdominal wall, and drain venous blood from parts of the abdominal wall. Each lumbar vein accompanies a single lumbar artery. The lower two pairs of lumbar veins all drain directly into the inferior vena cava, whereas the fate of the upper two pairs is more variable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malleolus</span> Ankle bone protrusion

A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of human anatomy</span> Overview of and topical guide to human anatomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:

References

  1. ↑ "Skeletal Anatomy: Vertebrae and Thoracic Cage" . Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Anatomy" (PDF). medicalmnemonics.com. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  3. ↑ "Inferior vena cava: tributaries". LifeHugger. 27 September 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Mediastinum".
  5. ↑ "Posterior mediastinum: Contents". LifeHugger. 27 September 2009.
  6. ↑ "Foramen magnum".
  7. ↑ "Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome & Nerve Entrapments". Archived from the original on November 4, 2006. Retrieved 2014-02-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ↑ "Find Doctors Near You: Top Physician Directory". doctor.medscape.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008.
  9. ↑ MedicalMnemonics.com: 1182 7
  10. ↑ "Medical mnemonics". LifeHugger. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  11. ↑ Niknejad, Mohammad Taghi. "Popliteal fossa anatomy (mnemonic) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  12. ↑ "Diaphragm".
  13. ↑ Wilson, Herbert H. Srebnik; illustrations by Genevieve M. (2002). Concepts in anatomy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 70. ISBN   0792375394.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Textbook of Basic Nursing by Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007) p194; Medical Terminology for Dummies by Beverley Henderson and Jennifer Dorsey (For Dummies, 2008) p327
  15. ↑ Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski, Textbook of Basic Nursing (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007) p194
  16. ↑ Dennis Long (2006). Vive Les Verbes Français!: 6,000 Verbs to Add Savoir-Flair to Your French. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 8. ISBN   978-0-07-147875-5.
  17. ↑ Kevin C. Wang; Rita A. Mukhtar; Rodrigo E Saenz (2005). Hardcore Neuroscience. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 23. ISBN   978-1-4051-0471-5.
  18. ↑ Saladin, Kenneth S. (2008). Human anatomy (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN   978-0-07-110209-4.
  19. ↑ MedicalMnemonics.com: 38
  20. ↑ Ziser. "The Endocrine System (Major Endocrine Glands)" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  21. ↑ "Four layers of the Gastointestinal Tract". University of Leeds. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  22. ↑ Mega List of Mnemonics for Nurses & Nursing Students. Examville Study Guides. 2010.
  23. 1 2 Standring, Susan (21 October 2020). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice. ISBN   978-0-7020-7705-0. OCLC   1202943188.
  24. ↑ Le, Tao (22 December 2014). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2015. ISBN   978-0-07-184007-1. OCLC   1059034925.

19. ScienceMnemonic - An Easy Way To Memorize Your Science Knowledge Using Mnemonics, Pictures, Visuals, Acronyms, Usage, Examples, Or Word Games.

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