Lost media

This article is about lost audiovisual media. For other types of lost works, see Lost literary work and Lost artworks.

Theatrical release poster for the lost film London After Midnight ; its last known copy was destroyed in the 1965 MGM vault fire

Lost media are any media that are believed to no longer exist in any format, or for which no copies can be located. The term primarily encompasses visual, audio, or audiovisual media such as films, television and radio broadcasts, music, ^[2] and video games. ^{[3] [4]}

Many television and radio broadcast masters, recorded onto magnetic tape, may be lost due to the industry practice of wiping. Motion picture studios also often destroyed their original nitrate film elements, as film and broadcast material was often considered ephemeral and of little historical worth after they had made their revenue. Some media considered lost may exist in studio or public archives, but may not be available due to copyright or donor restriction rules. ^[5] Due to the unstable nature of any format, films, tapes, phonograph records, optical discs like CDs and DVDs, and digital data stored on hard drives all naturally degrade over time, especially if not kept in correct storage conditions.

Preservation efforts attempt to avoid the loss of works; this is usually done by storing them in archives.

Lost films

Main article: Lost film

Further information: List of lost films

A large portion of silent films made in the United States are now considered lost. ^[6] A 2013 report made by the United States Library of Congress estimates that 70 percent of silent films made in the United States have been completely lost. ^[7]

Lost television broadcasts

Main article: Lost television broadcast

Lost television broadcasts are mostly those early television programs which cannot be accounted for in studio archives (or in personal archives); this is usually because of deliberate destruction or neglect. ^{[8] [9]}

Lost music

See also: Rare groove and Lostwave

The Library of Congress estimates that a large portion of the earliest musical recordings, from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, have been lost. For example, only two percent of the over 3000 wax cylinders produced by the North American Phonograph Company between 1889 and 1894 are part of the National Recording Preservation Board's sound recording library as of 2024 ^[update] . ^[10]

A concept related to lost music is "lostwave", a term coined on the Internet for extant recordings of music for which little to no information about its authors or origin exists. Some examples of lostwave, such as "Subways of Your Mind" and "Ulterior Motives", both of which were eventually identified in 2024, have been the subjects of online crowdsourced research since the late 2010s. ^{[11] [12] [13]}

Lost video games

Further information: Video game preservation

Video games, including digital downloads, often fade from existence when digital game stores close, as demonstrated by the Wii Shop Channel, V Cast Network and the Nintendo eShop on the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. The infamous P.T. , a teaser to the unreleased Silent Hills game, became unable to be redownloaded after its removal from the PlayStation Network within a year. ^[14] The Wii U and Nintendo 3DS digital download games Dodge Club Party and Dodge Club Pocket were removed from Nintendo eShop in 2019 and 2022 and became publicly unavailable due to reasons beyond Nintendo's control. ^[15]

According to the Video Game History Foundation, 87% of American video games released before 2010 are out of print and cannot be acquired outside of the grey market or piracy. Many of these titles are in danger of becoming lost, or already are. ^[16] Some video game enthusiasts argue that out of respect for both the original designers and the fans of the game, the video game publishers have a duty to make sure that the game remains accessible. ^[17] Some go on to claim that when the publishers don't, the consumers are justified in pirating the game, as they are left with no other alternative in the absence of proper methods of purchase which would benefit the publishers or creators of the game. In other words, they claim that piracy is okay in that context because it doesn't harm the publishers/creators of the game, i.e. if the publisher wants to benefit from the sale of the game, then they need to ensure it remains available for sale.

Video game preservationists, both organizations such as the Video Game History Foundation and hobbyists such as YouTuber The Completionist, ^[18] seek to preserve video game history that would have otherwise been lost to time, because of a variety of factors, such as degrading storage mediums, digital game stores closing, or the game becoming unavailable because of licensing or financial issues. Their motivations are that the games hold cultural and historical value, ^[19] can be educational material for the future (like learning to code by imitating a classic game from scratch, learning about past peoples' lives ^[19] ), or that they simply hold emotional value through nostalgia.

Lost electronic data

Further information: Digital dark age

Data stored in electronic computers risks being lost if it is not frequently migrated into more recent file formats. This happens because as new computer systems are developed and new technologies are built, now obsolete systems may break down over time, leaving the data inside inaccessible. ^[20] Electronic data preservation is further complicated by the fact that unless an emulator for a given computer system which can decode the data is present at the time of the preservation, the original data may become inaccessible as the original hardware breaks down, as it may depend on the original hardware to be decoded, ^[21] although in some cases the original data may be recoverable through lengthy reverse engineering work with the objective of understanding the original computer system enough to decode the most original electronic data possible. ^[22]

To mitigate the loss of their data, the Arctic World Archive has been the chosen location for the preservation of the code on public repositories on GitHub. ^[23] The Arctic World Archive also stores a wide range of data of interest to multiple companies, institutions and governments; including the Constitutions of Brazil and Norway. ^[24]

Lost internet media

See also: Link rot

Media released on the internet, such as livestreams and blog posts, are especially vulnerable to being lost due to a number of issues, such as a website being shut down, it being deleted by the creator without being saved, or never having been archived in the first place. Media released solely to streaming services in lieu of hard physical release are also vulnerable to being rendered legally inaccessible by the service's parent company, making it so consumers have no legal way to purchase or stream the media, rendering it lost media by legal means. The Electronic Frontier Foundation describes this phenomenon as "a whole new kind of lost media [that's] only going to be preserved by those individuals who did the work to make and save copies of it, often risking draconian legal liability, regardless of how the studio feels about that work". ^{[25] [26] [27]}

See also

• Category:Lost works
• Archival science
• Data archaeology
• Data preservation
• Digital preservation
• List of unpublished books
• Lost artworks
• Lost literary work
• Media archaeology
• Media preservation
• Orphan work

References

1. Soister, John; Nicolella, Henry; Joyce, Steve; Long, Harry (2012). American Silent Horror, Science Fiction and Fantasy Feature Films, 1913–1929. McFarland. p. 333. ISBN   978-0786435814.
2. Blanchet, Brenton (April 21, 2020). "The internet community unearthing lost episodes from your childhood faves". i-D. Vice Media. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021.
3. Forrest, Eleanor (March 8, 2022). "Meet Raven Simone, the YouTuber who discovered the lost Mean Girls video game". NME. NME Networks. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022.
4. Bell, Brendan (September 16, 2021). "Meet the YouTubers determined to find lost media". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021.
5. Hughes, William (June 18, 2022). "A 'lost,' 'too-scary' episode of Sesame Street has been uploaded to the internet". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022.
6. Pierce, David. "The Survival of American Silent Films: 1912-1929" (PDF). Library Of Congress. Council on Library and Information Resources and the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
7. "Library Reports on America's Endangered Silent-Film Heritage". News from the Library of Congress (Press release). Library of Congress. December 4, 2013. ISSN   0731-3527 . Retrieved March 7, 2014.
8. says, Cherry Gale (July 2, 2024). "Unravelling the mystery of lost television". National Science and Media Museum blog. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
9. "How Was Early Television Preserved?". Paley Center. August 5, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
10. "Lost Recording List". National Recording Preservation Board. Library of Congress. n.d. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023.
11. "Lostwave: how the internet became obsessed with lost songs". Dazed. February 27, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
12. O'Grady, Carrie (February 28, 2024). "Everyone Knows That: can you identify the lost 80s hit baffling the internet?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
13. "Mysterious Viral '80s Song "Everybody Knows That" Finally Identified After Three-Year Hunt". Stereogum. April 29, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
14. McWhertor, Michael; Sarkar, Samit (May 5, 2015). "Konami pulls P.T. from PlayStation Store, no longer available for re-download (update)". Polygon . Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
15. "Another Game Has Been Delisted from Nintendo eShop". January 25, 2022.
16. Wilde, Thomas (July 12, 2023). "Researchers find 87% of U.S. classic video games are out of print and 'critically endangered'". GeekWire . Retrieved April 1, 2024.
17. Nick Robinson (Babylonian) (August 22, 2019). The best game Ubisoft won't let you play . Retrieved October 4, 2024– via YouTube.
18. I bought EVERY Nintendo Wii U & 3DS game before the Nintendo eShop closes. March 18, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2024– via YouTube.
19. Cerezo-Pizarro, Mario; Revuelta-Domínguez, Francisco-Ignacio; Guerra-Antequera, Jorge; Melo-Sánchez, Jairo (November 2023). "The Cultural Impact of Video Games: A Systematic Review of the Literature". Education Sciences. 13 (11): 1116. doi: 10.3390/educsci13111116 . ISSN   2227-7102.
20. Scott, Jessica (September 23, 2013). "Long-term Digital Storage: Simple Steps to Get Started". History Associates. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
21. "What is emulation?". Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
22. Blakeslee, Sandra (March 20, 1990). "Lost on Earth: Wealth of Data Found in Space". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
23. "GitHub will store all of its public open source code in an Arctic vault". Engadget. November 15, 2019. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
24. "Look inside the doomsday vault that may hold the world's most important data". NBC News. June 7, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
25. "Hollywood's Insistence on New Draconian Copyright Rules Is Not About Protecting Artists". Electronic Frontier Foundation . September 1, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
26. "Netflix is a Ticking Time-Bomb of Lost Media". University of Florida . May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
27. ""It's a Silent Fire": Decaying Digital Movie and TV Show Files Are a Hollywood Crisis". The Hollywood Reporter . March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.

Further reading

• Hansen, Kathleen A.; Paul, Nora (2017). Future-Proofing the News: Preserving the First Draft of History. Lanham, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-1-4422-6712-1. OCLC   961007777.