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A medical triad is a group of three signs or symptoms, the result of injury to three organs, which characterise a specific medical condition. The appearance of all three signs conjoined together in another patient, points to that the patient has the same medical condition, or diagnosis. A medical tetrad is a group of four, while a pentad is a group of five.
| Name | Triad | Disease |
|---|---|---|
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture Triad | hypotension, pulsatile abdominal mass, flank pain | Abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| Achalasia Triad | increased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, decreased LES relaxation, aperistalsis | Achalasia |
| Allergic Triad | Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis), Allergic Rhinitis, bronchitis | Atopy or Atopic Triad |
| Alkaptonuria Triad | Ochronotic arthritis, Ochronotic pigmentation, Urine darkens on standing | Alkaptonuria |
| Amyand's Triad | Amyand's hernia, Appendicitis, Undescended testis | |
| Anderson Triad | Subcutaneous emphysema, rapid respirations, and abdominal rigidity | Esophageal rupture (likely intra-abdominal) |
| Austrian syndrome Triad | Pneumonia, Endocarditis, Meningitis (all caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae) | Austrian syndrome |
| Beck's triad | Muffled heart sound, Distended neck veins, Hypotension | Cardiac tamponade |
| Budd–Chiari syndrome | abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly | Budd–Chiari syndrome |
| Charcot's cholangitis triad | Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Fever, Jaundice | Ascending cholangitis |
| Charcot's neurologic triad | scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus | Multiple sclerosis |
| Triad of congenital toxoplasmosis | chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications | Congenital toxoplasmosis |
| Triad of congenital rubella | cataracts, patent ductus arteriosus, sensorineural hearing loss | Congenital rubella |
| Congestive Heart Failure Triad | Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Tender hepatomegaly | Congestive heart failure |
| Cushing's triad of Increased Intracranial Pressure | Bradycardia, Bradypnea, Hypertension | Head injuries |
| Danny's Triad | Painful urination, testicular pain, diarrhea | Chlamydia |
| Dieulafoy's triad | hyperesthesia of the skin, exquisite tenderness and guarding over McBurney's point | Acute appendicitis |
| Dietl's crisis | Renal colic, swelling in loin which disappears after urination | Hydronephrosis |
| Fanconi syndrome triad | Aminoaciduria, Proteinuria, Phosphaturia | Fanconi syndrome |
| Female athlete triad | eating disorders, amenorrhoea, decreased bone mineral density | Relative energy deficiency in sport |
| Felty triad | Rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly | Rheumatoid arthritis complication |
| Gradenigos Triad | Sixth cranial n. Palsy, Persistent ear discharge, Deep seated retro orbital pain | Gradenigo's syndrome |
| Graves Disease Triad | Goiter, exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema | Graves' disease |
| Triad of opioid overdose | Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, CNS depression | Opioid overdose |
| Triad of granulomatosis with polyangiitis | Focal necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomas in the lung and upper airway, necrotizing glomerulonephritis | Granulomatosis with polyangiitis |
| Hakim Triad [1] (Adams Triad) | Urinary incontinence, Gait disturbance, Dementia | Normal pressure hydrocephalus |
| Triad (Triad of Sandblom) | Malena, Obstructive jaundice, Biliary colic | Hemobilia |
| Triad of Meigs' Syndrome | ascites, pleural effusion, benign ovarian tumor | Meigs' syndrome |
| Hemolytic–Uremic Syndrome Triad | Anaemia, Thrombocytopenia, Kidney failure (But see Pentad of TTP below) | Hemolytic–uremic syndrome |
| Horner's Syndrome Triad | ptosis (eyelid), miosis, anhydrosis | Horner's syndrome |
| Hutchinson's triad | Hutchison's teeth, Interstitial keratitis, Nerve deafness | Congenital syphilis |
| Kartagener Syndrome Triad | Triad of bronchiectasis, Recurrent sinusitis, and, Situs inversus, | Kartagener syndrome |
| Leriche's syndrome Triad | Triad of bilateral hip, thigh, and buttock claudication, impotence, and symmetric atrophy of the bilateral lower extremities due to chronic ischemia | Leriche's syndrome |
| Mackler's triad | vomiting, pain and subcutaneous emphysema | Boerhaave syndrome |
| Three C's of Measles | cough, coryza, conjunctivitis | Measles |
| Meltzer's triad | purpura, arthralgias, weakness/myalgias | Cryoglobulinemia |
| Triad of Reactive arthritis | Urethritis, conjunctivitis and anterior uveitis, arthritis | Reactive arthritis |
| Saint's Triad | Gall stones, Diverticulosis, Hiatus hernia | |
| Samter's triad (also known as Acetylsalicylic acid triad or Widal's triad[ citation needed ] or Francis' triad[ citation needed ] or Aspirin triad) | Aspirin sensitivity, Nasal polyps, Asthma | Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease |
| Tetany in Children - Triad | Stridor, Carpopedal spasm, Convulsions | Tetany |
| Trauma triad of death | Coagulopathy, Hypothermia, Acidosis | Death |
| Triad of Albinism | Black locks, Occulo-cutaneous Albinism, Deafness of sensorineural type | Albinism |
| Triad of Alport Syndrome | Sensorineural deafness, Progressive kidney failure, Ocular anomalies | Alport syndrome |
| Triad of Behcet's Syndrome | Recurrent oral ulcers, Genital ulcers, Iridocyclitis | Behçet's disease |
| Triad of Causes of Biotin Deficiency | Glossitis, Alopecia, Dermatitis | Biotin deficiency |
| Triad of Henoch–Schönlein purpura | Palpable purpura on buttock/legs, arthralgias, abdominal pain | IgA vasculitis |
| Triad of Hypernephroma | Pain, hematuria, renal mass | Hypernephroma |
| Triad of Kwashiorkor | Growth retardation, Mental changes, Edema | Kwashiorkor |
| Triad of Plummer–Vinson syndrome | Iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, esophageal webs | Plummer–Vinson syndrome |
| Triad of Renal cell carcinoma | hematuria, palpable abdominal mass, flank pain | Renal cell carcinoma |
| Triple Test (for diagnosis of downs syndrome) | Estimation of hcg, Estriol, and AFP | Down's Syndrome |
| Trotter's triad | Conductive deafness, Immobility of homolateral soft palate, Trigeminal neuralgia | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
| Unhappy Triad (Also known as O'Donoghue's triad or a blown knee) | Injury to the ACL, MCL, and meniscus (either medial or lateral) | Knee Injury |
| Virchow's triad | Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Vessel injury | Venous thrombosis |
| Triad of Wernicke encephalopathy | Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia | Wernicke encephalopathy |
| Whipple's Triad | Hypoglycaemia during attacks, resolution of symptoms upon correction of blood glucose, symptoms brought about by low glucose states. | Insulinoma |
| Triad of Aortic stenosis | Chest pain, Heart failure, Syncope | Aortic stenosis |
| Murphy's triad | Pain-> Vomiting -> Fever | Acute appendicitis |
| Tillaux's triad | soft fluctuant swelling in umbilical region, swelling moves perpendicular to messentery, zone of resonance all around swelling | Mesenteric cyst |
| Rigler's triad | small bowel obstruction, a gallstone outside the gallbladder, and air in the bile ducts | Gallstone ileus |
| Wilkie's syndrome (SMA syndrome) | Chronic peptic ulcer, chronic appendicitis and chronic calcular cholecystitis | gastro-vascular disorder |
| Name | Tetrad | Disease |
|---|---|---|
| Tetralogy of Fallot | pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| Ménière's disease | vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating low frequency hearing loss, aural fullness | Ménière's disease |
| zoonotic tetrad | scrub typhus, chiggers, rodents and birds, scrub vegetation |
| Name | Pentad | Disease |
|---|---|---|
| Pentad of TTP | Remembered by the mnemonic "FAT RN" (or alternatively "ART FaN"); Fever, Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia), Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure, Neurologic disturbances | Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| Pentalogy of Cantrell | Omphalocele, Anterior diaphragmatic hernia, Sternal cleft, Ectopia cordis, Intracardiac defect. | Thoracoabdominal syndrome |
| Pentalogy of Fallot | Fallot's tetralogy with a patent foramen ovale or Atrial septal defect. | |
| Pentad of Primary hyperparathyroidism | "Stones", "Bones", "Abdominal groans", "Thrones", "Psychiatric overtones" | Primary hyperparathyroidism |
| Reynold's Pentad | Right Upper Quadrant Abdominal pain, Fever, Jaundice, Shock and Depression of central nervous system function | Acute suppurative cholangitis |
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the immune system can produce a variety of different diseases, including various forms of immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, allergies, and autoimmune disorders.
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health, while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing PTSD. Conflict first aid, focused on preservation and recovery of an individual's social or relationship well-being, is being piloted in Canada.
Iridology is an alternative medicine technique whose proponents claim that patterns, colors, and other characteristics of the iris can be examined to determine information about a patient's systemic health. Practitioners match their observations to iris charts, which divide the iris into zones that correspond to specific parts of the human body. Iridologists see the eyes as "windows" into the body's state of health.
In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a fixed annual fee. It is an organization that provides or arranges managed care for health insurance, self-funded health care benefit plans, individuals, and other entities, acting as a liaison with health care providers on a prepaid basis. The US Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 required employers with 25 or more employees to offer federally certified HMO options if the employer offers traditional healthcare options. Unlike traditional indemnity insurance, an HMO covers care rendered by those doctors and other professionals who have agreed by contract to treat patients in accordance with the HMO's guidelines and restrictions in exchange for a steady stream of customers. HMOs cover emergency care regardless of the health care provider's contracted status.
Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of 13 genetic connective-tissue disorders. Symptoms often include loose joints, joint pain, stretchy velvety skin, and abnormal scar formation. These may be noticed at birth or in early childhood. Complications may include aortic dissection, joint dislocations, scoliosis, chronic pain, or early osteoarthritis. The current classification was last updated in 2017, when a number of rarer forms of EDS were added.
A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms which are correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder. The word derives from the Greek σύνδρομον, meaning "concurrence". When a syndrome is paired with a definite cause this becomes a disease. In some instances, a syndrome is so closely linked with a pathogenesis or cause that the words syndrome, disease, and disorder end up being used interchangeably for them. This substitution of terminology often confuses the reality and meaning of medical diagnoses. This is especially true of inherited syndromes. About one third of all phenotypes that are listed in OMIM are described as dysmorphic, which usually refers to the facial gestalt. For example, Down syndrome, Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, and Andersen–Tawil syndrome are disorders with known pathogeneses, so each is more than just a set of signs and symptoms, despite the syndrome nomenclature. In other instances, a syndrome is not specific to only one disease. For example, toxic shock syndrome can be caused by various toxins; another medical syndrome named as premotor syndrome can be caused by various brain lesions; and premenstrual syndrome is not a disease but simply a set of symptoms.
Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition.
In a physical examination, medical examination, or clinical examination, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions about the patient's medical history followed by an examination based on the reported symptoms. Together, the medical history and the physical examination help to determine a diagnosis and devise the treatment plan. These data then become part of the medical record.
Prognosis is a medical term for predicting the likelihood or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival. A prognosis is made on the basis of the normal course of the diagnosed disease, the individual's physical and mental condition, the available treatments, and additional factors. A complete prognosis includes the expected duration, function, and description of the course of the disease, such as progressive decline, intermittent crisis, or sudden, unpredictable crisis.
Conversion disorder (CD), or functional neurologic symptom disorder, is a diagnostic category used in some psychiatric classification systems. It is sometimes applied to patients who present with neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, which are not consistent with a well-established organic cause, which cause significant distress, and can be traced back to a psychological trigger. It is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patient's mental health or an ongoing mental health condition such as depression. Conversion disorder was retained in DSM-5, but given the subtitle functional neurological symptom disorder. The new criteria cover the same range of symptoms, but remove the requirements for a psychological stressor to be present and for feigning to be disproved. The ICD-10 classifies conversion disorder as a dissociative disorder, and the ICD-11 as a dissociative disorder with unspecified neurological symptoms. However, the DSM-IV classifies conversion disorder as a somatoform disorder.
A factitious disorder is a mental disorder in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms, purely to attain a patient's role. People with a factitious disorder may produce symptoms by contaminating urine samples, taking hallucinogens, injecting fecal material to produce abscesses, and similar behaviour. The word factitious derives from the Latin word factītius, meaning "human-made".
Congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD) is a condition in which the vasa deferentia reproductive organs fail to form properly prior to birth. It may either be unilateral (CUAVD) or bilateral (CBAVD).
Precordial catch syndrome (PCS) is a non-serious condition in which there are sharp stabbing pains in the chest. These typically get worse with inhaling and occur within a small area. Spells of pain usually last less than a few minutes. Typically it begins at rest and other symptoms are absent. Concerns about the condition may result in anxiety.
Medical model is the term coined by psychiatrist R. D. Laing in his The Politics of the Family and Other Essays (1971), for the "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained". It includes complaint, history, physical examination, ancillary tests if needed, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis with and without treatment.
An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as an intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU) or critical care unit (CCU), is a special department of a hospital or health care facility that provides intensive care medicine.
A medical test is a medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disease processes, susceptibility, or to determine a course of treatment. Medical tests such as, physical and visual exams, diagnostic imaging, genetic testing, chemical and cellular analysis, relating to clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, are typically performed in a medical setting.
Medical diagnosis is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as a diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. The information required for a diagnosis is typically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as medical tests, are also done during the process. Sometimes the posthumous diagnosis is considered a kind of medical diagnosis.
A glossary of terms used in clinical research.
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a brain tumor that occurs most frequently in children and teenagers. At Boston Children's Hospital, the average age at diagnosis is 12 years.
Medical state is a term used to describe a hospital patient's health status, or condition. The term is most commonly used in information given to the news media, and is rarely used as a clinical description by physicians.