The Magdalene Laundries in Ireland, also known as Magdalene asylums, were institutions usually run by Roman Catholic orders,[1] which operated from the 18th to the late 20th centuries. They were run ostensibly to house "fallen women", an estimated 30,000 of whom were confined in these institutions in Ireland. In 1993, unmarked graves of 155 women were uncovered in the convent grounds of one of the laundries.[2][3] This led to media revelations about the operations of the secretive institutions. A formal state apology was issued in 2013, and a compensation scheme for survivors was set up by the Irish Government, which by 2022 and after an extension of the scheme had paid out €32.8 million to 814 survivors.[4] The religious orders which operated the laundries have rejected appeals, including from victims and Ireland's Justice Minister, to contribute financially to this programme.[5]
The Dublin Magdalen Asylum (sometimes called Magdalen Asylum for Penitent Females) on Lower Leeson Street was the first such institution in Ireland. It was run by the Church of Ireland and accepted only Protestant women. It was founded in 1765 by Lady Arabella Denny.[6] In 1959 it moved to Eglinton Road, Donnybrook and in 1980 changed its name to Denny House. It closed in 1994 and was "Ireland's longest serving Mother and Baby Home."[7] Ireland's Catholic-run Magdalene asylums survived the longest, through to 1996. Ireland's Magdalene laundries were quietly supported by the state, and operated by religious communities for more than two hundred years.
On laundries, James Smith asserts that the "Irish variety took on a distinct character".[8] Inmates were required to work, primarily in laundries, since the facilities were self-supporting. Andrea Parrot and Nina Cummings wrote, "The cost of violence, oppression, and brutalization of women is enormous" and in their struggle to survive, the inmates suffered not only physically, but spiritually and emotionally.[9]
Ledger listing various clients of a Magdalene Laundry
In the late 18th century, the term "fallen women" primarily referred to sex workers, but by the end of the 19th century, Magdalene laundries were filled with many different kinds of women, including girls who were "not prostitutes at all," but either "seduced women" or women who had yet to engage in sexual activity.[11][failed verification] According to Frances Finnegan, author of Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalen Asylums in Ireland, "Missionaries were required to approach prostitutes and distribute religious tracts, designed to be read in 'sober' moments and divert women from their vicious lives."[12] Furthermore, "the consignment even of genuine prostitutes" to these laundries "seldom reduced their numbers on the streets, any more than did an individual prostitute's death," because, according to Finnegan, "so long as poverty continued, and the demand for public women remained, such losses were easily replaced."[12]
Mary Raftery wrote that the institutions were failing to achieve their supposed objective: "the institutions had little impact on prostitution over the period," and yet they were continuing to multiply and expand due to their self-supporting free labour. Since they were not paid, Raftery asserted, "it seems clear that these girls were used as a ready source of free labour for these laundry businesses."[13]
Additionally, the state of Ireland and its government were heavily intertwined with religion. Finnegan wrote:
The issue of continued demand for prostitutes was barely confronted, so absorbed were moralists with the disgraceful and more visible evidence of supply. And while acknowledging that poverty, overcrowded slum housing and lack of employment opportunities fuelled the activity...they shirked the wider issues, insisting on individual moral (rather than social) reform.[14]
Finnegan wrote that based on historical records, the religious institutes had motivations other than simply wanting to curtail prostitution; these multiple motivations led to the multiplication of these facilities.[15] According to Finnegan, as the motivations started to shift from a need to maintain social and moral order within the bounds of patriarchal structure to a desire to continue profiting from a free workforce, Magdalen laundries became a part of a large structure of suppression.[15]
With the multiplication of these institutions and the subsequent and "dramatic rise" in the number of beds available within them, Finnegan wrote that the need to staff the laundries "became increasingly urgent."[15] This urgency, Finnegan claims, resulted in a new definition of "fallen" women: one that was much less precise and was expanding to include any women who appeared to challenge traditional notions of Irish morality. She further asserted that this new definition resulted in even more suffering, "especially among those increasing numbers who were not prostitutes but unmarried mothers—forced to give up their babies as well as their lives."[16][17] And as this concept of "fallen" expanded, so did the facilities, in both physical size and role in society.
Some argue that women were branded as both a mother and a criminal if they happened to have a child out of wedlock. The choices the women at the time had were very limited. They had no social welfare system; therefore, many resorted to prostitution or entered these mother-and-child homes, also known as Magdalen Laundries.[18]
Comparatively more is known about laundries in the 20th century due to detailed interviews with women who spent time in these institutions. In this later phase, the laundries lost their association with sex out of wedlock. All of Ireland's 20th-century laundries, bar one, did not admit pregnant women. Instead, women entered via the criminal justice system, reformatory schools, Health and Social Services sector and self-admittance.[19]
Expansion
Several religious institutes established even more Irish laundries, reformatories and industrial schools, sometimes all together on the same plot of land, with the aim to "save the souls primarily of women and children".[20] Examples were Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of Refuge and the Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy, who ran the largest laundries in Dublin.[21] These "large complexes" became a "massive interlocking system…carefully and painstakingly built up…over a number of decades"; and consequently, Magdalen laundries became part of Ireland's "larger system for the control of children and women" (Raftery 18). Both women and "bastard" children were "incarcerated for transgressing the narrow moral code of the time" and the same religious congregations managed the orphanages, reformatory schools and laundries.[20][22] Thus, these facilities "all helped sustain each other – girls from the reformatory and industrial schools often ended up working their entire lives in the Magdalen laundries".[20]
Almost all the institutions were run by female religious congregations," i.e. sisters, and were scattered throughout the country "in prominent locations in towns and cities".[22] In this way, according to Raftery, they were powerful and pervasive, able to effectively control the lives of women and children from "all classes".[23] This second incarnation of Magdalen laundries vastly differed from the first incarnation, due to their "longevity" and "their diverse community of female inmates, including hopeless cases, mental defectives…[and] transfers from industrial and reformatory schools".[24] These particular institutions intentionally shared "overriding characteristics, including a regime of prayer, silence, work in a laundry, and a preference for permanent inmates", which, as Smith notes, "contradicts the religious congregations' stated mission to protect, reform, and rehabilitate".[24]
As this expansion was taking place and these laundries were becoming a part of a large network of institutions, the treatment of the girls was becoming increasingly violent and abusive. According to Finnegan and Smith, the asylums became "particularly cruel", "more secretive" in nature and "emphatically more punitive".[16][17] Though these women had committed no crime and had never been put on trial, their indefinite incarceration was enforced by locked doors, iron gates and prison guards in the form of apathetic sisters.[citation needed] By 1920, according to Smith, Magdalen laundries had almost entirely abandoned claims of rehabilitation and instead, were "seamlessly incorporated into the state's architecture of containment".[17]
According to historian Frances Finnegan, in the beginning of these asylums' existence, because many of the women had a background as sex workers, the women (who were called "children") were regarded as "in need of penitence", and until the 1970s were required to address all staff members as "mother" regardless of age. To enforce order and maintain a monastic atmosphere, the inmates were required to observe strict silence for much of the day.
As the phenomenon became more widespread, it extended beyond sex workers to petty criminals, orphans, mentally disabled women and abused girls. A 2013 report made by an inter-departmental committee, chaired by Senator Martin McAleese, found no evidence of unmarried women giving birth in the asylum.[25][pageneeded] Even young girls who were considered too promiscuous and flirtatious, or too beautiful, were sent to an asylum by their families.[citation needed] This paralleled the practice in state-run lunatic asylums in Britain and Ireland in the same period, where many people with alleged "social dysfunction" were committed to asylums.[citation needed] Without a family member on the outside who could vouch for them, many incarcerated individuals stayed in the asylums for the rest of their lives, many taking religious vows.
Given Ireland's historically conservative sexual values, Magdalen asylums were a generally accepted social institution well into the second half of the twentieth century. They disappeared with changes in sexual mores[citation needed]—or, as Finnegan suggests, as they ceased to be profitable: "Possibly the advent of the washing machine has been as instrumental in closing these laundries as have changing attitudes."[26]
Numbers of inmates
An estimated 30,000 women were confined in these institutions in the 19th and 20th centuries,[27] about 10,000 of whom were admitted since Ireland's independence in 1922.[28] Smith asserts that "we do not know how many women resided in the Magdalen institutions" after 1900.[17] Vital information about the women's circumstances, the number of women, and the consequences of their incarceration is unknown. "We have no official history for the Magdalen asylum in twentieth-century Ireland", Smith wrote.[29] Due to the religious institutes' "policy of secrecy", their penitent registers and convent annals remain closed to this day, despite repeated requests for information.[30][31] As a direct result of these missing records and the religious institutes' commitment to secrecy, Magdalen laundries can only exist "at the level of story rather than history".[29] Though Ireland's last Magdalen asylum imprisoned women until 1996, there are no records to account for "almost a full century" of women who now "constitute the nation's disappeared", who were "excluded, silenced, or punished", and whom Smith says "did not matter or matter enough" to a society that "sought to negate and render invisible their challenges" to conceived notions of moral order.[17]
Mass grave
Magdalene seat, St Stephen's Green, Dublin
In Dublin in 1993, the Sisters of Our Lady of Charity – owners and operators of the laundry in High Park, Drumcondra – had lost money in share dealings on the stock exchange; to cover their losses, they sold part of the land in their convent to a property developer. This led to the discovery of 133 unmarked graves. The Sisters arranged to have the remains cremated and reburied in a mass grave at Glasnevin Cemetery, splitting the cost of the reburial with the developer who had bought the land. It later transpired that there were 22 more corpses than the sisters had applied for permission to exhume, and death certificates existed for only 75 of the original 133, despite it being a criminal offence to fail to register a death that occurs on one's premises.[3] In all, 155 corpses were exhumed, and cremated.[2][32][33][34]
Though not initially reported, this eventually triggered a public scandal, bringing unprecedented attention to the secretive institutions. In 1999, former asylum inmates Mary Norris, Josephine McCarthy and Mary-Jo McDonagh gave accounts of their treatment. The 1997 Channel 4 documentary Sex in a Cold Climate interviewed former inmates of Magdalene Asylums who testified to continued sexual, psychological and physical abuse while being isolated from the outside world for an indefinite amount of time. Allegations about the conditions in the convents and the treatment of the inmates were made into a 2002 film The Magdalene Sisters, written and directed by Peter Mullan.[35]
A number of campaigns and remembrance services have been undertaken to request the identification and reburial of those buried in mass graves.[36][37] For example, Mary Collins (herself a survivor of the industrial school system), has campaigned with her daughter Laura Angela Collins for the right to the removal of her mother's remains from a mass grave, which is owned by the Religious Sisters of Charity.[38]
In June 2011, Mary Raftery wrote in The Irish Times that in the early 1940s, some Irish state institutions, such as the army, switched from commercial laundries to "institutional laundries" (Magdalene laundries).[39] At the time, there was concern in the Dáil that workers in commercial laundries were losing jobs because of the switch to institutional laundries.[39]Oscar Traynor, Minister for Defence, said the contracts with the Magdalene laundries "contain a fair wages clause", though the women in those laundries did not receive wages.[39]
The Irish Times revealed that a ledger listed: Áras an Uachtaráin, Guinness, Clerys, the Gaiety Theatre, Dr Steevens' Hospital, the Bank of Ireland, the Department of Defence, the Departments of Agriculture and Fisheries, CIÉ, Portmarnock Golf Club, Clontarf Golf Club, and several leading hotels amongst those who used a Magdalene laundry.[40] This was unearthed by Steven O' Riordan, a young Irish film-maker who directed and produced a documentary, The Forgotten Maggies.[41] It is the only Irish-made documentary on the subject and was launched at The Galway Film Fleadh 2009.[41] It was screened on the Irish television station TG4 in 2011, attracting over 360,000 viewers. The documentary's website notes that a group called Magdalene Survivors Together was set up after the release of the documentary because so many Magdalene women came forward after its airing. The women who appeared in the documentary were the first Magdalene women to meet with Irish government officials. They brought national and international attention to the subject.[42]
Reparations
Since 2001, the Irish government has acknowledged that women in the Magdalene laundries were victims of abuse. However, the Irish government has resisted calls for investigation and proposals for compensation; it maintains the laundries were privately run and abuses at the laundries were outside the government's remit.[2] In contrast to these claims, evidence exists that Irish courts routinely sent women convicted of petty crimes to the laundries, the government awarded lucrative contracts to the laundries without any insistence on protection and fair treatment of their workers, and Irish state employees helped keep laundry facilities stocked with workers by bringing women to work there and by returning escaped workers.[2]
2013 publication of inquiry report
Having lobbied the government of Ireland for two years for an investigation of the history of the Magdalene laundries, advocacy group Justice for Magdalenes presented its case to the United Nations Committee Against Torture,[2] alleging that the conditions within the Magdalene laundries and the exploitation of their labourers amounted to human rights violations.[2] On 6 June 2011, the panel urged Ireland to "investigate allegations that for decades women and girls sent to work in Catholic laundries were tortured."[43][44] In response the Irish government set up a committee chaired by Senator Martin McAleese, to establish the facts of the Irish state's involvement with the Magdalene laundries.[45]
Following the 18-month inquiry, the committee published[46][47][48] its report on 5 February 2013, finding "significant" state collusion in the admission of thousands of women into the institutions.[49][50][51][52] The report found over 11,000 women had entered laundries since 1922.[25][pageneeded] Significant levels of verbal abuse to women inside was reported but there were no suggestions of regular physical or sexual abuse.[25][pageneeded] The report also noted that, according to its analysis, the laundries were not generally highly profitable.[53] Elderly survivors said they would go on hunger strike over the failure of successive Irish governments to set up a financial redress scheme for the thousands of women enslaved there.[54]TaoiseachEnda Kenny, while professing sorrow at the abuses revealed, did not issue an immediate apology, prompting criticism from other members of Dáil Éireann. Kenny promised "there would be a full Dáil debate on the report in two weeks' time when people had an opportunity to read the report". Survivors were critical that an apology had not been immediately forthcoming.[55]
State apology and compensation
On 19 February 2013, the Taoiseach, Enda Kenny, issued a formal state apology.[56] He described the laundries as "the nation's shame" and said,
Therefore, I, as Taoiseach, on behalf of the State, the government and our citizens deeply regret and apologise unreservedly to all those women for the hurt that was done to them, and for any stigma they suffered, as a result of the time they spent in a Magdalene Laundry.[57][58]
The Taoiseach also outlined part of the compensation package to be offered to victims of the Magdalene Laundries. He stated:
That's why the Government has today asked the President of the Law Reform Commission Judge John Quirke to undertake a three-month review and to make recommendations as to the criteria that should be applied in assessing the help that the government can provide in the areas of payments and other supports, including medical card, psychological and counselling services and other welfare needs.[59]
Catholic reaction
In February 2013, a few days after the publication of the McAleese Report, two religious sisters gave an interview for RTÉ Radio 1 under conditions of anonymity for themselves and their institute. They described the Irish media coverage of the abuse at the laundries (which they claimed not to have participated in), as a "one-sided anti-Catholic forum". They displayed no remorse for the institutes' past: "Apologize for what? Apologize for providing a service? We provided a free service for the country". They complained that "all the shame of the era is being dumped on the religious orders... the sins of society are being placed on us". On hearing the interview, a survivors' group announced to the press that they were "shocked, horrified and enormously upset" by the sisters' portrayal of events.[60]
In a detailed commentary by Bill Donohue, the president of the Catholic League, a U.S.-based advocacy group, published in July 2013, Donohue wrote, "No one was imprisoned, nor forced against her will to stay. There was no slave labor, ... It’s all a lie." Donohue alleged that the women in the asylums were, "prostitutes, and women seen as likely candidates for the 'world’s oldest profession'. Unmarried women, especially those who gave birth out-of-wedlock, were likely candidates. Contrary to what has been reported, the laundries were not imposed on these women: they were a realistic response to a growing social problem [prostitution]."[61]
In 1955, while the abuse of inmates was still occurring, the Scottish writer Halliday Sutherland was touring Ireland to collect material for his book Irish Journey. When he applied for permission to visit the Galway asylum, Michael Browne, the local bishop, reluctantly granted him access only on condition that he allow his account to be censored by the Mother Superior.[62] The uncensored manuscript was discovered by Sutherland's grandson in 2013 and published in 2014.[63][64][65]
In 2011 a monument was erected in Ennis at the site of the former Industrial School and Magdalene laundry in appreciation of the Sisters of Mercy. In 2015, Ennis Municipal Local Council decided to rename a road (which ran through the site of the former Industrial School and Laundry) in honour of the Sisters of Mercy.[citation needed]
Media representations
The Magdalene Sisters
The Magdalene Sisters, a 2002 film by Peter Mullan, is centred on four young women incarcerated in a Dublin Magdalen Laundry from 1964 to 1968. The film is loosely based on and "largely inspired" by the 1998 documentary Sex in a Cold Climate, which documents four survivors' accounts of their experiences in Ireland's Magdalen institutions.[69] One survivor who saw Mullan's film claimed that the reality of Magdalen asylums was "a thousand times worse".[70][71]
James Smith wrote that "Mullan offsets the long historical silence" that allowed the laundries and the violations by the religious institutes to "maintain their secrecy and invisibility".[72]
The film is a product of a collective, including the four survivors (Martha Cooney, Christina Mulcahy, Phyllis Valentine, Brigid Young) who told their story in Sex in a Cold Climate, the historical consultant and researchers of the documentary who contributed historical information (Miriam Akhtar, Beverely Hopwood and Frances Finnegan), the directors of both movies (Steve Humphries and Peter Mullan, respectively), the screenwriter of The Magdalene Sisters who created a narrative (Peter Mullan again) and the actors in the film. The 2024 series, “The Woman in the Wall”, concerns survivors of the Laundries.
Other film and stage
An Tríail – an Irish language play written by Máiréad Ní Ghráda, first performed in 1964 featuring a scene in a Magdalene Laundry.
Les Blanchisseuses de Magdalene – a 1998 France 3/Sunset Presse documentary (historical consultant: Frances Finnegan).
The Magdalen Whitewash, a play about the laundries, was written by Valerie Goodwin and performed by the Coolmine Drama group at the Draíocht Arts Centre in Dublin, in 2002.[73]
Eclipsed, a play about the Magdalene Laundries, was written by Patricia Burke-Brogan in the 1980s. Burke-Brogan had worked in the laundries in the 1960s. Eclipsed was first performed in 1992.
The Quane's Laundry, a play about the Magdalene laundries, set in Dublin in 1900 was written by Imelda Murphy in 2007.[74][75]
Sinners (2002), TV movie. Director Aisling Walsh, Writer Lizzie Mickery, Editor Scott Howard Thomas
Laundry, a play by ANU Productions, directed by Louise Lowe, in 2011.
The Magdalen Martyrs, episode 3, season 1 of Jack Taylor (TV series), September 2011, focuses on a Magdelene laundry in Galway.
The Devil's Doorway, a Horror movie from 2018. (In the fall of 1960, Father Thomas Riley and Father John Thornton were sent by the Vatican to investigate a miraculous event in an Irish home for 'fallen women', only to uncover something much more horrific.)
The Woman In The Wall (2023) is a fictional BBC TV series featuring survivors of a Magdalene Laundry [76]
Small Things Like These, an adaptation of the 2021 Claire Keegan novella, is set to be released in 2024. It is directed by Tim Mielants and led by Cillian Murphy. [77]
Literature and reportage
In the short story "Clay" in James Joyce's '"Dubliners", the Dublin by Lamplight Laundromat is a place for "fallen women", homeless and otherwise unattached women to work in a laundry and get meals and a place to stay. It is a Protestant charitable institution in Ballsbridge, run by spinsters, that tolerates Maria, a Catholic.[78]
In James Joyce's Ulysses there is a veiled reference by Bloom to the Protestant-run Magdalene Asylum in Leeson Street, for the rescue of fallen women, in the Circe episode.
Sex in a Cold Climate – a 1998 documentary directed by Steve Humphries (historical consultant: Frances Finnegan) presenting interviews of four women interred in various Magdalene asylums and orphanages because of out-of-wedlock pregnancies, being sexually assaulted, or just being "too pretty".
Do Penance or Perish: Magdalen Asylums in Ireland by historian Frances Finnegan published (hardback) Congrave Press Ireland, 2001; and (paperback) Oxford University Press, 2004. The first book to be published on the topic and still the definitive study, it is based on 21 years' research. Using a wide range of sources including the Annals and Penitents' Registers of the Good Shepherd archives, the book examines the history, purpose and inmates of the institutions. ISBN0-9540921-0-4.
The Forgotten Maggies, a 2009 documentary by Steven O'Riordan, launched at the Galway Film Fleadh.[41]
Rachel Dilworth's The Wild Rose Asylum: Poems of the Magdalen Laundries of Ireland, the 2008 winner of the Akron Poetry Prize, is a collection of poems based on the Magdalene Laundries.[79][80]
In the Shadow of Eden[81] is a short memoir by Rachael Romero.[82] Using vintage footage and photos of what led up to her incarceration in the Convent of the Good Shepherd (Magdalene) Laundries in South Australia, Romero outlines her experience there.
For The Love of My Mother by J.P. Rodgers tells the story of his Irish mother, born into a life of poverty and detained at the age of two for begging in the streets. Bridget Rodgers spent the next 30 years of her life locked away in one institution or another, including the Magdalen Laundries.
The Magdalen Martyrs is a 2003 crime novel written by Ken Bruen. In the third episode of Bruen's Jack Taylor series, Jack Taylor is given a mission: "Find the Angel of the Magdalene", actually a devil incarnate nicknamed Lucifer, a woman who "helped" the unfortunate martyrs incarcerated in the infamous laundry.
Kathy's Story: The True Story of a Childhood Hell Inside Ireland's Magdalen Laundries ( ISBN978-1553651680) by Kathy O'Beirne alleges that she suffered physical and sexual abuse in a Magdalene laundry in Ireland.
Kathy's Real Story: A Culture of False Allegations Exposed ( ISBN978-1906351007) by journalist Hermann Kelly, published by Prefect Press in 2007, alleges that O'Beirne's allegations are false.[83]
"Magdalene Laundry Survivor. The Irish government admits it played a major role in forcing women into work camps." CBC radio interview, 5 February 2013.[84]
Irish Journey by Halliday Sutherland. Dr Sutherland visited the Magdalene Laundry in Galway in April 1955 and wrote of the visit in the book. Sutherland met the Bishop of Galway to seek permission for the visit. Permission was granted on condition that anything he wrote about the Laundry be approved by the Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy. Accordingly, Sutherland's account in "Irish Journey" was censored.[85] Following the discovery of the publisher's manuscript in a cellar in 2013, the uncensored version was published on hallidaysutherland.com in an article "The Suitcase in the Cellar".
Ireland's Forced Labour Survivors, BBC radio documentary, 26 October 2014.[86]
The Magdalen Girls by V.S. Alexander is a novel set in a Magdalen laundry in the 1960s. (2017) ISBN978-1-4967-0613-3
The Tinker Menace; the diary of an Irish Traveller by Laura Angela Collins tells the story of her mother Mary Teresa Collins who entered an industrial school and became a child visitor to her mother, Angela Collins, at the laundry where she worked. The book also focuses on the life of Mary's mother, Angela, who worked for 27 years until she died in a Magdalene laundry and was then put into a mass grave, while Angela's children were adopted or put into other institutions in Ireland. The author reflects upon Irish Traveller history around the institutions and highlights the difficult fight for justice for a family within an ethnic minority group. ISBN9781091090767 (2019)
Small Things Like These by Claire Keegan. A novella set in the town of New Ross featuring Bill Furlong's discovery of the convent's concealed misdeeds. Its afterword sheds light on the forced institutionalization and abuse suffered by these women. (2021)[87]
Magdalene Laundries, Liberate Grace (2024.1 Edition) ISBN 979-8-22-460133-2[88] The true story of the scandals and abuses of the Irish governments perpetrated against the young women of the Magdalene Laundries and the Mother and Baby Homes from 1765 to 2024.[89]
Frances Black has a song titled "Magdalen Laundry" on her 2003 album How High the Moon.
A song called "Magdalene Laundry" written by J. Mulhern appears on the 1992 album Sentimental Killer by Mary Coughlan, with the chorus line "Ooh Lord, won't you let me wash away the stain."
British indie-folk group Bear's Den wrote a song titled "Magdalene" for their 2014 album "Islands."[90] in honor of the "daughters of Magdalene".
French singer-songwriter Cécile Corbel wrote a song entitled "petit fantôme", about a child in Galway who grows up without his mother, her having been imprisoned in a Magdalene Laundry after his birth.
Deceased singer-songwriter Sinead O'Connor sings a portion of "The Magdalene Song" - an unreleased song - in the last episode of the BBC show "The Woman in the Wall".
Memorial
In 2022 the Dublin City Council agreed to turn the building on Sean McDermott Street, the building of the last laundry that closed in Ireland in 1996, into a memorial and research centre. In 2022 a Journey Stone was unveiled by survivors of the Magdalene Laundries in Dublin. The Journey Stone memorial, situated at St. Stephen’s Green in Dublin, is meant to remember the suffering of the women who were incarcerated in Magdalene laundries and similar institutions. One of the group of survivors that unveiled the stone stated that it felt more appropriate to her than the centre, as she was actually involved in the decision-making process, unlike with the centre.[91]
Magdalene asylums, also known as Magdalene laundries, were initially Protestant but later mostly Roman Catholic institutions that operated from the 18th to the late 20th centuries, ostensibly to house "fallen women". The term referred to female sexual promiscuity or sex workers, young women who became pregnant outside of marriage, or young girls and teenagers who did not have familial support. They were required to work without pay apart from meagre food provisions, while the institutions operated large commercial laundries, serving customers outside their bases.
Mary Norris was a young woman in Ireland who was sent to a Magdalene asylum, where her name was changed and she was imprisoned until removed by an aunt. Norris spent two years performing hard labor in the Good Shepherd Convent, a Magdalene asylum. Norris later came forward and recounted her experiences of abuse in the asylum and also the St Joseph's Orphanage in Killarney.
Many religious communities have the term Sisters of Charity in their name. Some Sisters of Charity communities refer to the Vincentian tradition alone, or in America to the tradition of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, but others are unrelated. The rule of Vincent de Paul for the Daughters of Charity has been adopted and adapted by at least sixty founders of religious institutes for sisters around the world.
The Magdalene Sisters is a 2002 drama film written and directed by Peter Mullan, about three teenage girls who were sent to Magdalene asylums, homes for women who were labelled as "fallen" by their families or society. The homes were maintained by individual religious orders, usually by the Catholic Church.
The Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (CICA) was one of a range of measures introduced by the Irish Government to investigate the extent and effects of abuse on children from 1936 onwards. Commencing its work in 1999, it was commonly known in Ireland as the Laffoy Commission after its chair, Justice Mary Laffoy. Laffoy resigned as chair in 2003 and was succeeded by Justice Sean Ryan, with the commission becoming known as the Ryan Commission. It published its final public report, commonly referred to as the Ryan report, in 2009.
The Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, also known as the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, is a Catholic religious order that was founded in 1835 by Mary Euphrasia Pelletier in Angers, France. The religious sisters belong to a Catholic international congregation of religious women dedicated to promoting the welfare of women and girls.
Sentimental Killer is an album by Irish Mary Coughlan that was released by East West Records, a subsidiary of Warner Music Group.
The Religious Sisters of Charity or Irish Sisters of Charity is a Roman Catholic religious institute founded by Mary Aikenhead in Ireland on 15 January 1815. Its motto is Caritas Christi urget nos.
Lady Arabella Fitzmaurice Denny (1707–1792) was an Irish philanthropist, and founder of the Magdalen Asylum for Protestant Girls in Leeson Street, Dublin in 1765.
Bethany Home was a residential home in Dublin, Ireland mainly for Protestant unmarried mothers and their children, and also for Protestant women convicted of petty theft, prostitution, and infanticide. Most had a Church of Ireland background. The home was run and managed by evangelical Protestants, who, in the main, were Plymouth Brethren, Church of Ireland or Presbyterian. It catered to "fallen women" and operated in Blackhall Place, Dublin (1921–34), and then in Orwell Road, Rathgar (1934–72), until its closure. The home sent some children, some unaccompanied, to Northern Ireland, England, and to the United States.
Sally Mulready is a member of the Irish Council of State. She is one of seven appointees appointed to the Council of State in January 2012 by President Michael D. Higgins. Mulready is the only President's nominee on the Council of State who does not live in Ireland. She was appointed by the President due to her many decades of work for the Irish community in Britain. The Irish Times of 21 January 2012 published an article about Mulready headlined "The President's emigrant".
Mount Saint Canice was a Roman Catholic former convent that was located in Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia and run by the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, commonly called the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, from 1893 to 1974.
Sex in a Cold Climate is a 1998 Irish documentary film detailing the mistreatment of "fallen women" in the Magdalene laundries in Ireland. It was produced and directed by Steve Humphries and narrated by Dervla Kirwan. It was used as a source for the 2002 film, The Magdalene Sisters.
The Glasgow Magdalene Institution was an asylum in Glasgow, Scotland, initially started in 1812 and was open until 1958.
The Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation was a judicial commission of investigation, established in 2015 by the Irish government to investigate deaths and misconduct during the 20th century in mother and baby homes—institutions, most run by Catholic religious nuns, where unwed women were sent to deliver their babies. It was set up following statements that the bodies of up to 800 babies and children may have been interred in an unmarked mass grave in the Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home, located in Tuam, County Galway. Its remit additionally covered investigation into the records of and the practices at an additional thirteen Mother and Baby Homes. The members of the three-person Commission were Judge Yvonne Murphy (chairperson), Dr William Duncan and Professor Mary E. Daly.
Laura Angela Collins is a London-based Irish Traveller activist and author.
Dublin Female Penitentiary was a reform institution for "fallen women" in Dublin, Ireland. It was established in 1810 and opened in 1813. It was run by the Church of Ireland and located between Berkeley Road, Eccles Street and North Circular Road. The institution could cater for over 40 inmates.
Ulster Female Penitentiary and Laundry or Edgar Home, was a Mother and Baby home in Brunswick Street, Belfast. It evolved out of an institution founded in 1816. It was initially non-denominational. It was greatly expanded and developed when it came under Presbyterian control and Rev. John Edgar and the new home was opened in November 1839. Other denominations had their similar institutions in Belfast, such as the Catholic Good Shepherd Home, Ballynafeigh, and the Anglican Ulster Magdalene Asylum, Donegall Pass, also established in 1839.
Mary Teresa Collins is an Irish Traveller survivor of Irish institutions such as the Magdalene laundries, industrial schools and county homes. Collins co-founded the campaign organisation, Justice 4 All Women & Children.
St Vincent’s Magdalene laundry was a laundry run by the Religious Sisters of Charity based in Cork. Beside St Vincent’s laundry is St Vincent’s secondary school that was also run by the sisters.
1 2 3 "Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries". Department of Justice and Equality. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
↑ Smith, James. Ireland's Magdalen Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment. South Bend, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press, 2007 139
↑ Smith, James. Ireland's Magdalen Laundries and the Nation's Architecture of Containment. South Bend, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press, 2007 138–140
↑ Murphy, Imelda (31 March 2011). "Maria's Mistakes". "James Joyce 1904" blog. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
↑ The University of Akron. "Akron Poetry Prize Book: Wild Rose Asylum". UA Press Catalog. Winner of the 2008 Akron Poetry Prize: The poems of The Wild Rose Asylum offer a multi-faceted consideration of the historical phenomenon of Ireland's Magdalen asylums, the largest and most controversial of which were run for 150 years, until 1996, by the Catholic Church. In poems that embrace both traditional and experimental forms, Rachel Dilworth's work explores complex factors involved in the loss by thousands of Irish women of years of their lives ...
↑ Dilworth, Rachel (2010). The wild rose asylum: Poems of the Magdalen laundries of Ireland. Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press. ISBN9781931968614.
↑ Official Selection: Full Frame Documentary Shorts Collections: Vol. 4
↑ Film Fest New Haven documentary short award, 2003; Spirit of Moondance Award, Moon Dance Film Festival 2003;
Finnegan, Frances (2001). Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalene Asylums in Ireland. Piltown, Co. Kilkenny: Congrave Press. ISBN0-9540921-0-4.
Raftery, Mary; Eoin O'Sullivan (1999). Suffer the Little Children: The Inside Story of Ireland's Industrial Schools. Dublin: New Island. ISBN1-874597-83-9.
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