罗振玉; traditional Chinese :羅振玉; pinyin :LuóZhènyù; Wade–Giles :Lo Chen-yü;August 8,1866 – May 14,1940),courtesy name Shuyun (simplified Chinese :叔蕴; traditional Chinese :叔蘊; pinyin :Shūyùn),was a Chinese classical scholar,philologist,epigrapher,antiquarian and Qing loyalist.
A native of Huai'an,Luo began to publish works of agriculture in Shanghai after the First Sino-Japanese War. With his friends,he set up Dongwen Xueshe (東文學社),a Japanese language teaching school in 1896. One of the students was Wang Guowei.
Luo first visited Japan in 1901 to study the Japanese educational system. [1] From 1906 onwards,he held several different government posts,mostly related to agriculture. From April 1909 to February 1912 he was president of the Imperial Agricultural College. Being a loyalist to the Qing Dynasty,he fled to Japan after the Xinhai Revolution,residing in Kyoto and doing some research on Chinese archaeology. [1] He returned to Tianjin in China in 1919,taking part in political activities aimed at restoration of deposed Qing Emperor Puyi. Luo eventually rose to become one of the three main advisors and a trusted confidant of the emperor. [1]
After the creation of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in March 1932,Luo accepted a post in the new government from 1933 to 1938,insisting on maintaining Manchukuo as a monarchy against various proposals to make it a republic. [1] He also served as chairman of the Japan-Manchukuo Cultural Cooperation Society. However,Luo gradually became disillusioned with the heavy-handed administration of the Japanese Kwantung Army and the lack of all real authority or political power by the nominal emperor Puyi,and resigned his positions in 1938,retiring to Dalian.
Luo's political activities during the wartime period and association with the collaborationist Manchukuo government have tended to overshadow his accomplishments as a scholar. He worked throughout his life to preserve Chinese antiques,especially oracle bones,bamboo and wooden slips,and Dunhuang manuscripts,all of which are invaluable materials for understanding ancient China. He was one of the first scholars to decipher the oracle bone script,and produced many important scholarly works researching the bronzeware script. He helped publish Liu E's Tieyun Canggui (鐵雲藏龜),the first collection of oracle bones,and Sun Yirang's Qiwen Juli (契文舉例),the first work of decipherment of the oracle bone script. Luo's own work Yinxu Shuqi Kaoshi (殷虛書契考釋) still occupies an important place in the study of oracle bone script.
He was also the first modern scholar to become interested in the Tangut script,and published a number of dissertations on the subject in 1912 and 1927. [2]
Puyi was the last emperor of China,reigning as the eleventh and final monarch of the Qing dynasty. He became emperor at the age of two in 1908,but was forced to abdicate in 1912 as a result of Xinhai Revolution at the age of six. During his first reign,he was known as the Xuantong Emperor,with his era name meaning "proclamation of unity".
Zhang Binglin,also known by his art name Zhang Taiyan,was a Chinese philologist,textual critic,philosopher,and revolutionary.
Oracle bone script is the oldest attested form of written Chinese,dating to the late 2nd millennium BC. Inscriptions were made by carving characters into oracle bones,usually either the shoulder bones of oxen or the plastra of turtles. The writings themselves mainly record the results of official divinations carried out on behalf of the Late Shang royal family. These divinations took the form of scapulimancy where the oracle bones were exposed to flames,creating patterns of cracks that were then subjected to interpretation. Both the prompt and interpretation were inscribed on the same piece of bone that had been used for the divination itself.
Duan Yucai (1735–1815),courtesy name Ruoying (若膺) was a Chinese philologist of the Qing Dynasty. He made great contributions to the study of Historical Chinese phonology,and is known for his annotated edition of Shuowen Jiezi.
King Yi of Zhou,personal name Ji Jian,was the seventh king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 899–892 BC or 899–873 BC.
Emperor Renzong of Western Xia,born Li Renxiao,was the fifth emperor of the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty of China. His reign from 1139 to 1193 was the longest among all Western Xia emperors.
The School of Combined Learning,or the Tongwen Guan was a government school for teaching Western languages,founded at Peking (Beijing),China in 1862 during the late-Qing dynasty,right after the conclusion of the Second Opium War,as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. Its establishment was intimately linked to the establishment of the Zongli Yamen,the Qing office of foreign affairs.
Wang Niansun,courtesy name:Huaizu (懷祖) was a Chinese scholar of the Qing Dynasty.
Ganlu Zishu is a Chinese orthography dictionary of the Tang dynasty. The first surviving orthographical dictionary for the regular script,it was authored by Yan Yuansun (顏元孫),a descendant of the famous scholar Yan Shigu. It is roughly based on Yan Shigu's work Ziyang,now surviving only in fragments. It was meant to be an official guide for the use of those who took the Imperial examination,thus the title "Ganlu",an allusion to the Analects (2:18).
Nguyễn Thuyên or Hàn Thuyên was a 13th-century Vietnamese official and writer. According to Đại Việt sửkýtoàn thư,in 1282,he composed a piece of writing,throwing it into the Red River to chase away a crocodile,similar to what the Tang dynasty official and writer Han Yu once did. As a result,Emperor Trần Nhân Tông gave him the surname Hàn. He is known as the first one to compose Vietnamese poems in chữNôm,although his works did not survive. Following the Chinese model,he divided the six tones of Vietnamese into "flat" (平) and "sharp" (仄),and used this distinction as the metrical foundation of his poems. The poets after him followed this practice.
Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden,sometimes known as Jieziyuan Huapu (芥子園畫譜),is a printed manual of Chinese painting compiled during the early-Qing Dynasty. Many renowned later Chinese painters,like Qi Baishi,began their drawing lessons with the manual. It is an important early example of colour printing.
Longkan Shoujian is a Chinese dictionary compiled during the Liao dynasty by the Khitan monk Xingjun (行均). Completed in 997,the work had originally been entitled Longkan Shoujing,but had its title changed owing to naming taboo when it was later printed by the Song publishers. The earliest surviving edition of the work is an incomplete Korean one,reprinted in China in 1985.
Sun Yirang was a Qing dynasty Chinese philologist. A native of Wenzhou,Zhejiang province,he retired from official employment early in his life to devote himself to scholarship. His most important works are Mozi Jiangu (墨子間詁),a corrected,definitive edition of Mozi,and Zhouli Zhengyi (周禮正義),an important commentary on the Rites of Zhou. He also contributed to the studies of the bronzeware script and oracle script. His work Qiwen Juli (契文舉例),published posthumously by Luo Zhenyu,was the first work of decipherment of the oracle bone script.
The Huang-Ming Zuxun were admonitions left by the Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang,the founder of the Chinese Ming dynasty,to his descendants. The text was composed in 1373 under the title Record of the Ancestor's Instructions;this was changed to Huang Ming Zu Xun during the publication of the 1395 edition.
Tangutology or Tangut studies is the study of the culture,history,art and language of the ancient Tangut people,especially as seen through the study of contemporaneous documents written by the Tangut people themselves. As the Tangut language was written in a unique and complex script and the spoken language became extinct,the cornerstone of Tangut studies has been the study of the Tangut language and the decipherment of the Tangut script.
Events from the year 1866 in China.
The coinage of the Southern Tang dynasty consisted mostly of bronze cash coins while the coinages of previous dynasties still circulated in the Southern Tang most of the cash coins issued during this period were cast in relation to these being valued as a multiple of them.
The Zhuangpiao,alternatively known as Yinqianpiao,Huipiao,Pingtie (憑帖),Duitie (兌帖),Shangtie (上帖),Hupingtie (壺瓶帖),or Qitie (期帖) in different contexts,refer to privately produced paper money made in China during the Qing dynasty and early Republic of China periods issued by small private banks known as qianzhuang. Other than banknotes qianzhuang also issued Tiexian.
Shilin Guangji is an encyclopedia written by Chen Yuanjing during the Yuan dynasty. The book contains text written in Chinese characters,Mongolian script,and the ʼPhags-pa script. Chen Yuanjing was a native of Chong'an (崇安) in Fujian and was born during the later years of the Southern Song dynasty. The encyclopedia contains a wealth of info on the daily life during the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty,including illustrations,maps and cartography. Among historical texts,it was easy to understand and popular even after the Yuan dynasty. Chen's book was used by scholars during the Ming and Qing dynasties to compile their own encyclopedias.
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