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The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an organization formed on February 18, 1890, to advocate in favor of women's suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Its membership, which was about seven thousand at the time it was formed, eventually increased to two million, making it the largest voluntary organization in the nation. It played a pivotal role in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which in 1920 guaranteed women's right to vote.
The National Woman's Party (NWP) was an American women's political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women's suffrage. After achieving this goal with the 1920 adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the NWP advocated for other issues including the Equal Rights Amendment. The most prominent leader of the National Woman's Party was Alice Paul, and its most notable event was the 1917–1919 Silent Sentinels vigil outside the gates of the White House.
Lucy Burns was an American suffragist and women's rights advocate. She was a passionate activist in the United States and the United Kingdom, who joined the militant suffragettes. Burns was a close friend of Alice Paul, and together they ultimately formed the National Woman's Party.
Women's suffrage, or the right of women to vote, was established in the United States over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, first in various states and localities, then nationally in 1920 with the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage was an American organization formed in 1913 led by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to campaign for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's suffrage. It was inspired by the United Kingdom's suffragette movement, which Paul and Burns had taken part in. Their continuous campaigning drew attention from congressmen, and in 1914 they were successful in forcing the amendment onto the floor for the first time in decades.
Harriot Eaton Blatch was an American writer and suffragist. She was the daughter of pioneering women's rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Laura Clay, co-founder and first president of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association, was a leader of the American women's suffrage movement. She was one of the most important suffragists in the South, favoring the states' rights approach to suffrage. A powerful orator, she was active in the Democratic Party and had important leadership roles in local, state and national politics. In 1920 at the Democratic National Convention, she was one of two women, alongside Cora Wilson Stewart, to be the first women to have their names placed into nomination for the presidency at the convention of a major political party.
The Woman Suffrage Procession on March 3, 1913, was the first suffragist parade in Washington, D.C. It was also the first large, organized march on Washington for political purposes. The procession was organized by the suffragists Alice Paul and Lucy Burns for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Planning for the event began in Washington in December 1912. As stated in its official program, the parade's purpose was to "march in a spirit of protest against the present political organization of society, from which women are excluded."
Nina Evans Allender was an American artist, cartoonist, and women's rights activist. She studied art in the United States and Europe with William Merritt Chase and Robert Henri. Allender worked as an organizer, speaker, and campaigner for women's suffrage and was the "official cartoonist" for the National Woman's Party's publications, creating what became known as the "Allender Girl."
Women's suffrage was established in the United States on a full or partial basis by various towns, counties, states, and territories during the latter decades of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. As women received the right to vote in some places, they began running for public office and gaining positions as school board members, county clerks, state legislators, judges, and, in the case of Jeannette Rankin, as a member of Congress.
The Texas Equal Suffrage Association (TESA) was an organization founded in 1903 to support white women's suffrage in Texas. It was originally formed under the name of the Texas Woman Suffrage Association (TWSA) and later renamed in 1916. TESA did allow men to join. TESA did not allow black women as members, because at the time to do so would have been "political suicide." The El Paso Colored Woman's Club applied for TESA membership in 1918, but the issue was deflected and ended up going nowhere. TESA focused most of their efforts on securing the passage of the federal amendment for women's right to vote. The organization also became the state chapter of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). After women earned the right to vote, TESA reformed as the Texas League of Women Voters.
Caroline Katzenstein was an American suffragist, activist, advocate for equal rights, insurance agent, and author. She was active in the local Philadelphia suffragist movement through the Pennsylvania branch of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and the Equal Franchise Society of Philadelphia. She played a role in the formation of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage, which later became the National Women's Party. Katzenstein was also active in the movement for equal rights, serving on the Women's Joint Legislative Committee with Alice Paul, and championing the cause for the Equal Rights Amendment. She was the author of Lifting the Curtain: the State and National Woman Suffrage Campaigns in Pennsylvania as I Saw Them (1955).
Belle Squire, properly Viola Belle Squire, (1870–1939) was a suffragist from Illinois who was involved in the Chicago suffrage movement and co-founded the Alpha Suffrage Club with Ida B. Wells. She was especially known for her opposition to paying taxes when women did not have a right to vote. Squire argued expecting women to pay taxes while they were not enfranchised was a form of taxation without representation.
While women's suffrage had an early start in Maine, dating back to the 1850s, it was a long, slow road to equal suffrage. Early suffragists brought speakers Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone to the state in the mid-1850s. Ann F. Jarvis Greely and other women in Ellsworth, Maine, created a women's rights lecture series in 1857. The first women's suffrage petition to the Maine Legislature was also sent that year. Working-class women began marching for women's suffrage in the 1860s. The Snow sisters created the first Maine women's suffrage organization, the Equal Rights Association of Rockland, in 1868. In the 1870s, a state suffrage organization, the Maine Women's Suffrage Association (MWSA), was formed. Many petitions for women's suffrage were sent to the state legislature. MWSA and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of Maine worked closely together on suffrage issues. By the late 1880s the state legislature was considering several women's suffrage bills. While women's suffrage did not pass, during the 1890s many women's rights laws were secured. During the 1900s, suffragists in Maine continued to campaign and lecture on women's suffrage. Several suffrage organizations including a Maine chapter of the College Equal Suffrage League and the Men's Equal Rights League were formed in the 1910s. Florence Brooks Whitehouse started the Maine chapter of the National Woman's Party (NWP) in 1915. Suffragists and other clubwomen worked together on a large campaign for a 1917 voter referendum on women's suffrage. Despite the efforts of women around the state, women's suffrage failed. Going into the next few years, a women's suffrage referendum on voting in presidential elections was placed on the September 13, 1920 ballot. But before that vote, Maine ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on November 5, 1920. It was the nineteenth state to ratify. A few weeks after ratification, MWSA dissolved and formed the League of Women Voters (LWV) of Maine. White women first voted in Maine on September 13, 1920. Native Americans in Maine had to wait longer to vote. In 1924, they became citizens of the United States. However, Maine would not allow individuals living on Indian reservations to vote. It was not until the passage of a 1954 equal rights referendum that Native Americans gained the right to vote in Maine. In 1955 Lucy Nicolar Poolaw (Penobscot) was the first Native American living on a reservation in Maine to cast a vote.
Women's suffrage began in North Dakota when it was still part of the Dakota Territory. During this time activists worked for women's suffrage, and in 1879, women gained the right to vote at school meetings. This was formalized in 1883 when the legislature passed a law where women would use separate ballots for their votes on school-related issues. When North Dakota was writing its state constitution, efforts were made to include equal suffrage for women, but women were only able to retain their right to vote for school issues. An abortive effort to provide equal suffrage happened in 1893, when the state legislature passed equal suffrage for women. However, the bill was "lost," never signed and eventually expunged from the record. Suffragists continued to hold conventions, raise awareness, and form organizations. The arrival of Sylvia Pankhurst in February 1912 stimulated the creation of more groups, including the statewide Votes for Women League. In 1914, there was a voter referendum on women's suffrage, but it did not pass. In 1917, limited suffrage bills for municipal and presidential suffrage were signed into law. On December 1, 1919, North Dakota became the twentieth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.
Mae Caine was a 20th-century American suffragist and women's rights activist, civic leader, and government official in Nevada. President of the Suffrage Society in Elko County, she was also a vice president of the Nevada Equal Franchise Society, and a delegate from Nevada to the 45th convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in Washington, D.C.
References
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- ↑ Jacques, Catherine (2009). "Le féminisme en Belgique de la fin du 19e siècle aux années 1970". Courrier Hebdomadaire du Crisp (in French) (7). Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP, No 2012-2013: 5–54. doi:10.3917/cris.2012.0005 . Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- ↑ "Union des femmes de Wallonie" (in French). Connaître la Wallonie. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
- ↑ "Série "1922 – Hoje, há 100 anos" VI e série "Feministas, graças a Deus!" XI – A fundação da Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino". Brasiliana Fotografica (in Portuguese). 9 August 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ↑ "Jewish League for Woman Suffrage | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
- ↑ de Haan, Daskalova & Loutfi 2006, p. 236.
- ↑ "Constitution and rules of the Canadian Women's Suffrage Association : inaugurated at a public conversazione held in the city council chamber of Toronto on 9th March, 1883". Laurier. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ Larsen, Jytte. "Liste over kvindeorganisationer og valgretsforeninger fra 1871-1913". Kilde 26 (in Danish). Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ↑ "French Union for Women's Suffrage (Union Française Pour Le Suffrage Des Femmes, UFSF) (1908-1940)". Towards Emancipation?. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ "Greek League for Women's Rights". European Institute for Gender Equality. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ O'Neill, Marie (1985). "The Dublin Women's Suffrage Association and Its Successors" . Dublin Historical Record. 38 (4): 126–140. ISSN 0012-6861. JSTOR 30100670 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Maxwell, Nick (2013-03-13). "Irish Women's Franchise League and Irish Women's Workers' Union". History Ireland. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ↑ "Belfast suffragettes" . Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- ↑ Pecora, Elli Sensi (2016-03-21). "Elisa Agnini, la suffragetta italiana". Pasionaria (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ Garon, Sheldon (1993). "Women's Groups and the Japanese State: Contending Approaches to Political Integration, 1890-1945". Journal of Japanese Studies. 19 (1): 7. doi:10.2307/132863. ISSN 0095-6848. JSTOR 132863.
- ↑ "Asociacion nacional de mujeres españolas (ANME)". Artehistoria. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ Hendricks, Wanda A. "Alpha Suffrage Club". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ "American Equal Rights Association". Britannica. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ "American Woman Suffrage Association". Britannica. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ "The College Equal Suffrage League". KU Libraries Exhibits. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ Bell, Alyssa; Crawford, Alyssa; Thomas, Zach; Han, Samantha. "Chapter 1: The Congressional Union 1913-1916". National Woman's Party Project. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ Petrash 2013, p. 101.
- ↑ "Indiana's First Woman's Rights Convention". Indiana Historical Bureau. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
- ↑ "The Suffrage Cause and Bryn Mawr – American Speakers II". Bryn Mawr. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
- ↑ Neuman, Johanna (July 2017). "Who Won Women's Suffrage? A Case for 'Mere Men'". The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 16 (3): 347–367. doi: 10.1017/S1537781417000081 . ISSN 1537-7814.
- ↑ "They Remembered the Ladies and Did Much More Than That". Brooke Kroeger. 2017-05-30. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ↑ "The National American Woman Suffrage Association". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ Parolin, Sara; Keosombath, Monica. "Chapter 2: Launching the National Woman's Party". National Woman's Party Project. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
- ↑ "Site of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government (BESAGG) Office". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2023-03-20.