Civil wars are not included unless there was a foreign intervention.
Not all wars including the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Principality of Zeta are included, the former because it was an independent kingdom that only later took the Nemanjić tradition, and the latter because after Crnojevći came to power in the middle of the 15th century it has its independent political development from the Serbian Despotate.
The list gives the name, the date, the Serbian allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
Victory
Defeat
Inconclusive (e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result)
Khan Presian launched an invasion into Serbian territory in 839, which led to a war that lasted for three years, in which the Serbs, led by Price Vlastimir were victorious[1]
Bulgarian-Serbian War (853)Illustration of Mutimir, son of Vlastimir, Serbian Prince and leader of the Serbian army
Boris I sought to avenge the defeat of his father, and in 853 or 854, sends the Bulgar army led by his son, Vladimir-Rasate, to invade the Principality of Serbia[2]
The Serbian army, which was led by Mutimir and his two brothers, defeated the invaders, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars, after which Boris I and Mutimir agreed on peace
Siege of Bari (870–871)A scene depicting Sawdan, third and last emir of Bari. interrogating a Byzantine ambassador
According to On Administering the Empire, "present by [Byzantine] imperial mandate" at the siege were "the Croat and Serb and Zachlumian chiefs and the Terbouniotes and Kanalites and the men of Ragusa and all the cities of Dalmatia", who "were carried over into Lombardy [i.e., Langobardia Minor] by the inhabitants of the city of Ragusa in their own vessels[5]
Rebellion sponsored by Simeon I of Bulgaria was defeated, resulting in the death of Klonimir and a truce between the Principality of Serbia and the Bulgarian Empire[7]
Simeon I decided to deal with Prince Petar Gojniković before advancing further against the Byzantines. An army was dispatched under the command of Theodore Sigritsa and Marmais. The two persuaded Petar Gojniković to meet them, seized him, and sent him to Preslav, where he died in prison[8]
Pavle Branovic becomes the new Prince of Serbia[8]
Zaharija, the exiled son of Pribislav (the eldest of Mutimir's sons), was sent by Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944) to seize the throne. Prince Pavle of Serbia defeated and captured him, handing him over to Symeon, who held him for future use
In 921 Simeon I sent a Bulgarian army headed by Zaharija against the Serbian Principality. The Bulgarian intervention was successful, Pavle was deposed and once again a Bulgarian candidate was placed on the Serbian throne[9]
Zaharija, soon after taking the throne, switched to the Byzantine side, which prompted the retaliatory invasion by Simeon I which resulted in the Bulgarian defeat[10]
After the previous defeat, a large Bulgarian force was dispatched, accompanied by a new candidate for the Serbian throne, Časlav, The Bulgarians ravaged the countryside and forced Zaharija to flee to the Kingdom of Croatia
Annexation of Serbia into the Bulgarian Empire[11]
The Serbs were unable to resist the Bulgarian army, and Jovan Vladimir was captured by Tsar Samuil, however, he married Samuil's daughter and returned to Duklja to rule as a Bulgarian vassal[13]
Bulgarian rebels chose the son of the Serbian Prince of Duklja Mihailo, Constantine Bodin as their leader, as he was a descendant of the Bulgarian Emperor Samuil, in the autumn of 1072 Constantine Bodin arrived at Prizren where he was proclaimed Emperor of the Bulgarians under the name Peter III
An army under Damianos Dalassenos was immediately sent from Constantinople to help the strategos of the Theme of Bulgaria, Nikephoros Karantenos. In the battle that followed the Byzantine army was completely defeated. Dalassenos and other Byzantine commanders were captured and Skopie was taken by the rebels
Despite initial successes, rebels were defeated in December of 1072, Constantin Bodin was captured by the Byzantines, which leads to the suppression of the uprising in 1073 by Doux Nikephoros Bryennios[15]
King Bodin campaigned in Bosnia and Serbia, then under Byzantine rule, and installed his relative Stephen as knez in Bosnia and his nephews Vukan and Marko as župans in Serbia
Alexios I Komnenos sent out an army led by the governor of Durazzo but they suffered defeat
In 1093 Alexius mobilized a larger army under his leadership and marched on Raska. Vukan immediately sent envoys to the emperor seeking peace and offering homage which Alexius quickly accepted[18]
John Komnenos (governor of Dyrrhachium) was defeated by Vukan at Zvečan, which provoked another intervention by Alexios, who now marched towards Serbia with a sizeable army
Vukan once more sued for peace. Alexios, still pressured by the mounting issues and eager to plug one of many leaks, made simple terms that Vukan accepted[19]
While exiled in Byzantium, Tihomir of Serbia asked for military aid, which he got in the form of a mercenary army, however, he was defeated and killed in the battle of Pantina[24]
Stefan Nemanja joins the Hungarian offensive against Byzantium, scoring a victory and continuing to wage war independently after Béla III finished the campaign[27]
Byzantine counteroffensive in 1191 and victory at the Battle of Morava reversed some of Serbian gains, but it was not able to subdue the Grand Principality of Serbia and recover the majority of lost territory[30]
Peace deal between Serbia and Byzantium
Attack of the Hungarian King Bela III on the Grand Principality of Serbia (1192-1193)[31]
In 1214 the Bulgarian-Latin alliance planned a two-pronged attack on the Grand Principality of Serbia. Troops of Henry of Flanders and Boril of Bulgaria were to advance upon Serbia from the east while Strez invaded from the south
Serbians try unsuccessful diplomatic action to stop Strez's advance, but he dies shortly after it, leading to the collapse of his forces
The joint invasion of Serbia fails after the death of Strez[40]
Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Results
Invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia by Hungarian Crusaders (1237)[41]Fresco depicting King Stefan Vladislav
The northern part, held by a relative of King Vladislav, Toljen II, fell quickly, but Vladislav dispatched an army to regain the region. The crusaders were pushed to the border, and Vladislav pursued them as far as the Cetina River[42]
Serbian and Epirote armies went into action simultaneously, Michael II Komnenos Doukas rapidly regained most of Albania, most probably including Durazzo, then they went into Macedonia and quickly reoccupied Kastoria and Prilep
Nicaean forces, which included Serbian cavalry units, scored a decisive victory
It is more probable that rather than a royal army, it may instead have been "some disaffected Serbian nobleman [...] with his own followers" who joined the Nicaeans on his own account, due to the alliance of Uroš I with anti-Nicaean forces[47]
Stefan Dragutin, with the help of the Kingdom of Hungary, defeats his father, Stefan Uroš I, in the battle of Gacko and becomes the new King of Serbia[50]
The combined efforts of Hungary and Dragutin in 1285 were unsuccessful in ousting Darman and Kudelin, who quickly struck back by devastating Dragutin’s territories[55]
Darman and Kudelin used Cuman and Tatar units, while Stefan Dragutin looked for help from Stefan Milutin to defeat them[56]
Darman and Kudelin occupy a large portion of Dragutin's land[57]
Even with his extensive military background and the command of a relatively powerful army, Glabas struggled to gain any ground since the Serbs employed guerrilla tactics and avoided direct confrontations, resulting in the failure of the campaign[60]
Paul I Šubić of Bribir successfully conquered Hum, and put in its administrative governorship members of the Nelipčić family (Konstantin until 1307, and Izan 1307-1313).[63] Although his son Mladen II (count of Hum since 1304) was possibly captured, it didn't affect Šubić's territorial control.[63]
Victory
Paul I Šubić of Bribir, alongside supporting the naval attack on Kotor, penetrates deep into Zeta, reaching Onogošt[64]
Today, this invasion is associated with the fighting over Kotor and its surroundings, after which the invaders retreaded from Zeta and the area of Trebinje[63]
Originally meant to be a campaign led directly by King Stefan Milutin, however, he got preoccupied with the war against Mladen II Šubić in the west
Veliki vojvoda Novak Grebostrek takes command of the campaign and leads it against Aydinids, scoring victories
Despite not changing the dire situation of the Byzantine Empire, this expedition is celebrated by both Greek and Serbian sources[68]
War between Mladen II Šubić and brothers Stefan Milutin and Stefan Dragutin (1312-1313)[66]Illumination from a manuscript depicting Mladen II Šubić of Bribir
In 1312 or 1313, brothers Stefan Milutin and Stefan Dragutin planned a re-conquest offensive against the Šubić family in Hum, but it is not clear what are the results of this war and "possibly never happened".[63]
As part of Hungarian-Italian initiative against the Serbian king, Mladen II Šubić attacks eastern Hum, Trebinje and Konavle with significant success.[63]
However, a year later the tide changes, and Mladen's brother, Grgur Šubić, gets captured along with two other nobles, prompting peace negotiations, and the Šubić's agree to restore eastern Hum to Milutin.[63]
Provoked by this action, Charles Robert, with the support of PopeJohn XXII, tries to assemble a Catholic coalition against Stefan Milutin, but this diplomatic action fails
Warfare between the two kingdoms results in Hungarian victory in Mačva, but, Serbia managed to keep Braničevo and prevent further advances into its territory[72]
Conquest of Hum by the Branivojević family (1321-1322)[63]Medieval fortifications at Ston
Branivojevići, a local noble family or agents of King Milutin, take control of Hum, expending their influence from the eastern to the western part of it
Although it is unclear if they also conquered Ston and Pelješac during or after the rule of Mladen II, they did participate in his downfall
Joint Bosnian-Ragusan action against the Branivojević noble family, who were a semi-independent Serbian noble family, and the unpreparedness of Stefan Dečanski to help his vassals, led to the loss of Hum[73]
Bosnian renewed invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1328/1329 was defeated by Stefan Dušan, which is the first recorded conflict of the future Emperor of Serbia[74]
The joint invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia starts in July of 1330, with the Byzantine advance from the South and the Bulgarian advance from the East[77][78]
Bulgarian forces are decisively defeated at the battle of Velbazhd[79]
Bulgarian defeat leads to the collapse of the coalition against Serbia[80]
While Stefan Dušan was campaigning in Macedonia, Charles I, supported by Stephan II, launched an invasion of the northern territory of the Kingdom of Serbia[84]
With the news of Stefan Dušan's return, the Hungarian army rapidly retreats with possible high casualties while trying to cross the river Sava[85]
Stefan Dušan turns hostile against John VI Kantakouzenos and concludes a formal alliance with the regency[91]
The Kingdom of Serbia attacks Byzantine territory, capturing Serres after a long siege, while Kantakouzenos-Turkish forces fail to drive the invaders out, prioritizing attacking regent Anna of Savoy[88]
The initial invasion of the northern parts of the Serbian Empire was successful, which prompted Emperor Stefan Dušan to start negotiations with Pope Innocent VI on recognizing papal supremacy, although it is questionable how sincere this attempt was[99]
Despite initial successes, the Hungarian invasion was defeated while the Serbian counteroffensive might have captured additional territory from the Kingdom of Hungary
Matthew Kantakouzenos, with an army primarily consisting of Turkish mercenaries, attacked Serres
The commander of the Turkish troops was killed early in the battle of Serres, which spelled doom for the forces of Matthew Kantakouzenos, who gets captured after the battle[102]
Simeon Uroš, half-brother of Stefan Dušan, proclaims himself as the new Serbian Emperor and gathers a sizable army consisting of Greek and Albanian troops[104]
Stefan Uroš V, who is supported by most of the Serbian nobility, defeats the pretender's army near Skadar, and Stefan Uroš is never again a threat to his rule[100]
The Kingdom of Hungary interferes in the fighting of northern Serbian nobles, installing Rastislalić as their vassals, who soon after became independent
This intervention soon became the full-scale invasion of the Serbian Empire, headed personally by Louis I of Hungary
Uroš V meets invaders on the battlefield, but suffers defeat
Serbs turn to guerilla warfare in the hills, which Hungarians had no answer for, so their army retreats[106]
This conflict could be seen as a continuation of the Hungarian-Serbian War of 1359, as the Republic of Ragusa became a subject of the Kingdom of Hungary after the Treaty of Zadar[107]
Vojislav Vojinović, with the approval of Emperor Uroš V, invades the territory of the Republic of Ragusa and devastates it
Republic of Ragusa pays tribute to Vojislav Vojinović[108]
Beginning of the collapse of the central power in the Serbian part of the Serbian Empire as Balšić and the town of Budva openly sided with the Republic of Ragusa[109]
War began with military attacks and devastation of inland territories of Ragusa, which responded by naval blockade of Kotor
Still, Ragusa was suffering losses, however, the tide changes when Balšiči and Budva entered the war on their side
Peace concluded between Ragusa and the Serbian Empire, which proved that the war ended inconclusively[110]
Đurađ I Balšić, together with his Matarangos allies, declare war against Thopia, noble family which controlled northern Albania
Đurađ I Balšić gets captured by Karl Thopia and gets held until 1366, when Republic of Ragusa mediated peace and procured his release[111]
Albanian-Epirote War (1367–70)Princess Maria Paelolog and her husband Thomas Prelubovich. Detail of icon "Doubting Saint Thomas". Monastery of Transfiguration, Metheora
As a part of Epirus is overrun by Albanians, the city of Ioannina asked Simeon Uroš for protection, and he sends Thomas Preljubović as a new Despot of Epirus, establishing Serbian administration of the city of Ioannina in 1368[112]
Peter Losha leads Albanians in the long siege of Ioannina, which ends in a peace and marriage agreement
Uglješa Mrnjavčević, the despot of feudal state centered in Serres, significantly increased his holdings
Frequent fighting with raiding Turks, in which despot scores victories[114]
It is most probable that those victories were against smaller raiding parties, which motivates the Despot Uglješa Mrnjavčević to deal with a Turkish threat[115]
The diplomatic action of Uglješa Mrnjavčević to form a grand Christian alliance to drive the Turks out of the Balkans fails, with only his brother answering the call
The army of the two brothers was large, but nowhere near the claim of 60 000 that was reported by later sources[116]
Serbian army was decisively defeated and the two brothers died in the battle, leading to the loss of southern Serbian lands
Albanian chieftain named Gjin Phrates led an army of Malakassaioi in an attack on the city on September 14, 1377, however, he was defeated and triumphantly paraded around the streets while captured soldiers were sold into slavery
First victory of Thomas Preljubović over Albanians[118]
Malakasioi amphibious and land attack on Ioannina, although planned well with the help of a local traitor, was defeated, and the captives were brutally treated by the Despot Thomas Preljubović
After this siege, the attack of Gjin Bua Shpata on Ioannina was defeated too, Thomas Preljubović brutalized prisoners
Thomas Preljubović goes down in history as the Albanitoktonos, the slayer of Albanians[120]
The incursion of Turkish troops into the Principality of Moravian Serbia, probably after military operations in Bulgaria
Serbian forces of Prince Lazar, led by commanders Vitomir and Crep defeated the invading Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I in the battle of Dubravnica[121]
In 1381, Thomas II Preljubović, accompanied by Ottoman auxiliary forces, launched an invasion of the Despotate of Arta
He is successful and managed to expand his control in Dryinopolis, Velas, Boursina, Krezounista, Dragomi and Vagenetia and most of the land previously under the control of the Malakasioi tribe[122]
War between Prince Lazar and the Kingdom of Hungary (1382)[123]Fresco of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović in the Ravanica Monastery, Serbia
Prince Lazar established himself as the most powerful lord after the fall of the Serbian Empire, and expanded his territory north to the Danube river, while still being the vassal of King Louis I of Hungary
When King Louis dies, Prince Lazar declares independence and attacks Golubac and Belgrade, and crosses the Sava river
Although attacks on Golubac and Belgrade fail, Prince Lazar becomes an independent ruler
However, with the help of the Turkish army, Balša II is defeated and killed in the battle of Savra, and Karl Thopia restores control of the lost territory[124]
The Ottoman invasion led personally by Murad I met strong resistance in the form of a Christian coalition led by Prince Lazar, leading to one of the largest battles of the late medieval times[126]
Ottomans had a significant numerical advantage and more reserves that were not called to participate in the invasion, while the entirety of Serbian forces were called upon[127]
Both Murad I and Prince Lazar are killed during the battle, and the bulk of both armies is destroyed
Bayezid I, son of Murad I, upon hearing of his father's death, murders his brother, Yakub Çelebi, securing the title of Sultan
Remaining Ottomans retreat from Serbian territory, however, less numerous Serbian forces are significantly depleted
Caught between the two expansionist powers, Prince Stefan Lazarević had to act diplomatically to save his state
The State Assembly with the support of Serbian Patriarch Spyridon (1379–1389), decided on the conclusion of peace and acceptance of the supremacy of Sultan Bayezid I
Serbians, with the help of Ottoman troops, pushed Hungarians out, recaptured the lost territory, and continued raids into the Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary temporarily lost Golubac to Turks twice, but in 1382, Sigismund of Luxembourg kicked the Turks out and conducted a raid deep into Serbian territory
Great invasion force led personally by Bayezid I, which included many of his Serbian vassals, was defeated by Wallachian forcces led by Mircea I in the Battle of Rovine
Many of Ottoman vassals died in this battle, and Bayezid I annexed their territories after retreating from Wallachia
Sigismund of Luxembourg successfully invades Ottoman territories after the battle, giving him hope for a future crusade against the Ottoman Empire
Great crusader army crosses the Danube river and captures Vidin
Bayezid I found himself in a predicament, but bad organization of the Crusade and Western unfamiliarity with the Turkish battle tactics worked in his favor
In the Battle of Nicopolis Crusaders suffered a decisive defeat, with the Serbian contingent of Stefan Lazarević, consisting of heavily armored cavalry, being the decisive factor
Crusaders are driven back, and Ottomans, together with the troops of Stefan Lazarević, conduct a large-scale raiding operation in the Kingdom of Hungary
Vuk Branković is captured and the majority of his territory is given to Stefan Lazarević
One of the greatest battles of the Middle Ages with high consequences for the Ottoman state[134]
Although Timur was more interested in expanding into Mesopotamia and Egypt, Bayezid's demand for tribute offended this mighty ruler, moving him to start a campaign against Ottomans
The battle was catastrophic for Ottomans, however, a contingent of Serbian knights fought heroically, even when surrounded, defeating several Mongol assaults
Serbian knights break off the encirclement and return from the battlefield
After Stefan Lazarević returned from the Byzantine Empire to the Principality of Zeta, he organized an army to return to his realm, as Ottomans were actively hunting him down with the help of Branković noble family
Despite avoiding major roads and evading Turks, battle was inevitable and the two armies clashed in Tripolje, a place near Gračanica
The tactical superiority and leadership abilities of Stefan Lazarević bring him victory over the joint Ottoman-Branković army
Stefan Lazarević takes control of the Serbian Despotate
This conflict is a part of the centralization effort of Stefan Lazarević as he went on the offensive against Ottoman-held cities and the realm of Brankovič, achieving significant success and consolidating his power
Despite the warfare against Turkish garrisons, Stefan Lazarević maintains his good relations with Sultan Süleyman Çelebi
Vuk Lazarević, the ambitious brother of Stefan Lazarević, with substantial Ottoman help in the form of an army numbering 30,000 men, attacked the Serbian Despotate
Serbian Despotate, with the aid of the Kingdom of Hungary, put up fierce resistance, but was pushed to Belgrade, at which point Süleyman Çelebi demanded the surrender of Stefan Lazarević, but it was refused [140]
Vuk Branković probably gained southern Serbian lands, however, the fighting continued when Musa Çelebi attacked Süleyman Çelebi
After the defeat of the Serbian-Musa alliance at the Battle of Kosmidion, Süleyman Çelebi approves another invasion of Vuk Lazarević of the Serbian Despotate, however, he gets captured and executed by Musa Çelebi
Stefan Lazarević, after the death of his brother, reoccupied all the lost lands
Musa Çelebi, after defeating and killing his brother, Süleyman Çelebi, turns against his former allies and invades the Serbian Despotate
Ottoman army breaks into Serbian lands and cause much devastation, however, they are unable to conquer Novo Brdo, which was defended with the help of brave Ragusan citizens who were frequently trading in the city
Ottoman army retreats when the news of arrival of the army of Stefan Lazarević reaches them
Musa Çelebi attacked the Serbian Despotate again in 1413, causing large-scale devastation, but failed to capture Stalać and decisively defeat Stefan Lazarević
With Mehmed Çelebi, Bosnian and Hungarian allies, Stefan Lazarević organizes the attack on Musa Çelebi
In the decisive Battle of Çamurlu, Musa is defeated and killed
Despite maintaining peace with the Ottomans during the reign of Mehmed I, Despot Stefan Lazarević found himself in a difficult position when Murad II became the new Sultan
This drove Despot Stefan Lazarević to strengthen his ties with the Kingdom of Hungary and improve the defenses of his country
Both sides prepared for the upcoming war, which finally started after the failed diplomatic attempt of Despot Stefan Lazarević to stop it
The Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II invaded the Serbian Despotate and reached Kruševac, causing major devastation, however, they met stiff resistance from the joint Serbian-Hungarian forces
Murad II accepts a peace proposal from Stefan Lazarević
Although the exact content of the peace deal is not known, the Ottoman army retreated from the Serbian Despotate
Serbian Despotate found itself in a difficult position after the death of Despot Stefan Lazarević
Murad II invades the Serbian Despotate, now ruled by Đurađ Branković, and captures Niš and Kruševac, however, the main goal of the campaign is Novo Brdo, a rich and well-defended Serbian city
The Ottoman lay a long siege of the city, however, they failed to take it and retreat from the Serbian Despotate
Despite this setback, Ottomans kept Niš and Kruševac, and Đurađ Branković recognizes the supremacy of Sultan Murad II
Stefan Maramonte, with the help of Turkish axillaries and Albanian nobility, invades Zeta, a region that was split between the Serbian Despotate and the Republic of Venice
Stefan Maramonte achieves success and the city of Drivast surrenders to him, but he cannot capture its fortress which was defended by the Serbian troops
The fake rumor that Murad II died caused an uprising in Albania against Ottoman rule
To suppress it, Ottomans call upon Đurađ Branković to support them with troops in the suppression of the uprising
However, Albanians defeat invading Ottomans in several battles, and even go on the offensive against the Serbian Despotate, but they are unable to capture Drivast
Despite this success and the help of the Kingdom of Hungary, the uprising is ultimately suppressed
Ottomans suffered a great defeat against the Kingdom of Hungary when Hungarians and their allies broke into their territory and plundered it
Đurađ Branković tried to stay neutral in this conflict, but a part of the Christian army passed through the Serbian Despotate when returning back home, which caused suspicion of Murad II
Ottomans invade and cause great harm to the country, and Đurađ Branković, unable to resist the might of the Ottoman army, surrenders Braničevo to Turks
Murad II personally leads the Ottoman army into the Serbian Despotate
He occupies almost every part of it and lays siege to Smederevo, which was defended bravely by Grgur Branković and Thomas Kantakouzenos but eventually they ran out of supplies,
Before the siege of the last Serbian stronghold, Đurađ Branković and the royal court managed to escape to the Kingdom of Hungary
Fall of the Serbian Despotate and the first fall of the Serbian Medieval state under foreign rule
Boosted by previous successes, Mured II launched an invasion of Belgrade, a mighty city that was fortified by Stefan Lazarević before it was given back to the Kingdom of Hungary[150]
A great Crusader army, with a contingent of Serbian infantry and cavalry numbering 8000 men led personally by Đurađ Branković, crosses the Danube river and penetrates deep into Ottoman territory
Đurađ Branković, due to his knowledge of the terrain, led the Crusader forces
Army reaches Niš and decisively defeats the Ottoman army led by Kasım Pasha, after which they advance to Sofia
Due to the harsh conditions and Ottoman resistance at Zlatica, Crusaders retreated, defeating pursuing Ottomans in several battles
The Crusade influenced an uprising in Novo Brdo, but it was quickly suppressed by the Ottomans
Despite the ultimate failure of the Crusade in the battle of Varna that happened later, this campaign proved quite successful for the Đurađ Branković, who will reach the peace agreement with Murad II, which is why he didn't participate in the disastrous second campaign
On the 15th of August 1444, the Serbian Despotate is restored
War between The Serbian Despotate and the Republic of Venice (1448)[151]
Đurađ Branković demands the return of parts of Zeta that was held by the Republic of Venice, but his army is defeated by Venetians who were using cunning tactics
Despite his ambition to remarry his daughter Mara to Constantine XI, financing the defense of Constantinople in the past, and his personal affection towards Greeks, Đurađ Branković had to send troops to help the Ottoman conquest under vassal obligations
Serbian troops didn't significantly participate in the siege, apart from engineers who were doing earthwork
Fall of the city sends shockwaves across Serbia and Christian Europe, and, despite participating on the wining side, it foreshadows the fall of the Despotate
The Ottoman army is divided into several parts and quickly overwhelms the Despotate, Đurađ Branković flees to the Kingdom of Hungary to seek help, which is provided by John Hunyadi
Ostravica, despite fierce resistance, falls to the Ottomans, but Mehmed II fails to capture Smederevo, after which the main Ottoman army retreats with much plunder and slaves
The joint Serbian-Hungarian army defeats numerous Turkish armies that are left in Serbia and continue the plunder into Ottoman territory
While Mehmed II didn't manage to conquer the Despotate of Serbia, this invasion was the beginning of its final fall
Mehmed II invades the Serbian Despotate once again, achieving significant success
Ottoman army captures Novo Brdo and the whole southern territory of the Despotate, causing great harm to its population, massacring and enslaving many
Among the enslaved populace many men are drafted into janissaries, however, after finding out that Serbians immediately started to conspire to kill him, Murad II bans them from his court
With the fall of the southern parts of the Serbian Despotate, the link between it and Zeta is lost
Mehmed II gathers a grand army equipped with a large artillery arsenal and advances towards the Danube, however, Đurađ Branković also strengthens the defenses of Smederevo with supplies and artillery
Ottomans, despite heavy casualties, fail to take Smederevo, but continue to advance towards Belgrade
This siege ends in a great Christian victory, with Serbian troops contributing greatly in defending the city and fighting the Ottoman river navy
Lazar Branković attacks the enemies of the Hungarian king and captures several cities on the left bank of the Danube, marking the first expansion of the Serbian state across this river
Despite the defeat of the Serbian army, the Serbian Despotate keeps the captured territory
Lazar Branković dies without an heir, leading to the infighting in the Serbian Despotate and foreign invasions
Kingdom of Bosnia captures Srebrenica and several fortresses
Kingdom of Hungary captures newly-acquired Serbian holdings on the left bank of the Danube
Ottomans, after participating in the failed coup d'état against the Serbian ruling council, invade the crippled Despotate and reach the border with the Kingdom of Hungary
The last despot of Serbia, Stephan Tomašević, surrenders the last Serbian stronghold, Smederevo, to the Ottomans
On June 20 of 1459 the Serbian Despotate ceased to exist
1 2 Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil) (1999). История на средновековна България VII–XIV век [History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis). ISBN954-426-204-0. p. 256
↑ Aleksandar Andrić, Istorija Srba, srednji vek, Utopia, Belgrade, 2014, ISBN978-86-6289-028-3, p.83
↑ Aleksandar Andrić, Istorija Srba, srednji vek, Utopia, Belgrade, 2014, ISBN978-86-6289-028-3, p.97
↑ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-08149-7, p.226
↑ Curta, Florin (2006). Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-81539-0.|Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-81539-0, p.334
↑ Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280. BRILL. ISBN978-90-04-32501-2, p.239
↑ Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981. p.458
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