Lupinus prunophilus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Faboideae |
Genus: | Lupinus |
Species: | L. prunophilus |
Binomial name | |
Lupinus prunophilus | |
Synonyms [1] | |
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Lupinus prunophilus, commonly known as the hairy bigleaf lupine or chokecherry lupin, is a medium-sized herbaceous plant that grows in the Great Basin and other parts of the U.S. interior between the Sierra-Nevada and the Rockies. It is a close relative and very similar to Lupinus polyphyllus and is considered a subspecies by some botanists.
Lupinus prunophilus is a herbaceous perennial plant that start the growing season with many leaves on short stalks growing from the base of the plant (basal leaves) and retain these leaves as the much taller flowering stem grows and start to bloom. [2] The multiple flowering stems grow outward and then upward (ascending) reaching 23–65 centimeters tall. [3] David B. Dunn described the stems as either slim or somewhat hollow (somewhat fistulose). [4] The stems are sparsely covered in coarse hairs that stand out straight from the stem surface (spreading-hirsute). [4] [3] Both the basal leaves and the flowering stems arise from a woody caudex. [3]
The basal leaves are much more numerous with the 7–30 centimeter long leaf stems (petioles) [3] spreading in every direction to from a rounded tuft of leaves. [2] Each leaf is made up of 8–13 small leaflets, [3] each leaflet is 4–8 centimeters long and rarely less than 10 millimeters wide. [4] The leaflets are flat and much longer than they are wide with the widest portion towards the tip rather than towards the base (oblanceolate). [2] The leaflets are on smaller stalks that are 4–10 centimeters long [3] and attached together at a central point (palmate compound) to the leaf stalk, one of the defining features of genus Lupinus. [2] The leaves are smooth on their upper sides (glabrous) with, at most, only a few hairs on the leaf edges. [2] On the underside they are sparsely covered in fine downy hairs. [4] It has some leaves shorter leaf stalks growing from the flowing stem. [3]
The flowering part of each stalk (the raceme) will have 25–68 flowers and be 6–28 centimeters long. Each flower is 10–16 millimeters long and mainly blue-purple in color, but with a cream or yellow "eyespot" on the banner petal. The upper side of the flower is hairless but will a few fine hairs (ciliate) inside the lower lip also called the keel. [3]
The seed pods will have 4–6 seeds and each seed is 7–11 millimeters wide. [4]
Though widespread across the western United States, Lupinus prunophilus was not scientifically described and named until 1910. Marcus E. Jones wrote a short, but complete, description in Contributions to Western Botany. [1] [5] However, the Lupinus expert Charles Piper Smith initially thought it was Lupinus wyethii var. prunophilus in 1937. Three years later when he published his comprehensive book about the genus Species Lupinorum he classified it as a subspecies with the name Lupinus arcticus var. prunophilus. Further taxonomic disagreement followed with Lyle Llewellyn Phillips describing it as Lupinus polyphyllus var. prunophilus in 1955. Lewis S. Fleak and David Baxter Dunn published a 1971 paper dividing it between two subspecies, Lupinus bakeri subsp. amplus and Lupinus sericeus subsp. amplus. [1] By 2005 Lupinus prunophilus was either accepted as a subspecies of Lupinus polyphyllus following the classification by Phillips rather than as a subspeices of any of the other Lupinus or classified as a separate species. Though molecular data on a related taxa, Lupinus wyethii , suggest that all of them are part of L. polyphyllus. [6]
As of 2023 the Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS), [7] World Flora Online (WFO), [8] and Plants of the World Online (POWO) [1] all list Lupinus prunophilus as the accepted taxonomic name. However, there is still disagreement with noted botanists such as Jennifer Ackerfield following classifications such as Lupinus polyphyllus var. prunophilus. [2]
Regardless of its correct classification, it is most commonly called the "hairy bigleaf lupin", the for the hairy leaves distinguishing it from the "bigleaf lupin", Lpuinus polyphyllus. Another common name, "chokecherry lupine" referring to the Latin "pronophilus" meaning "choke cherry loving" [9] with the genus Lupinus from Latin "wolfish" from lupus "wolf". [10]
The native range of Lupinus prunophilus is the interior of the western United States including the states of California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. In the Southern Rocky Mountains it is rarely found in New Mexico, somewhat more often found in Wyoming, and only frequently found on the Western Slope of Colorado. [7] [11] It is only found in the eastern parts of California, but is found in many places in Nevada and Utah. It grows in eastern Washington state and Oregon and in southern Idaho. [11] [7] There are also a few records of it being found in Montana, but its status there is uncertain. [11]
Lupinus prunophilus was evaluated by NatureServe as globally secure (G5) in 1993. At the state level it was only evaluated in Wyoming, where it was given the status of imperiled (S2). [12]
Lupinus polyphyllus, the large-leaved lupine, big-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine, blue-pod lupine, or, primarily in cultivation, garden lupin, is a species of lupine (lupin) native to western North America from southern Alaska and British Columbia and western Wyoming, and south to Utah and California. It commonly grows along streams and creeks, preferring moist habitats.
Aquilegia coerulea, the Colorado columbine, Rocky Mountain columbine, or blue columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains and some of the surrounding states of the western United States. It is the state flower of Colorado. The Latin specific name coerulea means "sky blue".
Senecio ampullaceus, also known as Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, and Texas butterweed, is a species of Senecio in the family Asteraceae, receiving its Latin name ampullaceus from its flask shaped flower-head. It is recommended for landscape use in its native Texas.
Geum triflorum, commonly known as prairie smoke, old man's whiskers, or three-flowered avens, is a spring-blooming perennial herbaceous plant of the Rosaceae family. It is a hemiboreal continental climate species that is widespread in colder and drier environments of western North America, although it does occur in isolated populations as far east as New York and Ontario. It is particularly known for the long feathery plumes on the seed heads that have inspired many of the regional common names and aid in wind dispersal of its seeds.
Pedicularis groenlandica is a showy flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae commonly known as elephant's head, little pink elephant, elephantella, or similar common names inspired by the resemblance of the flower to the head of an elephant. It is also less commonly known as butterfly tongue for the long beak on the flower. Like many other plants in genus Pedicularis, it is a parasitic plant and depends on host plants to survive.
Aconitum columbianum is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names Columbian monkshood or western monkshood.
Lupinus brevicaulis is a species of lupine known by the common names shortstem lupine and sand lupine. It is native to the southwestern United States, including Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, where it grows in many types of sandy habitat.
Lupinus saxosus is a species of lupine known by the common name rock lupine. It is native to eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and the northeast corner of California,where it grows in sagebrush and other habitat. It may also be native to Idaho and Nevada.
Pulsatilla nuttalliana, known as American pasqueflower, prairie pasqueflower, prairie crocus, or simply pasqueflower, is a flowering plant native to much of North America, from the western side of Lake Michigan, to northern Canada in the Northwest Territories, south to New Mexico in the southwestern United States. Pasqueflower is the provincial flower of Manitoba and the state flower of South Dakota.
Castilleja integra, with the common names orange paintbrush, Southwestern paintbrush, and wholeleaf paintbrush, is a partially parasitic herbaceous perennial plant native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. The species produces a relatively large amount of nectar and is attractive to hummingbirds. It is better suited to cultivation than most other species in the paintbrush genus (Castilleja) and is therefor used in xeriscape gardens and naturalistic meadows, even outside its native range.
Mertensia lanceolata, known as prairie bluebells, lance-leaved bluebells, lance-leaved lungwort, and narrow-leaved languid ladies is a species of flowering plant native to the Rocky Mountains and areas of the northern Great Plains in western North America. A herbaceous perennial it has blue-green leaves alternately arranged on its smooth flowering stalk. Its flower buds are pink-purple and become blue as they open.
Penstemon whippleanus, commonly known as dusky penstemon, dusky beardtongue, Whipple's penstemon, or Whipple's beardtongue, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant within the hemiboreal forests of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It is noted for the large deep purple-red flowers and a preference for high mountain elevations.
Penstemon ambiguus, commonly known as the bush penstemon, pink plains penstemon, or gilia beardtongue is a species of Penstemon that grows in the shortgrass prairies and deserts of the western United States and northern Mexico. This bush-like penstemon grows in sandy, loose, and creosote soils and is particularly known for the spectacular flowering show it produces, sometime seasons turning whole hillsides bright pink–white.
Penstemon caespitosus, commonly known as mat penstemon, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant from near timberline to the foothills in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau in North America. It is noted for its ground hugging growth habit and as a plant used in xeriscape and rock gardening.
Cystopteris utahensis, commonly called the Utah bladderfern is a rare species of fern found in canyons and on sheltered cliff faces with calcareous rocks. It mainly grows on the Colorado plateau in the western United States, but is also found in a few locations in southern New Mexico and an adjacent area of Texas. Studies of its genetics show that it originates from a natural hybrid of the species Cystopteris bulbifera and Cystopteris reevesiana.
Astrolepis integerrima is a fern in the family Pteridaceae known by the common names hybrid cloakfern and southwest cloakfern. Though widespread through much of northern Mexico and parts of the southwestern and south central United States, it is nowhere common. It is only found on calcareous rocks, cliffs, and canyons in the deserts and similarly dry habitats. Astrolepis integerrima is an allotriploid, a type of hybrid containing all or almost all the chromosones of two different species.
Lupinus caudatus is a widespread species of wildflower in genus Lupinus from western North America known by the common names tailcup lupin and spurred lupin. It is distinctive for the short spur on its purple-blue flowers, for which it is named. Because of its wide distribution and toxicity it commonly causes poisonings of susceptible livestock such as horses, cattle, and sheep, though it is eaten without harm by wild herbivores like deer and elk. It is generally found from the Coastal Ranges and Sierra Nevada Mountains in the west to the Rocky Mountains in the east.
Nolina texana, the Texas sacahuiste or Texas beargrass, is a plant in the asparagus family that resembles a large clump of grass. It grows in the south central United States and Northern Mexico. They are sometimes grown as a garden plant in xeriscape or native plant gardens.
Noccaea fendleri more commonly known as wild candytuft and alpine pennycress is a wildflower in the mustard family from western North America. It grows in mountains from northern Mexico to the northern United States. It blooms early in the spring and provides nectar to butterflies.
Trifolium parryi, commonly known as Parry's clover or Parry clover, is a high altitude species of plant from the western United States. It grows in the Rocky Mountains from southern Montana to northern New Mexico. It is a short plant that is adapted to the harsh conditions and short growing season near and above timberline.