Lizard communication

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Lizards are among the most diverse groups of reptiles with more than 5,600 species. [1] With such diversity in physical and behavioral characteristics, lizards have evolved many different ways to communicate. [2] Lizards communicate to gain information about the individuals around them by paying attention to various characteristics exhibited by individuals and using various physical and behavioral traits to communicate. These traits differ based on the mode of communication being used.

Contents

Lizards have evolved to have different systems of communication depending on habitat, method of sexual selection, predator avoidance, and the communication needs of the species. These include physical, chemical, tactile, and vocal communication. Each method of communication utilizes various sensory systems, including visual, olfactory, and auditory systems. [3] [4] [5]

Scenarios for lizard communication

Lizards communicate in a variety of different scenarios. They communicate with members of their own species [6] to find appropriate mates [7] and in competition for resources such as food or habitat. Subtle variation in traits, shared by members of the same species when choosing mates, sometimes result in particular individuals mating more than others. (For more information see Sexual selection in lizards.)

Lizards communicate with members of different species (interspecific communication) as well. For example, some lizard species communicate with each other in competition for resources, while some lizards use interspecific communication during predator-prey interactions. The lizard Anolis cristatellus , for example, exhibits predator deterrence communication. They perform a behavior that communicates information about the lizard's physiological condition to potential predators. [8] Lizards that are in better condition (and may be more likely to outrun the predator) perform this behavior more frequently, and may communicate to the predator that they will be difficult to catch. Thus, the predator may choose to avoid lizards in good health that are likely to outrun them and choose instead to pursue individuals that do not seem to be in good condition. In this case of interspecific communication, the lizard is communicating information about itself to the predator, and the predator modifies its behavior in response.

Methods of communication

Lizards have evolved several modes of communication to accommodate their different communication needs, including visual, chemical, tactile, and vocal communication. [9] [2] The chemical and visual communication modes are widespread among lizards, while the tactile and vibrational modes occur in just a handful of lizard species. Some species use a combination of several communication modes, while others seem to rely entirely on one. Visual communication is the most well-studied mode of lizard communication, but modern scientific techniques are making it easier to study the other modes, so lizards traditionally thought to rely on one mode of communication may also be using other modes.

Visual communication

An anole lizard in Costa Rica repeatedly protracting and retracting its dewlap.

Lizards that use visual communication gather information by observing other lizards' various physical and behavioral characteristics, somewhat like humans communicating using body language Lizards that use visual communication often have highly developed visual systems—most can see different colors, and some can see UV light. [10] [11] Many different physical and behavioral traits are used by lizards in visual communication, most of which are designed to draw the visual attention of other lizards.

Lizards can have vibrant colors and patterns and flashy behaviors intended to communicate both inter- and intraspecifically. Vibrant colors and patterns may draw attention from predators or competition, so these colors may be located on a dewlap or a surface of the body like the belly that is not exposed unless the lizard intends to. A dewlap is a flap of skin on the throat that can be extended and retracted and is often colorful and/or patterned when extended and hidden when retracted. Many species of Anolis lizards have dewlaps [12] that they extend during behavioral interactions like attracting mates and dueling with competitors but are well camouflaged when the dewlap is retracted. [13] Sceloporous lizard species can also have hidden colors with some developing vibrant blue and black coloration on their bellies during the breeding season. [14] This color is not visible to other lizards unless the lizard engages in a behavior called dorsal ventral flattening, in which the lizard flattens its body to expose the colorful parts of its belly during behavioral interactions. [15]

Because lizards that use visual communication rely on being able to see other lizards, visual communication is common among species that live at relatively high population densities and frequently come into close contact. Visual communication is well suited for use in many different habitats and can be modified by lizards to accommodate changing habitat conditions [e.g., [16] ], so long as individuals come into contact frequently enough.

Chemical communication

Lizards that use chemical communication produce chemicals that they deposit in the environment, such as pheromones. [17] These chemicals elicit changes in the behavior, and sometimes in the physiology, of individuals that encounter them. [18] These chemicals contain unique combinations of chemical compounds and different combinations of these chemicals can provide information about the individual that produced them. [19] In many cases, chemical composition differs considerably between species, which allows lizards to tell whether a lizard that deposited the chemical was a member of the same or a different species. [17] In some lizard species (such as the Iberian rock-lizards, Lacerta monticola ), their chemical secretions also differ based on the individual that produced them. [20] Lizards detecting the chemicals can determine whether the individual that produced the chemical is familiar or not, [20] much like a human knows whether they've met a person before based on unique facial characteristics.

Lizards that use chemical communication have highly developed olfactory systems, which essentially give these lizards a very well-developed sense of "smell" and enable them to detect chemicals in the environment. [21] Lizards that produce these chemicals often have femoral glands or femoral pores on their back legs. [22] Chemicals are produced inside the lizard and are then released via these pores. Lizards that use chemical communication are often observed to drag their back legs or lower half of their body against a surface they are walking across to spread their chemical secretions across an area. Another behavior common among lizards that use chemical communication is tongue flicking in order to "taste" the chemicals present in the air and on various surfaces, such as rocks or logs that another lizard might have been sitting on. These chemicals can also be deposited in feces [23] —lizards have been observed to defecate systematically throughout the area that they live in, suggesting that they may be placing chemicals in particular areas, such as marking the boundaries of a territory. [23]

One unique aspect of chemical communication that differentiates it from other modes is that lizards do not need to come into direct contact in order to communicate using chemicals. [24] Once a chemical has been released onto a surface, it can be used in communication until it is washed away or otherwise removed. Lizards may come into contact with chemicals that were placed there by a lizard hours or days earlier, depending on how long the chemical lasts in the environment. Thus, lizards that live at relatively low population densities or do not come into close contact can use chemical communication. Chemical communication is usually better suited for use in dry environments as water from water sources or precipitation can wash away the chemicals.

Recent advances in our ability to detect and measure the compounds present in these chemicals have dramatically increased our understanding of lizard chemical communication. [25] [26] [27] As the composition of these chemicals is analyzed and researched further, more information about the individual that produced them and how they communicate in different contexts is known. [28] [29] [30]

In Podarcis hispaniscus

Podarcis hispanicus secrete chemicals that are generally more volatile and have higher chemical stability than other similar species. In courtship, chemosensory allows for male lizards to identify females during breeding season and identify the female’s special identity. Chemosensory recognition is greater among males as they are greatly utilized in intra-sexual aggression. This also allows males to recognize their known neighbors and will not engage in anti-predatory behaviors. In male lizards, the chemical stimuli is released from the femoral glands. [31]

Tactile communication

Lizards that use tactile communication either use direct or indirect touch as a form of communication. [9] Some species come into direct contact with one another, such as nudging, licking, biting, or bumping another lizard. This type of direct contact may be associated with courtship (i.e., attracting a mate), or with aggression—in many lizards, fights can escalate to direct physical contact, such as biting and bumping into one another. Species that engage in these physical conflicts often rely on other forms of communication (such as visual or chemical), and resort only to physical contact when other methods of deterring potential rivals have failed. In the case of courtship, some lizards such as the male Komodo dragon, Varanus komodoensis , lick females to determine whether they are sexually receptive. [32] While this is direct touch, it also incorporates chemical communication, as the male is detecting different chemicals present in the female's body in addition to directly touching her.

There are also forms of tactile communication that do not involve direct touch, including vibrational communication. [33] Some chameleon species communicate with one another by vibrating the substrate that they are standing on, such as a tree branch or leaf. [34] Animals that use vibrational communication exhibit unique morphological adaptations that enable them to detect vibration and use it in communication. These include unique adaptations in ear and jaw morphology that give the animal direct contact with the surface they are standing on and enable them to detect subtle vibrations. [35] Lizards that live on substrates that can be easily moved (such as thin tree branches or leaves) are more likely to use vibrational communication than lizards that live on substrates that do not transmit vibrations as easily, such as the ground or thick tree trunks.

Vocal communication

Tokay gecko is known for its vocalizations Tokay gecko @Vnm.jpg
Tokay gecko is known for its vocalizations

This mode of communication is primarily limited to nocturnal geckos, many of which produce vocalizations during behavioral interactions such as male competition [2] [36] [37] or predator avoidance. [38] Another lizard, Liolaemus chiliensis , emits distress calls in the wild. Other lizards can produce vocalizations, but most have not been observed to do so in the wild. For instance, some lizards vocalize when handled, [2] but have not been heard doing so undisturbed in the wild. It is possible that these vocalizations are used for communication, but observations of this behavior in natural populations would be needed to make this assertion.

Lizards that use vocal communication need to produce vocalizations and need an appropriate auditory system to process the sounds. Vocal communication is well suited for lizards that live in habitats that make it hard to see other individuals or are active at night because it can be used to communicate without the need to come into contact with other lizards or being able to see them.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lizard</span> Informal group of reptiles

Lizard is the common name used for all squamate reptiles other than snakes, encompassing over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The grouping is paraphyletic as some lizards are more closely related to snakes than they are to other lizards. Lizards range in size from chameleons and geckos a few centimeters long to the 3-meter-long Komodo dragon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dactyloidae</span> Family of reptiles

Dactyloidae are a family of lizards commonly known as anoles and native to warmer parts of the Americas, ranging from southeastern United States to Paraguay. Instead of treating it as a family, some authorities prefer to treat it as a subfamily, Dactyloinae, of the family Iguanidae. In the past they were included in the family Polychrotidae together with Polychrus, but the latter genus is not closely related to the true anoles.

<i>Anolis</i> Genus of lizards

Anolis is a genus of anoles, iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to be moved to other genera, in which case only about 45 Anolis species remain. Previously, it was classified under the family Polychrotidae that contained all the anoles, as well as Polychrus, but recent studies place it in the Dactyloidae.

<i>Anolis carolinensis</i> Species of reptile

Anolis carolinensis or green anole is a tree-dwelling species of anole lizard native to the southeastern United States and introduced to islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. A small to medium-sized lizard, the green anole is a trunk-crown ecomorph and can change its color to several shades from brown to green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal communication</span> Transfer of information from animal to animal

Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals to one or more other animals that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers. Information may be sent intentionally, as in a courtship display, or unintentionally, as in the transfer of scent from predator to prey with kairomones. Information may be transferred to an "audience" of several receivers. Animal communication is a rapidly growing area of study in disciplines including animal behavior, sociology, neurology and animal cognition. Many aspects of animal behavior, such as symbolic name use, emotional expression, learning and sexual behavior, are being understood in new ways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown anole</span> Species of lizard

The brown anole, also known commonly as the Cuban brown anole, or De la Sagra's anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Cuba and the Bahamas. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, via the importation and exportation of plants where the anole would lay eggs in the soil of the pots, and is now found in Florida and as far north in the United States as southern Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Hawaii, and Southern California. It has also been introduced to other Caribbean islands, Mexico, and Taiwan.

<i>Podarcis muralis</i> Species of lizard

Podarcis muralis is a species of lizard with a large distribution in Europe and well-established introduced populations in North America, where it is also called the European wall lizard. It can grow to about 20 cm (7.9 in) in total length. The animal has shown variation in the places it has been introduced to. Fossils have been found in a cave in Greece dating to the early part of the Holocene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygmy marmoset</span> Genus of monkey

Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus Cebuella. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just over 100 g (3.5 oz). They are generally found in evergreen and river-edge forests and are gum-feeding specialists, or gummivores.

<i>Urosaurus ornatus</i> Species of lizard

Urosaurus ornatus, commonly known as the ornate tree lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Phrynosomatidae. The species is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The species, which was formerly called simply the "tree lizard", has been used to study physiological changes during the fight-or-flight response as related to stress and aggressive competition. Its life history and costs of reproduction have been documented in field populations in New Mexico and Arizona. This species has been fairly well studied because of its interesting variation in throat color in males that can correlate with different reproductive strategies,

<i>Podarcis hispanicus</i> Species of lizard

Podarcis hispanicus, also known as Iberian wall lizard, is a small wall lizard species of the genus Podarcis. It is found in the Iberian peninsula, in northwestern Africa and in coastal districts in Languedoc-Roussillon in France. In Spanish, this lizard is commonly called lagartija Ibérica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Display (zoology)</span> Set of ritualized behaviours in animals

Display behaviour is a set of ritualized behaviours that enable an animal to communicate to other animals about specific stimuli. Such ritualized behaviours can be visual, but many animals depend on a mixture of visual, audio, tactical and chemical signals. Evolution has tailored these stereotyped behaviours to allow animals to communicate both conspecifically and interspecifically which allows for a broader connection in different niches in an ecosystem. It is connected to sexual selection and survival of the species in various ways. Typically, display behaviour is used for courtship between two animals and to signal to the female that a viable male is ready to mate. In other instances, species may make territorial displays, in order to preserve a foraging or hunting territory for its family or group. A third form is exhibited by tournament species in which males will fight in order to gain the 'right' to breed. Animals from a broad range of evolutionary hierarchies avail of display behaviours - from invertebrates such as the simple jumping spider to the more complex vertebrates like the harbour seal.

In the study of the biological sciences, biocommunication is any specific type of communication within (intraspecific) or between (interspecific) species of plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and microorganisms. Communication means sign-mediated interactions following three levels of rules. Signs in most cases are chemical molecules (semiochemicals), but also tactile, or as in animals also visual and auditive. Biocommunication of animals may include vocalizations, or pheromone production, chemical signals between plants and animals, and chemically mediated communication between plants and within plants.

<i>Iberolacerta cyreni</i> Species of lizard

Iberolacerta cyreni, commonly known as the Cyren's rock lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is endemic to central Spain and is currently listed as endangered by the IUCN due to global warming. I. cyreni has evolved to exhibit key behavioral characteristics, namely individual recognition, in which a lizard is able to identify another organism of the same species, as well as thermoregulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iberian worm lizard</span> Species of amphisbaenian

The Iberian worm lizard, Mediterranean worm lizard, or European worm lizard is a species of reptile in the family Blanidae of the clade Amphisbaenia. The Iberian worm lizard is locally known as cobra-cega (Portuguese), culebrilla ciega (Spanish), and colobreta cega (Catalan), all meaning "blind snake". Recent studies into the mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data of 47 isolated B. cinereus populations show rather large sequence divergence between two apparent clades, leading some researchers to call for a division of the Iberian worm lizard into two species. While little is known of B. cinereus in comparison with some other reptile species, new insight is growing about this primitive, ancestral reptile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Femoral pore</span> Gland found in certain reptiles

Femoral pores are a part of a holocrine secretory gland found on the inside of the thighs of certain lizards and amphisbaenians which releases pheromones to attract mates or mark territory. In certain species only the male has these pores and in other species, both sexes have them, with the male's being larger. Femoral pores appear as a series of pits or holes within a row of scales on the ventral portion of the animal's thigh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seismic communication</span>

Seismic or vibrational communication is a process of conveying information through mechanical (seismic) vibrations of the substrate. The substrate may be the earth, a plant stem or leaf, the surface of a body of water, a spider's web, a honeycomb, or any of the myriad types of soil substrates. Seismic cues are generally conveyed by surface Rayleigh or bending waves generated through vibrations on the substrate, or acoustical waves that couple with the substrate. Vibrational communication is an ancient sensory modality and it is widespread in the animal kingdom where it has evolved several times independently. It has been reported in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, arachnids, crustaceans and nematode worms. Vibrations and other communication channels are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but can be used in multi-modal communication.

<i>Anolis grahami</i> Species of lizard

Anolis grahami, commonly known as the Jamaican turquoise anole and Graham's anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is native to the island of Jamaica, and has also been introduced to the territory of Bermuda. It is one of many different species of anole lizards found in Jamaica. There are two recognized subspecies.

<i>Anolis vermiculatus</i> Species of lizard

The Vinales anole, also known as the Cuban stream anole, is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae, endemic to Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Communication in aquatic animals</span>

Communication occurs when an animal produces a signal and uses it to influences the behaviour of another animal. A signal can be any behavioural, structural or physiological trait that has evolved specifically to carry information about the sender and/or the external environment and to stimulate the sensory system of the receiver to change their behaviour. A signal is different from a cue in that cues are informational traits that have not been selected for communication purposes. For example, if an alerted bird gives a warning call to a predator and causes the predator to give up the hunt, the bird is using the sound as a signal to communicate its awareness to the predator. On the other hand, if a rat forages in the leaves and makes a sound that attracts a predator, the sound itself is a cue and the interaction is not considered a communication attempt.

Sceloporus virgatus, commonly known as the striped plateau lizard, is a species of lizard within the genus Sceloporus. This genus is known for the signaling modalities that it uses and exhibits, including visual motion and chemical signals that aid in identifying their territories as well as color that indicates aggression. The striped plateau lizard originates from the northern Sierra Madre Occidental and is relatively small in size, measuring less than 72 mm (2.8 in) in length.

References

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