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Clairvoyance is the claimed ability to acquire information that would be considered impossible to get through scientifically proven sensations, thus classified as extrasensory perception, or "sixth sense". Any person who is claimed to have such ability is said to be a clairvoyant.
Extrasensory perception (ESP), also known as a sixth sense, or cryptaesthesia, is a claimed paranormal ability pertaining to reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses, but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by Duke University botanist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as intuition, telepathy, psychometry, clairvoyance, clairaudience, clairsentience, empathy and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition.
Parapsychology is the study of alleged psychic phenomena and other paranormal claims, for example, those related to near-death experiences, synchronicity, apparitional experiences, etc. Criticized as being a pseudoscience, the majority of mainstream scientists reject it. Parapsychology has also been criticized by mainstream critics for claims by many of its practitioners that their studies are plausible despite a lack of convincing evidence after more than a century of research for the existence of any psychic phenomena.
Parapsychology is a field of research that studies a number of ostensible paranormal phenomena, including telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, and apparitional experiences.
Telepathy is the purported vicarious transmission of information from one person's mind to another's without using any known human sensory channels or physical interaction. The term was first coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Frederic W. H. Myers, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR), and has remained more popular than the earlier expression thought-transference.
A psychic is a person who claims to use powers rooted in parapsychology, such as extrasensory perception (ESP), to identify information hidden from the normal senses, particularly involving telepathy or clairvoyance; or who performs acts that are apparently inexplicable by natural laws, such as psychokinesis or teleportation. Although many people believe in psychic abilities, the scientific consensus is that there is no proof of the existence of such powers, and describes the practice as pseudoscience.
The Silva Method is a self-help and meditation program developed by José Silva. It claims to increase an individual's abilities through relaxation, development of higher brain functions, and psychic abilities such as clairvoyance.
Remote viewing (RV) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen subject, purportedly sensing with the mind. A remote viewer is expected to give information about an object, event, person, or location hidden from physical view and separated at some distance. Physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, parapsychology researchers at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), are generally credited with coining the term "remote viewing" to distinguish it from the closely related concept of clairvoyance. According to Targ, the term was first suggested by Ingo Swann in December 1971 during an experiment at the American Society for Psychical Research in New York City.
In American science fiction of the 1950s and '60s, psionics was a proposed discipline that applied principles of engineering to the study of paranormal or psychic phenomena, such as extrasensory perception, telepathy and psychokinesis. The term is a blend word of psi and the -onics from electronics. The word "psionics" began as, and always remained, a term of art within the science fiction community and—despite the promotional efforts of editor John W. Campbell, Jr.—it never achieved general currency, even among academic parapsychologists. In the years after the term was coined in 1951, it became increasingly evident that no scientific evidence supports the existence of "psionic" abilities.
"Mind over matter" is a phrase that has been used in several contexts, such as mind-centric spiritual doctrines, parapsychology, and philosophy.
In parapsychology, psychometry, also known as token-object reading, or psychoscopy, is a form of extrasensory perception characterized by the claimed ability to glean accurate knowledge of an object's history by making physical contact with that object. Supporters assert that an object may have an energy field that transfers knowledge regarding that object's history.
Nina Kulagina, Ninel Sergeyevna Kulagina was a Russian woman who claimed to have psychic powers, particularly in psychokinesis. Academic research of her phenomenon was conducted in the USSR for the last 20 years of her life.
Joseph Banks Rhine, usually known as J. B. Rhine, was an American botanist who founded parapsychology as a branch of psychology, founding the parapsychology lab at Duke University, the Journal of Parapsychology, the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, and the Parapsychological Association. Rhine wrote the books Extrasensory Perception and Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind.
Psionics, in tabletop role-playing games, is a broad category of fantastic abilities originating from the mind, similar to the psychic abilities that some people claim in reality.
John Gerald Taylor was a British physicist and author. He is notable for writing a book critical of paranormal phenomena.
Samuel George Soal (1889–1975) was a British mathematician and parapsychologist. He was charged with fraudulent production of data in his work in parapsychology.
Telekinesis is a purported psychic ability allowing an individual to influence a physical system without physical interaction. Experiments to prove the existence of telekinesis have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability. There is no reliable evidence that telekinesis is a real phenomenon, and the topic is generally regarded as pseudoscience.
Clement Williams Kennedy Mundle was a Scottish philosopher and parapsychologist. He was head of the Philosophy Department, University of St. Andrews, University College Dundee later "Queens College" and eventually becoming the University of Dundee, Scotland (1947–55). From 1955 to 1981 he was Professor of philosophy at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. Mundle was president of the Society for Psychical Research, London (1971–74).
Masuaki Kiyota is a Japanese psychic known for his alleged ability of thoughtography.
References
- ↑ Bruce, Robert (1999). Astral Dynamics: A New Approach to Out-of-body Experience. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Pub. ISBN 1571741437.
- ↑ Miller, Sukie (1998). After Death: How People Around the World Map the Journey After Life (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780684838694.
- ↑ Edzard Ernst (15 January 2001). "A primer of complementary and alternative medicine commonly used by cancer patients | Medical Journal of Australia". Medical Journal of Australia. 174 (2). Mja.com.au. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ↑ Oldridge, Darren (2007). Strange Histories: The Trial of the Pig, the Walking Dead, and Other Matters of Fact from the Medieval and Renaissance Worlds. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415404921.
- ↑ Roach, Mary (2008). Six Feet Over: Adventures in the Afterlife. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 122–130. ISBN 9781847670809.
- ↑ "medium - The Skeptic's Dictionary". Skepdic.com. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ↑ Randi, James (n.d.) [1995 (print)]. "Prophecy". An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural . Digital adaptation by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (Online ed.). James Randi Educational Foundation [St. Martin's Press (print)]. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ↑ Spence, Lewis (2007). Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology (3rd ed.). [Whitefish, Mont.]: Kessinger Publishing. p. 750. ISBN 978-0-7661-2817-0.
- ↑ Braude, Stephen E. (2002). ESP and Psychokinesis: A Philosophical Examination (Rev. ed.). Parkland, Fla.: Brown Walker Press. p. 21. ISBN 1-58112-407-4.
- ↑ Miller, Sukie (1998). After Death: How People Around the World Map the Journey After Life (1st Touchstone ed.). Ulan Batar: Simon & Schuster. pp. 167–192. ISBN 9780684838694.
- ↑ Randi, James (n.d.) [1995 (print)]. "Precognition". An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural . Digital adaptation by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (Online ed.). James Randi Educational Foundation [St. Martin's Press (print)]. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ↑ Beloff, John (1997). Parapsychology: a Concise empathy History (1st paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-312-17376-0.
- ↑ Zusne, Leonard (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum. p. 167. ISBN 0-8058-0508-7.
- ↑ Wolman, Benjamin B. (1986). Handbook of Parapsychology (Repr. ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. pp. 921–936. ISBN 9780899501864.
- ↑ Hamilton, Trevor (2009). Immortal Longings: FWH Myers and the Victorian Search for Life after Death. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-84540-248-8.
