List of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages

List of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Early Middle Ages
Bulgarian-Serbian War (839–42)	Principality of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire	Victory
Bulgarian-Serbian War (853)	Principality of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire	Victory
Siege of Bari (870–871)	Frankish Empire Byzantine Empire Principality of Serbia [1] [2]	Emirate of Bari	Victory
Rebellion against the Prince Petar Gojniković (895-896)	Principality of Serbia	Bran Mutimirović Duchy of Croatia	Victory From the Duchy of Croatia, Bran Mutimirović attacks the realm of Petar Gojniković, but suffers defeat and gets captured and blinded [3]
Invasion of Principality of Serbia from the Bulgarian Empire by the pretender to the Serbian throne Klonimir (897-898)	Principality of Serbia	Klonimir Bulgarian Empire	Victory Rebellion sponsored by Simeon I of Bulgaria was defeated, resulting in the death of Klonimir and a truce between the Principality of Serbia and the Bulgarian Empire [4]
Bulgar invasion and usurpation of the Serbian throne (917)	Principality of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire Pavle Branovic	Defeat Simeon I decided to deal with prince Petar Gojniković before advancing further against the Byzantines. An army was dispatched under the command of Theodore Sigritsa and Marmais. The two persuaded Petar Gojniković to meet them, seized him and sent him to Preslav, where he died in prison [5] Pavle Branovic becomes the new Prince of Serbia [6] Part of Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
Byzantine attempt of usurpation of the Serbian throne with contender Zaharija Pribislavljević (920)	Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire Zaharija Pribislavljević	VIctory Zaharija, the exiled son of Pribislav (the eldest of Mutimir's sons), was sent by Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944) to seize the throne. Prince Pavle of Serbia defeated and captured him, handing him over to Symeon, who held him for future use. Part of Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
Invasion of the Principality of Serbia by Zaharija Pribislavljević (921)	Principality of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire Zaharija Pribislavljević	Defeat In 921 Simeon I sent a Bulgarian army headed by Zaharija against the Serbian Principality. The Bulgarian intervention was successful, Pavle was deposed and once again a Bulgarian candidate was placed on the Serbian throne [7] Zaharija becomes the new Prince of Serbia Part of Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
Invasion of the Principality of Serbia by the Bulgarian Empire (923)	Principality of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire	Victory Zaharija, soon after taking the throne, switched to the Byzantine side, which prompted the retaliatory invasion by Simeon I which resulted in the Bulgarian defeat [8] Part of Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
Invasion and annexation of the Principality of Serbia by the Bulgarian Empire (924)	Principality of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire	Defeat After the previous defeat, a large Bulgarian force was dispatched, accompanied by a new candidate to the Serbian throne, Časlav, The Bulgarians ravaged the countryside and forced Zaharija to flee to the Kingdom of Croatia Annexation of Serbia into Bulgarian empire [9] End of Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
Liberation of the Principality of Serbia from the Bulgar rule (931)	Česlav of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire	Victory Česlav takes possession of the Serbian Principality and submits to the overlordship of Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos [10]
Magyar-Serb conflict (c. 960)	Principality of Serbia	Magyar tribes	Inconclusive Victory at Drina Defeat at Syrmia
Bulgarian-Serbian War (998)	Duklja	Bulgarian Empire	Defeat
Serb Uprising (1038–42) Battle of Bar	Duklja [11]	Byzantine Empire	Victory Independence of Duklja from Byzantine rule, Stefan Vojislav defeats Byzantine expeditions against him, and extends his realm on Zachlumia and Travunia
Intervention of Mihailo I of Duklja in Uprising of Georgi Voyteh (1072-1073)	Duklja Bulgarian rebels	Byzantine Empire	Defeat Bulgarian rebels chose the son of Serbian Prince of Duklja Mihailo, Constantine Bodin as their leader, as he was a descendant of the Bulgarian Emperor Samuil, in the autumn of 1072 Constantine Bodin arrived at Prizren where he was proclaimed Emperor of the Bulgarians under the name Peter III The Serbian Prince sent 300 soldiers led by Vojvoda Petrilo An army under Damianos Dalassenos was immediately sent from Constantinople to help the strategos of the Theme of Bulgaria, Nikephoros Karantenos. In the battle that followed the Byzantine army was completely defeated. Dalassenos and other Byzantine commanders were captured and Skopie was taken by the rebels Despite initial successes, rebels were defeated in December of 1072, Constantin Bodin was captured by the Byzantines, which lead to the suppression of the uprising in 1073 by doux Nikephoros Bryennios [12]
Bodin's conquest of Bosna and Rascia (1081)	Duklja	Byzantine Empire	Victory King Bodin campaigned in Bosnia and Serbia, then under Byzantine rule, and installed his relative Stephen as knez in Bosnia and his nephews Vukan and Marko as župans in Serbia
Invasion of Duklja by John Doukas (1089)	Duklja	Byzantine Empire Theme of Dyrrhachium	Defeat King Bodin was captured by the governor of the Theme of Dyrrhachium, John Doukas, but managed to escape in 1091 [13]
First attack of the Grand Prince Vukan against Byzantium (1090)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory In about 1090, Grand Prince Vukan began raiding Byzantine territory, first in the vicinity of Kosovo. Byzantines were unable to take steps against Vukan, as they faced a serious threat in the invading Pechenegs [14] Part of Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095)
Invasion of the Grand Principality of Serbia by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1092)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Alexios I Komnenos sent out an army led by the governor of Durazzo but they suffered defeat In 1093 Alexius mobilized a larger army under his own leadership and marched on Raska. Vukan immediately sent envoys to the emperor seeking peace and offering homage which Alexius quickly accepted [15] Part of Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095)
Second attack of the Grand Prince Vukan against Byzantium (1094)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Vukan breaks the treaty, and began to expand along the Vardar, obtaining much booty and taking the cities of Vranje, Skopje and Tetovo [16] Part of Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095)
Retaliatory attack of John Komnenos on the Grand Prince Vukan (1094) Battle of Zvečan	Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory John Komnenos (governor of Dyrrhachium) was defeated by Vukan at Zvečan, which provoked another intervention by Alexios, who now marched towards Serbia with a sizeable army Vukan once more sued for peace. Alexios, still pressured by the mounting issues and eager to plug one of many leaks, made simple terms which Vukan accepted [17] End of Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095)
Third attack of the Grand Prince Vukan against Byzantium (1106)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Grand Prince Vukan attacked Byzantium one last time, defeating the army of John Komnenos (governor of Dyrrhachium) once again After this victory, Grand Prince Vukan once again reaches a truce with Alexios I Komnenos Last mention of Grand Prince Vukan in recorded history [18]
Serbian uprising During Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–29) Battle of Haram	Kingdom of Hungary Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Defeat As allied Hungarian troops advanced on the Byzantine territory, Serbs had success in their rebellion, capturing the city of Ras Hungarian defeat and subsequent peace spelled doom for the Serbian uprising, John II Komnenos suppressed the revolt [19]
Serbian Uprising of 1149 Battle of Tara (1150)	Grand Principality of Serbia Kingdom of Hungary	Byzantine Empire	Defeat Serbs rebelled while the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos was in Avlona planning an offensive across the Adriatic against Normans Rebellion was crushed, Manuel I Komnenos restored Uroš II in 1155 or 1156 and gave Desa the appanage of Dendra near Niš Part of a Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)
Byzantine–Hungarian War (1164–1167) Battle of Sirmium	Byzantine Empire Grand Principality of Serbia	Kingdom of Hungary	Victory Serbian troops were called upon invasions of Manuel I Komnenos on the Kingdom of Hungary [20] Serbian troops participated in the Battle of Sirmium [21]
Uprising of Stefan Nemanja against Byzantine vassals (1166)	Stefan Nemanja	Tihomir of Serbia Byzantine Empire	Victory Stefan Nemanja took advantage of the Hungarian wars to expand his territories, and even seized the maritime city of Kotor [22] Stefan Nemanja becomes the new Grand Prince of Serbia
Tihomir's invasion of the Grand Principality of Serbia (1167) Battle of Pantina	Grand Principality of Serbia	Tihomir of Serbia Byzantine Empire	Victory While exiled in Byzantium, Tihomir of Serbia asked for military aid, which he got in a form of a mercenary army, however, he was defeated and killed in the battle of Pantina [23]
Invasion of the Grand Principality of Serbia by Manuel I Komnenos (1172)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Defeat After short resistance, Stefan Nemanja surrenders to vastly superior Byzantian army [24]
Byzantine campaign in the Middle East (1176)	Byzantine Empire Grand Principality of Serbia	Sultanate of Rum	Defeat Byzantine army, that included Serbian troops send because of vasal obligations, was defeated by Suljuks [25]
Intervention of the Grand Principality of Serbia in Byzantine–Hungarian War (1183-1185)	Kingdom of Hungary Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Stefan Nemanja joins the Hungarian offensive against Byzantium. scoring a victory and containing to wage war independently after Béla III finished the campaign [26]
War of Serbian Independence against the Byzantine Empire (1183-1191)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Independence of the Grand Principality of Serbia [27] Borders of Serbia expended significantly in the direction of Metohija, Niš, Skopje, and Adriatic [28] Byzantine counteroffensive in 1191 and victory at the Battle of Morava reversed some of Serbian gains, but it was not able to subdue the Grand Principality of Serbia and recover the majority of lost territory [29] Peace deal between Serbia and Byzantium
Attack of the Hungarian King Bela III on the Grand Principality of Serbia (1192-1193) [30]	Grand Principality of Serbia Byzantine Empire	Kingdom of Hungary	Victory Hungarian invasion of the Grand Principality of Serbia prompted intervention of Isaac II Angelos against the invaders Retreat of the Hungarian army Stefan Nemanja preserves his throne and state
Attack of Andrew II of Hungary on Hum (1198) [31]	Grand Principality of Serbia	Kingdom of Hungary	Inconclusive Duke Andrew II of Hungary invades Hum, then part of the Grand Principality of Serbia, occupies a part of it temporarily, but then loses it [32] Hum remains a part of the Grand Principality of Serbia
Civil war between Stefan the First-Crowned and Vukan Nemanjić (1202-1204)	Stefan the First-Crowned Bulgarian Empire	Vukan Nemanjić Kingdom of Hungary	Inconclusive Status quo ante bellum [33] Vukan, supported by Kingdom of Hungary, defeats Stefan the First-Crowned and becomes Grand Prince of Serbia, but as Hungarian vassal Stefan the First-Crowned exiled to the Bulgarian Empire Vukan takes part in successful Hungarian invasion of the Bulgarian Empire in 1202 Bulgarian emparor Kaloyan defeats Hungarians and successfully invades Grand Principality of Serbia in 1203 [34] Stefan the First-Crowned returns and becomes the Grand Prince of Serbia once again, while Vukan returns to Zeta [35]
Invasion of the Bulgarian Empire by the Grand Principality of Serbia (1207-1208)	Stefan the First-Crowned Strez	Bulgarian Empire	Victory Grand Principality of Serbia successfully invades western part of the Bulgarian Empire and expands its territory [36] Strez established himself in Prosek, a stronghold from which he began expanding into neighboring Macedonia [37]
Invasion of Zeta by the Despotate of Epirus (1214)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Despotate of Epirus	Victory After successfully invading Republic of Venice and Arbanon, Michael I Komnenos Doukas invades Zeta Although he captures Skadar, his invasion fails and gains get reversed [38]
Joint Bulgarian-Latin invasion of The Grand Principality of Serbia (1214)	Grand Principality of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire Strez Latin Empire	Victory In 1214 the Bulgarian-Latin alliance planned a two-pronged attack on the Grand Principality of Serbia. Troops of Henry of Flanders and Boril of Bulgaria were to advance upon Serbia from the east while Strez invaded from the south Serbians try unsuccessful diplomatic action to stop Strez's advance, but he dies shortly after it, leading to the collapse of his forces The joint invasion of Serbia fails after the death of Strez [39]
Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
Invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia by Hungarian Crusaders (1237) [40]	Kingdom of Serbia	Kingdom of Hungary	Victory In 1237, Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria attacked Hum The northern part, which was held by a relative of King Vladislav, Toljen II, fell quickly, but Vladislav dispatched an army to regain the region. The crusaders were pushed to the border, and Vladislav pursued them as far as the Cetina River [41] Part of the Bosnian Crusade
Mongol invasion of the Balkans (1241–1242) Invasion of Hungary Invasion of Serbia Invasion of Bulgaria	Kingdom of Serbia Bulgarian Empire Kingdom of Hungary	Golden Horde (Mongols)	Defeat Defeat of the military alliance led by the Kingdom of Hungary Bulgaria enters into vassal relations with the Mongols Mongols pass through Serbia burning and looting
War between the Kingdom of Serbia and Dubrovnik (1254)	Kingdom of Serbia	Dubrovnik Radoslav, Lord of Hum Bulgarian Empire	Inconclusive Dubrovnik forms alliance with Tsar Micheal Asen of Bulgaria and Radoslav Andrijić against the Kingdom of Serbia Bulgarian army penetrates Serbia as far as Bijelo Polje, but then suddenly retreats [42] No real results from the war [43]
Joint invasion of Empire of Nicaea by Epirote and Serbian forces (1257) [44]	Despotate of Epirus Kingdom of Serbia	Empire of Nicaea	Victory Serbian and Epirote armies then went into action simultaneously, Michael II Komnenos Doukas rapidly regained most of Albania, most probably including Durazzo, then they went into Macedonia and quickly reoccupied Kastoria and Prilep
Involvement of Serbian contingent in Nicaean expedition against Epirus (1259) [45]	Empire of Nicaea Serbian contingent	Despotate of Epirus Principality of Achaea Duchy of Athens Duchy of the Archipelago Triarchs of Negroponte Kingdom of Sicily	Victory Nicaean forces, which included Serbian cavalry units, scored a decisive victory It is more probable that rather than a royal army, it may instead have been "some disaffected Serbian nobleman [...] with his own followers" who joined the Nicaeans on his own account, due to the alliance of Uroš I with anti-Nicaean forces [46]
War between the Kingdom of Serbia and Dubrovnik (1265-1268)	Kingdom of Serbia	Dubrovnik	Inconclusive Peace treaty established the Serbian tribute, which Dubrovnik had to pay annually in order to preserve free trade rights in Serbia [47]
Mačva War [48]	Kingdom of Hungary	Kingdom of Serbia	Defeat Serbian invasion devastates Mačva Béla IV 's army captures Stefan Uroš I. Their conflict was solved with dynastic marriage
Rebellion of Stefan Dragutin against the King of Serbia, Stefan Uroš I (1276) Battle of Gacko	King of Serbia, Stefan Uroš I	Stefan Dragutin Kingdom of Hungary	Defeat Stefan Dragutin, with the help of the Kingdom of Hungary, defeats his father, Stefan Uroš I, in the battle of Gacko and becomes the new King of Serbia [49]
Invasion of Macedonia by Stefan Milutin and Stefan Dragutin(1282)	Kingdom of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory King of Serbia, Stefan Milutin, joins the campaign of Charles I of Anjou against Byzantium The Kingdom of Serbia expends its territory and captures the city of Skopje [50]
Nogai intervention in Serbian-Byzantine conflict (1292-1293)	Kingdom of Serbia	Byzantine Empire Golden Horde Nogai Khan	Victory Byzantine-Nogai army penetrates Serbia as far as Prizren and Lipljan In the battle at river Drim, Nogai detachment is decisively defeated The joint invasion has no effect on Serbian military operations as they continued immediately after it [51]
Renewed invasion of Byzantium by the King Stefan Milutin and Stefan Dragutin (1283)	Kingdom of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Armies of the King Stefan Milutin and his brother Stefan Dragutin reach as far as Aegean Sea [52]
Invasion of Western Macedonia and Albania by Stefan Milutin (1284)	Kingdom of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Stefan Dragutin doesn't participate in invasion following the one from 1293, probably to participate in Hungarian attack on Braničevo [53] Stefan Milutin attacks Byzantium once again, occupying Debar, Poreč, and Kičevo in western Macedonia, and northern Albania [54]
Invasion of Braničevo by joint forces of Hungary and Stefan Dragutin (1285)	Kingdom of Hungary Stefan Dragutin	Bulgarian Empire Darman and Kudelin	Defeat The combined efforts of Hungary and Dragutin in 1285 were unsuccessful in ousting Darman and Kudelin, who quickly struck back by devastating Dragutin’s territories [55] Darman and Kudelin used Cuman and Tatar units, while Stefan Dragutin looked for help from Stefan Milutin in defeating them [56] Darman and Kudelin occupy a large portion of Dragutin's land [57]
Invasion of Braničevo by Stefan Milutin and Stefan Dragutin (1291)	Kingdom of Serbia Stefan Dragutin	Bulgarian Empire Darman and Kudelin	Victory Joint forces of Stefan Milutin and Stefan Dragutin defeat Darman and Kudelin and occupy Braničevo [58]
War between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Prince of Vidin, Shishman (1292)	Kingdom of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire Shishman of Vidin	Victory Shishman of Vidin, an ally of Darman and Kudelin, invades Serbia with his army, which consisted mainly of Tatar solders Sishman's army penetrates deep into Serbian territory, but suffers a decisive defeat at Ždrelo (near Peć) Kingdom of Serbia conducts a successful counteroffensive and captures Vidin [59]
Invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia by general Michael Doukas Glabas (1298)	Kingdom of Serbia	Byzantine Empire	Victory Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sends an army to retake Macedonia under megas konostaulos Michael Doukas Glabas [60] Even with his extensive military background and the command of a relatively powerful army, Glabas struggled to gain any ground since the Serbs employed guerrilla tactics and avoided direct confrontations, resulting in the failure of the campaign [61]
Attack on Kotor by the Republic of Ragusa (1301)	Kingdom of Serbia Kotor	Republic of Ragusa Republic of Venice Ban of Croatia Zadar	Victory Armada of Catholic allies attacks Kotor but suffers defeat [62] Part of a greater conflict between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Republic of Ragusa which ended in a peace treaty favorable to Serbia [63]
Invasion of Hum by Paul I Šubić of Bribir (1304-1306)	Kingdom of Serbia	Paul I Šubić of Bribir	Victory Despite initial success, the son of Paul I Šubić of Bribir, Mladen II is captured [64] [65] , which prompts negotiations and the return of Hum to the Kingdom of Serbia [66] King Stefan Milutin remains the ruler of Hum [67] The Kingdom of Serbia would lose Hum only after the Bosnian conquest [68]
Attacks of the Grand Catalan Company on Mount Athos (1307-1310)	Hilandar Kingdom of Serbia	Grand Catalan Company	Victory Repeated raids by the marauding Catalan Company are repulsed by monks of Hilandar monastery with support from the King Stefan Milutin [69]
War between Stefan Dragutin and Charles Robert (1307-1314)	Realm of Stefan Dragutin	Kingdom of Hungary Charles Robert	Inconclusive Frequent raids of territory of Ugrin Csák, an ally of Charles Robert, by Stefan Dragutin Ugrin Csák defeats the army of Stefan Dragutin, but the raids into his territory continue Stefan Dragutin makes peace with Charles Robert in Sremska Mitrovica in February of 1314 [70]
Serbian intervention in the war between Byzantines and Turcopoles (1312) Battle of Gallipoli	Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Serbia	Turcopoles	Victory Stefan Milutin sent a detachment of 2000 cavalrymen to aid Byzantium Turcopoles are annihilated in the following battle [71]
Serbian military expedition in Asia Minor in aid of the Byzantine Empire (1313)	Kingdom of Serbia Byzantine Empire	Beylik of Aydin	Victory Originally meant to be a campaign led directly by the King Stefan Milutin, however, he got preoccupied with the war against Mladen II Šubić in the west Veliki vojvoda Novak Grebostrek takes command of the campaign and leads it against Aydinids, scoring victories Despite not changing the dire situation of Byzantine Empire, this expedition is celebrated by both Greek and Serbian sources [72]
War between Mladen II Šubić and brothers Stefan Milutin and Stefan Dragutin (1312-1313) [73]	Kingdom of Serbia Realm of Stefan Dragutin	Mladen II Šubić	Inconclusive In 1312, Mladen II renewed the invasion of Hum, which prompted a response from King Stefan Milutin, who called Stefan Dragutin to help his campaign It is not clear what are the results of this war
War between Mladen II Šubić and the Kingdom of Serbia (1318-1319)	Kingdom of Serbia	Mladen II Šubić	Victory Mladen II Šubić attacks Hum for the third time, and achieves significant success However, the tide changes, and Mladen's brother, Grgur Šubić, gets captured along with other Croatian nobles Defeat of the Mladen's campaign [74]
Revolt of the Albanian nobility against the Kingdom of Serbia (1319)	Kingdom of Serbia	Albanian nobility Muzaka family lead the revolt [75] Pope John XXII and Philip I of Taranto support the revolt	Victory Revolt crashed by Stefan Milutin [76]
War between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Hungary (1319)	Kingdom of Serbia	Kingdom of Hungary	Defeat After the death of Stefan Dragutin, the Kingdom of Serbia occupies most of his realm, which the Kingdom of Hungary considered to be theirs [77] Provoked by this action, Charles Robert, with the support of the Pope John XXII, tries to assemble a Catholic coalition against Stefan Milutin, but this diplomatic action fails Warfare between the two kingdoms results in Hungarian victory in Mačva, but, Serbia managed to keep Braničevo and prevent further advances into its territory [78]
War between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Syrmia (1321-1324)	Kingdom of Serbia	Kingdom of Syrmia Kingdom of Hungary Banate of Bosnia	Victory War between Stefan Dečanski and Stefan Vladislav II over the rule of Kingdom of Serbia Vladislav II, supported by Hungarians, and Bosnians, consolidated control over Syrmia and prepared for battle with Dečanski [79] Vladislav was defeated in battle in late 1324, and fled to Hungary [80]
War of Hum (1326–1329)	Kingdom of Serbia	Banate of Bosnia	Defeat
Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)	Kingdom of Serbia	Bulgarian Empire	Victory
Serbian Empire (1346–1371)
Byzantine-Serbian War (1343–1347) [81]	Serbian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Victory
Ottoman-Serbian Wars (1352–1499)	Serbian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat

See also

• Medieval Serbian army
• List of wars involving Serbia

References

1. Part of a larger Slavic contingent Stevović, Ivan D. (2001). "Byzantium, Byzantine Italy and Cities on the Eastern Coast of the Adriatic: The Case of Kotor and Dubrovnik" (PDF). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. 39 (39): 165–182. doi:10.2298/ZRVI0239165S
2. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 Page: 150
3. Živković, Tibor (2006)]. Portreti srpskih vladara (IX-XII vek). Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Page: 48
4. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 Pages: 156-157
5. Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil) (1999). История на средновековна България VII–XIV век [History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis). ISBN 954-426-204-0. p. 256
6. Божилов (Bozhilov), Иван (Ivan); Гюзелев (Gyuzelev), Васил (Vasil) (1999). История на средновековна България VII–XIV век [History of Medieval Bulgaria VII–XIV centuries] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Анубис (Anubis). ISBN 954-426-204-0. p. 256
7. Aleksandar Andrić, Istorija Srba, srednji vek, Utopia, Belgrade, 2014, ISBN 978-86-6289-028-3, p.83
8. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 Pages: 158
9. Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
10. Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88402-021-9.
11. In the 1030s, as Skylitzes and Kekaumenos have written, Stefan Vojislav, who held the title of "archont, and toparch of the kastra of Dalmatia, Zeta and Ston", led the "Serbs who renounced Byzantine rule". Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN   0-472-08149-7
12. Златарски, В. История на българската държава през средните векове, том II: България под византийско владичество, Издателство „Наука и изкуство“, София 1972 (цитирано по електронното издание в Книги за Македония, 10.8.2008)
13. Aleksandar Andrić, Istorija Srba, srednji vek, Utopia, Belgrade, 2014, ISBN 978-86-6289-028-3, p.97
14. Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7, p.226
15. Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7, p.226
16. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 p.198
17. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 p.198
18. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 p.198
19. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 p.200
20. Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7, p.250
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26. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981, p.252
27. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981, p.258.260
28. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
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30. On the attack of the Hungarian king Bela III on Serbia in light of the letter of Emperor Isaac II to Pope Celestine III by Ivana Komatina
31. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.53
32. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.53
33. title={Стефан Првовенчани и његово доба = Stefan the First-Crowned and His Time: Зборник радова= Collection of Works}, author={Растовић, А. and Коматина, И. and Историјски институт, Б.}, isbn={9788677431396}, lccn={2021446909}, series={Зборник радова=Collection of Works}, year={2020}, page: 65. publisher={Istorijski institut}
34. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390, p.382
35. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390, p.389
36. title={Стефан Првовенчани и његово доба = Stefan the First-Crowned and His Time: Зборник радова= Collection of Works}, author={Растовић, А. and Коматина, И. and Историјски институт, Б.}, isbn={9788677431396}, lccn={2021446909}, series={Зборник радова=Collection of Works}, year={2020}, page: 57. publisher={Istorijski institut}
37. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390, p.385
38. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.68
39. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.103
40. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.137
41. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981, p.314
42. Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185–1280. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-32501-2, p.239
43. Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915, p.48
44. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.160
45. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.162
46. Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0, p.85 (esp. note 3)
47. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4, p.202
48. Gál, Judit (2013). "IV. Béla és I. Uroš szerb uralkodó kapcsolata" [The Relationship of Kings Béla IV of Hungary and Uroš I of Serbia]. Századok (in Hungarian). 147 (2): 471–499.
49. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139444088, p.100
50. Nicol, Donald M. (1993) [1972]. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521439916, p.68
51. Uzelac, Aleksandar (2011). "Tatars and Serbs at the End of the Thirteenth Century". Revista de Istorie Militară (5/6): 9–20 (p.10)
52. Uzelac, Aleksandar (2011). "Tatars and Serbs at the End of the Thirteenth Century". Revista de Istorie Militară (5/6): 9–20 (p.10)
53. Uzelac, Aleksandar (2011). "Tatars and Serbs at the End of the Thirteenth Century". Revista de Istorie Militară (5/6): 9–20 (p.11)
54. Владимир Ћоровић, „Историја српског народа“ (рукопис из 1941) Београд 1989. (поглавље о Милутину)
55. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10079-3, p.220
56. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge: Cambridge. ISBN 9781139444088. p.105
57. Uzelac, Aleksandar (2011). "Tatars and Serbs at the End of the Thirteenth Century". Revista de Istorie Militară (5/6): 9–20 (p.12)
58. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-10079-3, p.220
59. Uzelac, Aleksandar (2011). "Tatars and Serbs at the End of the Thirteenth Century". Revista de Istorie Militară (5/6): 9–20 (p.13)
60. Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1620-2.
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63. Митровић, Јеремија Д. (1992). Српство Дубровника. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.
64. Mišić, Siniša. (2014). Serbian Medieval History Collection / Историја Србије у средњем веку. Serbian Medieval History Collection. p.39.
65. Ančić, Mladen (1997). Putanja klatna: Ugarsko-hrvatsko kraljevstvo i Bosna u 14. stoljeću [Swing of the Pendulum. Ugro-Croatian Kingdom and Bosnia in the 14th Century] (in Croatian). Acad. Scientiarum et Artium Croatica. ISBN 978-953-154-308-8. p.99
66. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 p.454
67. Владимир Ћоровић, „Историја српског народа“ (рукопис из 1941) Београд 1989. (поглавље о Милутину)
68. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. p.266-267
69. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981. p.458
70. Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2016). "The Rival and the Vassal of Charles Robert of Anjou: King Vladislav II Nemanjić". Banatica. 26 (2): 33–51.
71. Nicol, Donald M. (14 October 1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. p. 139.
72. Bubalo, Đorđe (2018).“Novak Grebostrek”, Grand Duke.Serbian Biographical Dictionary, vol. VII, Ml-Pan. Novi Sad. Matica srpska.
73. Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2016). "The Rival and the Vassal of Charles Robert of Anjou: King Vladislav II Nemanjić". Banatica. 26 (2): 33–51.
74. Title: Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371) Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Author(s): Dragoslav Srejović, Miroslava Mirković, Jovan Kovačević, Pavle Ivić, Sima Ćirković, Ljubomir Maksimović, Jovanka Kalić, Dimitrije Bogdanović, Vojislav J. Đurić, Božidar Ferjančić, Miloš Blagojević, Gordana Babić-Đorđević, Rade Mihaljčić Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Year: 1981 p.474
75. Жељко Фајфрић, „Света лоза Стефана Немање“, Шид 1998.
76. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. p.262
77. Владимир Ћоровић, „Историја српског народа“ (рукопис из 1941) Београд 1989. (поглавље о Милутину)
78. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. p.261
79. Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. p.261
80. Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2016). "The Rival and the Vassal of Charles Robert of Anjou: King Vladislav II Nemanjić". Banatica. 26 (2): 33–51.
81. Note: The Serbo-Byzantine war was for a long time led by Stephen Dušan, who was crowned as a Tsar in 1346.