List of people with hepatitis C

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The human liver, the site of hepatitis C infection Liver.png
The human liver, the site of hepatitis C infection
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The infectious disease hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which affects the liver. [1] During the initial infection, people often have mild or no symptoms, and there is typically no symptoms early during chronic infection. This condition can progress to scarring of the liver (fibrosis), and advanced scarring (cirrhosis). Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. [2] In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop complications such as liver failure, liver cancer, or dilated blood vessels in the esophagus and stomach. [1]

Contents

Although HCV was not discovered until April 1989, [3] an estimated 170 million people worldwide are infected by hepatitis C. [4] As of April 2014, 130—150 million globally suffer from chronic hepatitis C infection; a significant number develop cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. Each year, 350,000 to 500,000 people die from hepatitis C-related liver diseases. No vaccine is available at this time. The symptoms of infection can be medically managed when the disease is diagnosed early, and a proportion of patients can be cleared of the virus by a course of anti-viral medicines. [5] Globally, an estimated 50–95% of people treated are cured. [6] [7] With more recently developed medications, cure rates are around 80 to 95%. [7] The symptoms of HCV infection, especially in its early stages, can be mild enough to conceal the fact of the disease; thus, some people do not seek treatment. [8] As Live Aid founder Bob Geldof states, "Stigma, shame and fear can suffocate awareness. These barriers prevent people from getting tested, receiving treatment, and clearing themselves of this disease". [9] A number of celebrities diagnosed with the disease have decided to go public to raise awareness about hepatitis C and to encourage more people to get tested for the disease. [9]

Acting

Danny Kaye, in 1987 Danny Kaye 9 Allan Warren.jpg
Danny Kaye, in 1987
Actor Christopher Lawford Christopherlawford.JPG
Actor Christopher Lawford
Actor Jim Nabors Jim Nabors.jpg
Actor Jim Nabors
NameLifetimeComments
Pamela Anderson 1967–Famous for her role as C.J. Parker on the television series Baywatch . She has, since late 2015 had a successful treatment of hepatitis C, and has been cured of the disease. [10]
Stanley Fafara 1943–2003Child actor who played "Whitey" on Leave it to Beaver . He was a recovering heroin addict who died after complications from surgery. [11]
Christiane F. 1962–German actress who played Christiana in the 1984 film 'Decoder'. She contracted hepatitis C from an infected needle in the late 1980s, whilst injecting heroin. [12]
Danny Kaye 1911–1987American actor, singer, dancer, comedian, and musician. His performances featured physical comedy, idiosyncratic pantomimes, and rapid-fire novelty songs. He contacted hepatitis C four years before his death from a transfusion during surgery. [13]
Christopher Lawford 1955–2018 [14] Son of Peter Lawford and nephew of John F. Kennedy, best known for his role as Charlie Brent on the soap opera All My Children in the early 1990s. He was diagnosed with hepatitis C in 2000. [15]
Linda Lovelace 1949–2002The star of the 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat . She contracted hepatitis C from a blood transfusion after a car accident in 1969 and had a liver transplant in 1987. [16]
Natasha Lyonne 1979–American actress best known for her roles in Orange Is the New Black and Russian Doll . [17] [18]
Jim Nabors 1930–2017Best known for his role in Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. . His immune system was compromised since receiving a liver transplant in 1994. [19]
Anita Pallenberg 1944–2017Italian-born model, actress and fashion designer. According to Marianne Faithfull, "she almost single-handedly engineered a cultural revolution in London by bringing together the Stones and ... transformed the [Rolling] Stones from pop stars into cultural icons." [20] [21]
Rockets Redglare 1949–2001Actor and comic. Died from combination of kidney failure, liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatitis C. [22]
Lucy Saroyan 1946–2003Actress and daughter of William Saroyan who had minor roles in over 20 movies. She died from cirrhosis of the liver complicated by hepatitis C. [23]
Ken Watanabe 1959–Japanese actor best known for his role in The Last Samurai , he disclosed in his autobiography that he had contracted hepatitis C, and in 2006, told reporters that he was being successfully treated. [24]

Business

NameLifetimeComments
Rocky Aoki 1938–2008Japanese businessman and founder of Benihana. [25]
Anita Roddick 1942–2007Founder of The Body Shop chain of cosmetics stores. She contracted hepatitis C from a blood transfusion in 1971, and was diagnosed in February 2007. She campaigned to make hepatitis C more of serious health concern and died of a brain hemorrhage in September 2007. [26]

Music

Musician Gregg Allman in concert, 2006 Gregg Allman (2006).jpg
Musician Gregg Allman in concert, 2006
Singer Natalie Cole at the Emmy Awards, 2004 Natalie Cole at the 44th Emmy Awards cropped and airbrushed.jpg
Singer Natalie Cole at the Emmy Awards, 2004
Punk rock pioneer Willy DeVille, 2008 2008-02-26 Willy DeVille IMG 8267.jpg
Punk rock pioneer Willy DeVille, 2008
Gospel music artist Gary S. Paxton, backstage at the Country Gospel Music Awards, 2007 GaryPaxton1.jpg
Gospel music artist Gary S. Paxton, backstage at the Country Gospel Music Awards, 2007
Musician Steven Tyler Steven Tyler (musician).jpg
Musician Steven Tyler
NameLifetimeComments
Gregg Allman 1947–2017Rock musician and founding member of The Allman Brothers Band. [27]
Mark Arm 1962– Grunge singer/guitarist, and co-founding member of both Green River and Mudhoney. [28]
Ray Benson 1941–Front man of the band Asleep at the Wheel, he believed that he got hepatitis C from a tattoo needle. He later become a vocal spokesperson for the disease. [29]
Natalie Cole 1950–2015 [30] Singer and daughter of Nat King Cole. She was diagnosed in 2008 during a routine examination, when she found that the disease had been in her body for 20 years without her knowing it. [31]
David Crosby 1941–2023Guitarist, singer, and songwriter, best known for being a founding member of The Byrds and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. He was diagnosed after collapsing onstage in the summer of 1994 and received a life-saving liver transplant later that year. [32]
Willy DeVille 1950–2009One of the founders of the band Mink DeVille and a pioneer in punk rock. He was diagnosed with hepatitis C in February 2009 and was found to have pancreatic cancer during the course of his treatment. [33]
Alejandro Escovedo 1951–Songwriter, member of the San Francisco punk scene. By 2014, he had recovered from his illness, which was treated with holistic medicine. [29] [34]
Marianne Faithfull 1946–Singer and actress who dated Mick Jagger in the 60s. She was diagnosed with the virus in the 1990s, after a long period of drug abuse and clinical depression. [35] [36]
Freddy Fender 1937–2006Musician who introduced Tex-Mex music to a wider audience. Struggled with alcoholism, drug abuse, and diabetes. He had a kidney transplant (the kidney was donated by his 21-year-old daughter) in 2002 and had a liver transplant two years later. [37]
Diamanda Galás 1955– Avant-garde vocalist who got hepatitis C from drug use, by 2005, she was in remission. [38]
Chet Helms 1942–2005Music producer who helped create the vibrant San Francisco rock music scene in the 1960s. He was undergoing treatment for hepatitis C when he suffered a stroke. [39]
Dusty Hill 1949–2021 [40] Bassist and vocalist with rock group ZZ Top. Their tour was cancelled when he was diagnosed in 2000. After he received treatment and went into remission, the band resumed touring in 2002. [41]
Etta James 1938–2012Singer, called "Little Peaches", who was best known for her song "At Last". [42]
Naomi Judd 1946–2022Member of the mother-daughter duo The Judds; she retired in 1991 after being diagnosed with hepatitis C, but returned to touring with her daughter Wynonna by 2011. [43]
Anthony Kiedis 1962–American vocalist/lyricist of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He contracted hepatitis C from drug use. [44]
Phil Lesh 1940–2024Founding member and bass guitarist of the rock band Grateful Dead. He received a life-saving liver transplant in 1998. [45]
David Marks 1948–Founding member of The Beach Boys, was diagnosed in 1999. After undergoing treatment, Marks has been virus free since 2004. His diagnosis inspired him to stop drinking and smoking, and lead a healthier lifestyle. [46]
Tawn Mastrey 1957–2007Disc jockey who was the voice of 1980s heavy-metal scene in Los Angeles. She contracted hepatitis C when she was a child. [47]
Kenny Neal 1957– New Orleans blues guitarist. Diagnosed in 2005, less than one year after his brother, musician Ronnie Neal, died of hepatitis C. He was successfully treated and went into remission. [48]
Chuck Negron 1942–Vocalist and founding member of Three Dog Night. He contracted hepatitis C due to "the long-lasting effects of drug use and alcoholism". [49]
Gary S. Paxton 1938–2016 [50] Bakersfield country and gospel music artist. He contracted hepatitis C through several blood transfusions and almost died from the disease in 1990. [51]
Martin Phillipps Co-founder and front runner of the New Zealand-based, Dunedin sound rock band The Chills. Phillipps contracted hep C from alcohol and drug abuse in the 1990s, but received a "miracle reprieve" when the drug Harvoni was used to treat it in 2016. [52] [53]
Lou Reed 1942–2013Singer, guitarist, and songwriter whose work with the Velvet Underground influenced generations of rock musicians. He struggled with hepatitis C for many years before receiving a liver transplant in 2013, but died later that year. [54] [55]
Keith Richards 1943–Founding member of The Rolling Stones. He credited his "incredible immune system" with curing his hepatitis C, "without even bothering to do anything about it". [56]
Curtis Salgado 1954–Blues musician who was diagnosed with hepatitis C in 1988 and had a successful liver transplant in 2006. [57]
Tony Scalzo 1964–Rock musician and songwriter, best known as a founding member of the band Fastball. [29]
Randy Turner 1949–2005Lead singer for the seminal hardcore punk band Big Boys. [29]
Steven Tyler 1948–Musician, songwriter, and member of the rock band Aerosmith. In September 2006, he announced that he had been diagnosed three years prior and had just completed eleven months of treatment. [58]
Scott Weiland 1967–2015Singer, songwriter, and member of the rock bands Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver. [59]

Politics

Political activist Stew Albert Stew Albert.jpg
Political activist Stew Albert
NameLifetimeComments
Stew Albert 1939–20061960s era activist and co-founder of the Yippies. He died of liver cancer and had previously been diagnosed with hepatitis C, which he successfully treated. [60]
Hank Johnson 1954– U.S. Representative for the state of Georgia; was declared free of hepatitis C, which ravaged his liver and resulted in depression, thyroid problems, and other health issues, in January 2009. He underwent an experimental treatment to keep the disease in remission. [61]
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. 1952–American radio host, environmental activist, author, and attorney; son of Robert F. Kennedy. He was treated for hepatitis C with interferon when he was in rehab in 1983. [62]
Yohei Kono 1938–Japanese politician. His eldest son, Taro Kono, also a politician, donated part of his liver to save his father's life in 2002. [63]
Mel Lastman 1933–2021Mayor of Toronto. He contracted hepatitis C from a blood transfusion in 1989. [64]
Kenneth Zebrowski 1946–2007Member of the New York State Assembly. Contracted hepatitis C from blood transfusion in 1973, but was not diagnosed with it until 1996. His son, Kenneth Zebrowski, Jr., also became an Assemblyman and introduced legislation to fund research and treatment in his honor. [65]

Science and medicine

Jack Kevorkian, January 2011 KevorkianUCLARoyce.jpg
Jack Kevorkian, January 2011
NameLifetimeComments
Jack Kevorkian 1928–2011 Pathologist noted for publicly championing a terminal patient's "right to die". He served eight years in prison for second-degree murder. His attorney claimed Kevorkian contracted hepatitis C after testing blood transfusions during the Vietnam War. [66] [67]

Sports

Superstar Billy Graham, 2008 Superstar Billy Graham.jpg
Superstar Billy Graham, 2008
NameLifetimeComments
Rolf Benirschke 1955–Former placekicker in the National Football League for the San Diego Chargers. Diagnosed in 1998, he was infected by the blood transfusions he received in 1979 to treat ulcerative colitis. [68]
Billy Graham 1943–American professional wrestler. He claims to have contracted hepatitis C "from rolling around the ring in other wrestlers' blood". [69]
Mickey Mantle 1931–1995Baseball player for the New York Yankees. He underwent a liver transplant in June 1995 but his liver cancer had spread to other parts of his body and he died in August. [70]

Writing

NameLifetimeComments
Penny Arcade 1950–Performance artist and playwright, diagnosed in 2003. She became an "unofficial spokesperson for sufferers of a disease that often strikes people living on the margins". [71]
Jim Carroll 1949–2009Author, poet, autobiographer, and punk musician, best known for his 1978 autobiography The Basketball Diaries , which was made in the 1995 film starring Leonardo DiCaprio. [72]
Nik Cohn 1946–Popular music journalist and critic. He said that having hepatitis C was like having "permanent jet lag". [73]
Allen Ginsberg 1926–1997 Beat poet best known for the poem Howl . He died of liver cancer after suffering for many years with hepatitis C. [74]
Ken Kesey 1935–2001Best known for his novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest . Died of liver cancer, caused by hepatitis C. [75]
Richard McCann 1949–2021Writer of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, best known for his book Mother of Sorrows. He was diagnosed in 1990, a few months after the hepatitis C test became available, and received a liver transplant in 1996. [76]
Hubert Selby, Jr. 1928–2004Author of Last Exit to Brooklyn and other existential novels. He contracted hepatitis C while receiving treatment for tuberculosis. [77]
Jerry Stahl 1954–Novelist. He was forced to avoid contact with his pregnant wife while on a clinical trial for a new hepatitis C treatment. [78]
Robert Schimmel 1954–2010Comedian who was known for "taboo-breaking humor of the sexual and scatological variety" [79] who regularly appeared on Howard Stern's radio show. He contracted hepatitis C from a blood transfusion while serving in the Air Force, wrote a book in 2008 about his experiences with cancer, and died in 2010 from injuries sustained in a car accident.
Gene Weingarten 1951–Pulitzer-prizewinning humor writer and journalist with The Washington Post . [80]
Elizabeth Young 1950–2001Literary critic and writer. [81]

Miscellaneous

Daredevil Evel Knievel, c. 1979 At Home With Evel Knievel.jpg
Daredevil Evel Knievel, c. 1979
NameLifetimeComments
Dharmachari Aryadaka 1948–2003First Buddhist chaplain in Washington state prisons. [82]
Jeannine Parvati Baker 1949–2005 Midwife, herbalist, author and homebirth advocate. She contracted hepatitis C from an injection she received after the birth of her first child in 1970 to prevent Rh disease. [83] [84]
Laurie Bembenek 1958–2010Ex-Milwaukee police officer accused of killing her husband's ex-wife. She died of liver and kidney failure and hepatitis C. [85]
Evel Knievel 1938–2007 Stuntperson best known for his public displays of long distance, high-altitude motorcycle jumping. He underwent a liver transplant in 1999 after nearly dying of hepatitis C, which he believed he had contracted from a blood transfusion after one of his many violent crashes. [86]
Lance Loud 1951–2001Best known for his role in An American Family , a 12-part 1973 PBS documentary. Died of liver failure caused by a hepatitis C and HIV co-infection. [87]
James Earl Ray 1928–1998Confessed assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. Died of liver disease due to hepatitis C. [88] [89]
Chopper Read 1954–2013Australian criminal and author, who claimed to have contracted hepatitis C from his time in prison. He refused a liver transplant because he said "he did not deserve it". [90]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis</span> Inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure. Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis C</span> Human viral infection

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. During the initial infection period, people often have mild or no symptoms. Early symptoms can include fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin. The virus persists in the liver, becoming chronic, in about 70% of those initially infected. Early on, chronic infection typically has no symptoms. Over many years however, it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cirrhosis. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will develop serious complications such as liver failure, liver cancer, or dilated blood vessels in the esophagus and stomach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcoholic liver disease</span> Medical condition

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), also called alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viral hepatitis</span> Liver inflammation from a viral infection

Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection. It may present in acute form as a recent infection with relatively rapid onset, or in chronic form, typically progressing from a long-lasting asymptomatic condition up to a decompensated hepatic disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver disease</span> Medical condition

Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver. If long-lasting it is termed chronic liver disease. Although the diseases differ in detail, liver diseases often have features in common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spider angioma</span> Medical condition

A spider angioma or spider naevus, also nevus araneus, is a type of telangiectasis found slightly beneath the skin's surface, often containing a central red spot and deep reddish extensions which radiate outwards like a spider's web or a spider's legs. They are common and often benign, presenting in around 10–15% of healthy adults and young children. However, having more than three spider angiomas is likely to be abnormal and may be a sign of liver disease and/or hepatitis C ; it also suggests the probability of esophageal varices.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection is a multi-faceted, chronic condition that significantly impacts public health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 2 to 15% of those infected with HIV are also affected by HCV, increasing their risk of morbidity and mortality due to accelerated liver disease. The burden of co-infection is especially high in certain high-risk groups, such as intravenous drug users and men who have sex with men. These individuals who are HIV-positive are commonly co-infected with HCV due to shared routes of transmission including, but not limited to, exposure to HIV-positive blood, sexual intercourse, and passage of the Hepatitis C virus from mother to infant during childbirth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liver cancer</span> Medical condition

Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy, is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary in which the cancer starts in the liver, or it can be liver metastasis, or secondary, in which the cancer spreads from elsewhere in the body to the liver. Liver metastasis is the more common of the two liver cancers. Instances of liver cancer are increasing globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis B</span> Human viral infection

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cirrhosis</span> Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis

Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease, is a condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease. Damage to the liver leads to repair of liver tissue and subsequent formation of scar tissue. Over time, scar tissue and nodules of regenerating hepatocytes can replace the parenchyma, causing increased resistance to blood flow in the liver's capillaries—the hepatic sinusoids—and consequently portal hypertension, as well as impairment in other aspects of liver function. The disease typically develops slowly over months or years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sofosbuvir</span> Chemical compound

Sofosbuvir, sold under the brand name Sovaldi among others, is a medication used to treat hepatitis C. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simeprevir</span> Chemical compound

Simeprevir, sold under the brand name Olysio among others, is a medication used in combination with other medications for the treatment of hepatitis C. It is specifically used for hepatitis C genotype 1 and 4. Medications it is used with include sofosbuvir or ribavirin and peginterferon-alfa. Cure rates are in 80s to 90s percent. It may be used in those who also have HIV/AIDS. It is taken by mouth once daily for typically 12 weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Houghton</span> British virologist (born 1949)

Sir Michael Houghton is a British scientist and Nobel Prize laureate. Along with Qui-Lim Choo, George Kuo and Daniel W. Bradley, he co-discovered Hepatitis C in 1989. He also co-discovered the Hepatitis D genome in 1986. The discovery of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) led to the rapid development of diagnostic reagents to detect HCV in blood supplies, which has reduced the risk of acquiring HCV through blood transfusion from one in three to about one in two million. It is estimated that antibody testing has prevented at least 40,000 new infections per year in the US alone and many more worldwide.

Jay Houston Hoofnagle is an American Doctor of Medicine. He is a leading expert in hepatotoxicity, hepatitis, cirrhosis and other diseases of the liver, and director of the Liver Disease Research Branch in the Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition at the National Institutes of Health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dasabuvir</span> Chemical compound

Dasabuvir, sold under the brand name Exviera, is an antiviral medication for the treatment of hepatitis C. It is often used together with the combination medication ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir specifically for hepatitis C virus (HCV) type 1. Ribavirin may also additionally be used. These combinations result in a cure in more than 90% of people. It is taken by mouth.

Elbasvir/grazoprevir, sold under the brand name Zepatier, is a fixed-dose combination for the treatment of hepatitis C, containing elbasvir and grazoprevir. It is used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 or 4 infection in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes refer to the genetic variations that occurs in the hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C is a contagious disease that primarily affects the liver, causing severe damage as the disease progresses. It is caused by the Hepatitis C virus, a small, enveloped RNA virus. The transmission of hepatitis C is through the contact with the blood of the infected person, for example by sharing the needles or by using non-sterile medical equipment. HCV is transmitted globally because of the high infection rate and is also associated with a high mortality rate. The World Health Organization indicates the 3.3% of the world population is infected by the HCV virus. Statistical records show that there are about 13 million HCV affected persons in Сhina, 3.5 million affected persons in the United States, and about 10 million people are affected by HCV in Pakistan. In all cases, the viral genotype of the HCV stays the same, occasionally mutations do occur making the treatment more complex by targeting the changes in the genotype. Hepatitis C virus genotype is considered more common than the Hepatitis B virus infection contributing to more than a million cases annually and is considered one of the major reason for liver transplantation in United States. Some of the HCV genotypes may develop in people without symptoms leading to dangerous conditions like liver cirrhosis causing a permanent damage to liver and the unnoticed HCV conditions will affect brain, joints, blood vessels, bones, and kidneys.

Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, sold under the brand name Epclusa among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication for the treatment of hepatitis C in adults. It combines sofosbuvir and velpatasvir. It is more than 90% effective for hepatitis C genotypes one through six. It also works for hepatitis C in those who also have cirrhosis or HIV/AIDS. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir</span> Combination drug

Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P), sold under the brand names Mavyret and Maviret, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat hepatitis C. It contains glecaprevir and pibrentasvir. It works against all six types of hepatitis C. At twelve weeks following treatment between 81% and 100% of people have no evidence of hepatitis C. It is taken once a day by mouth with food.

Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir, sold under the brand name Vosevi, is a fixed-dose combination medication for the treatment of hepatitis C. It contains sofosbuvir, a hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor; velpatasvir, an HCV NS5A inhibitor; and voxilaprevir an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor.

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