Mahasu (region)

Last updated

Mahasu
Mahasudesh
Mahadesh
Geographical region
Jakhoo Mandir and Moorti drone view.jpg
Sarahan.jpg
Renuka lake.JPG
Shikari Devi temple.jpg
Hidimba Devi Temple, Dhungri Manali.jpg
Shirgul Maharaj Temple, Churdhar, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg
0051923 Mahasu Chalda temple, Mohana Uttarakhand 125.jpg
0051923 Mahasu Devta temple, Hanol Uttarakhand 026.jpg
Clockwise from top:
Jakhu Mandir in Shimla, Renuka Ji Mandir and lake in Sirmaur, Hidimba Devi Mandir in Manali, Chalda Mahasu Mandir in Uttarkashi, Mahasu Devta Mandir in Jaunsar, Shirgul Maharaj Mandir in Sirmaur, View from Shikari Devi Mandir in Mandi district, Bhimakali Mandir in Sarahan
Nickname: 
Devbhoomi
Mahasu region's location on map of India.png
Location of Mahasu region in India
CountryFlag of India.svg India
States Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Haryana
District(s) Himachal Pradesh :

Uttarakhand :

Haryana :

Largest city Shimla
Area
 • Total
20,867–21,983 km2 (8,057–8,488 sq mi)
Demonym Mahasui
Languages
 • Official Hindi
 • Regional Mahasu Pahari, Kullui, Sirmauri, Jaunsari, Pahari Kinnauri and their dialects
 • Regional script
Time zone Indian Standard Time

Mahasu also known as Mahasudesh or Mahadesh, is a term used to refer to the historical and cultural homeland of the Mahasui people primarily covering the upper part of the Northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, western parts of the state of Uttarakhand and hilly parts of the state of Haryana. In Himachal Pradesh it covers the districts of Shimla, Solan, Sirmaur, Kullu, upper parts of Mandi, some south-western parts of Kinnaur and Bara Bhangal area of Kangra, in Uttarakhand it covers Jaunsar-Bawar of Dehradun district and Bangan, Parvat, Rawain, etc. [3] parts of Uttarkashi district [4] [5] [6] and in Haryana it covers Kalka, Pinjore and Morni hills of Panchkula district and Kalesar of Yamunanagar district. [7] [8]

Contents

Etymology

Mahasu Nag Devta Mandir atop of Mahasu peak, Kufri, Shimla Temple at Kufri.jpg
Mahasu Nag Devta Mandir atop of Mahasu peak, Kufri, Shimla
Mahasu Devta Mandir in Pujeli Banal, Jaunsar 0052023 Mahasu temple, Pujeli Banal Uttarakhand 049.jpg
Mahasu Devta Mandir in Pujeli Banal, Jaunsar

Mahasu region got its name from Mahasu Devta (believed to be a form of Lord Shiva). [10] As the cultural region as well as the language of half of the region (Mahasu Pahari) have got its name from Mahasu Devta, but in whole of the region, many other sub-groups also worship other deities and their own family deities (Kul-Devtas) apart from Mahasu Devta. [11] [12] [13] As many sources said that Mahasu Devta (four brothers) had born in different places of the region like in Hanol in Jaunsar, [14] another legend says Mahasu Peak in Kufri in Shimla, one legend says in Sirmaur district. [15] As Mahasu Devta and many forms of different other Devis and Devtas such as Naag Devta and Shirgul Maharaj, etc. are worshipped in the region that is why the region is also known as "Devbhoomi". [16] [17] [18]

History

Early and ancient period

The Mahasu region forms a part of Western Himalayan cultural belt which is inhabited since prehistoric times by agrarian communities which were adapted to cold and mountainous terrain. Archaeological and folkloric evidences tells the continuity of settlements were based on terrace farming, seasonal migration and social organisation. Since early historic times the region laid on the Shaivite traditions, local deities traditions and Hindu belief. The area did not had a single kingdom but consisted of various small hill chiefdoms. [19] [20]

Early medieval period (7th-13th centuries)

During this era the Mahasu region remained politically fragmented. The local rulers used to govern small territories which often has forts, temples or river valleys. The region from the early times till even today (in some villages) governed by the local deities for justice delivery, even king's order at that time was not supreme but the Devta's orders were. It is believed that during this era Mahasu Devta cult gained prominence perhaps. The deity emerged as one of the supreme Lords of the region across multiple valleys and rivers. [21]

Late medieval period and hill states

These states were politically divided and independent but culturally they were interconnected. They shared language, religious practices and Devtas' authority even above kings and rulers of these states.

British colonial period

After the Anglo-Gurkha War (1814–1816), many parts of the region came under the control of Britishers. They overtook many kingdoms. [24] They did not abolished the hill states but reorganised through indirect rule, they made the Punjab Hill States [25] and Simla Hill States which also included areas of Mahasu region. Britishers gave the idea of Mahasu district at that time which they named after the primary deity and language of the region. [26]

Post-independence reorganisation

After Indian independence in 1947, princely states of the region were merged into the Indian Union like other states of India. In 1948 Mahasu district was officially formed (which included today's Shimla, Solan and Kinnaur districts) after the 1948 integration of various Simla Hill States. On 1 May 1960, Kinnaur district was carved out from Mahasu's Chini tehsil and parts of Rampur. [27] On 1 September 1972, Mahasu district was reorganised and dissolved, with its areas forming the new Shimla and Solan districts as today. [28] [29]

Geography

Expansion

The Mahasu region today is divided into three states, its main region lies in Himachal Pradesh, western parts of Uttarakhand and some parts of Northern Haryana. [30] In Himachal Pradesh the region lies in the following districts: Shimla, Solan, Sirmaur, Kullu, southern and south-eastern parts of Mandi, [31] Bara Bhangal area of Kangra and some parts of south-western Kinnaur district. In Uttarakhand's three districts have the region's parts, these are Uttarkashi's western region of Bangan, Parvat, Ravain, etc. areas and Dehradun district's Jaunsar-Bawar area. In Tehri Garhwal district's Jaunpur block, adjoining Jaunsar is culturally part of Greater Mahasu region which also includes upper parts of Mussoorie and Landour. [32] [33] In Haryana, Mahasu region includes Panchkula district's Kalka, Pinjore [34] and Morni Hills, and in Yamunanagar district it includes Kalesar hill regions which also is home to Kalesar National Park. [35] [36] [37]

Rivers

Yamuna river in Dakpathar, a town in Mahasu region Dak Pather or Dakpatthar, a small hill town in Uttarakhand 05.jpg
Yamuna river in Dakpathar, a town in Mahasu region

The Mahasu region has four major rivers which flows through it, these are Yamuna, Satluj, Beas and Ravi (originate from Bara Banghal), [38] and these are very important to the people of the region culturally, religiously and for their livelihood. Major tributaries of Yamuna which are also important part in the lives of the people of the region, notable tributaries of Yamuna are Pabbar which divided Himachal's Rohru and Uttarakhand's Jaunsar, Giri river which divides the Sirmaur district into two parts Giriwaar (Dharti) and Giripaar, Tons river which separates Sirmaur district and Jaunsar-Bawar. [39] [40] Other major tributaries are also there of Satluj and Beas which are also very important to the people of the region. [41] [42]

Peaks

View of Indrasan and Deo Tibba peaks Mountains view in Himachal Pradesh.jpg
View of Indrasan and Deo Tibba peaks

Mahasu region has Himachal Pradesh's many of the highest mountain peaks, highest peak of the region is Parvati Parvat 6,633 metres (21,762 ft) others are Dibibokri Pyramid 6,408 metres (21,024 ft), Indrasan 6,220 metres (20,410 ft), Deo Tibba 6,001 metres (19,688 ft), Solang peak 5,975 metres (19,603 ft), Maiwa Kadinu 5,944 metres (19,501 ft), Umashila 5,294 metres (17,369 ft), Shintidhar 5,290 metres (17,360 ft), Shrikhand Mahadev 5,182 metres (17,001 ft), Inder Killa 4,940 metres (16,210 ft), Patalsu 4,470 metres (14,670 ft), Shacha Peak 3,540 metres (11,610 ft) all lies in Kullu district. Hanuman Tibba 5,895.48 metres (19,342.1 ft) at the border of Kullu and Bara Banghal area of Kangra district. Pishu 5,672 metres (18,609 ft), Gushu 5,607 metres (18,396 ft) both lies at the border of Kinnaur and Shimla districts, [43] Chanshal Peak 4,520 metres (14,830 ft), Hatu Peak 3,400 metres (11,200 ft), Kuppar Peak 3,200 metres (10,500 ft), Kamlodi Mata Top 3,115 metres (10,220 ft), Shali Tibba 2,870 metres (9,420 ft), Chhichad Tibba 2,995 metres (9,826 ft) Dlondar Peak 2,854 metres (9,364 ft), Nag Tikkar 2,780 metres (9,120 ft) all lies in Shimla district. Nagru 4,020 metres (13,190 ft), Shikari Devi 3,359 metres (11,020 ft) Kamrunag 3,065 metres (10,056 ft), Tunga Mata Top 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), Shetadhar 2,990 metres (9,810 ft), Propt Dhar 2,900 metres (9,500 ft), Devidarh 2,872 metres (9,423 ft), Prashar 2,730 metres (8,960 ft), Winch Camp 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) all lies in Mandi district.The highest peak of whole Shivalik Range, Churdhar 3,647 metres (11,965 ft) at the border of Shimla and Sirmaur district. [44] [45]

Culture

Dakhrain festival being celebrated in Kinnaur A place of devotion.jpg
Dakhrain festival being celebrated in Kinnaur
Kullu Dussehra Kullu Dussehra - main procession.jpg
Kullu Dussehra

The culture of Mahasu region is deeply rooted in the folk Hindu traditions. The Mahasu region culturally and linguistically distincts from its neighbours that of Garhwal region and Lower Himachal region (Trigarta region). [46] [47] [48] Mahasu region primarily follows Dev Parampara. The region has many temples dedicated to particular Devta or Devi. People of the region has their own Kuldevta and Kuldevi (also known as Kulja in Mahasui ). Mahasu Devta is one of the primary deity of the region represented by four brothers and known as Mahasu Devta collectively. Shri Raghunath Mandir in Kullu dedicated to Shri Rama is also one of the most worshipped and prominent deity of the region especially in Kullu and adjoining areas, as Shri Raghunath is another form of Shri Rama and worshipped as God not as Devta. [49] The people of the region mainly believes in the authority of Devtas of the region or their Kul Devta and Kul Devi (family deity) or Gram Devta (village deity). [50] [51]

Temples

Kath Kuni architecture design Kath Kuni house section.jpg
Kath Kuni architecture design

The building structures especially temples and some of the housings of the region mainly follows Kath Kuni and Nagara architectural styles in which the structures are made up with woods and stone materials, which is beneficial in winters as in snowfall and in heavy monsoons which is required in such mountainous terrain. Temples in the region are usually located on the hilltop. [52] [53]

Mahasu Devta Temple

Mahasu Devta Mandir at Hanol, Jaunsar 0051923 Mahasu Devta temple, Hanol Uttarakhand 003.jpg
Mahasu Devta Mandir at Hanol, Jaunsar
Dev Mahasu Mandir in Karsog, Mandi district Dev Mahasu Mandir, Karsog, Mandi.jpg
Dev Mahasu Mandir in Karsog, Mandi district

The primary temple of the region is Mahasu Devta Temple located in Hanol, Jaunsar. The temple is dedicated to the primary Devta of the region, Mahasu Devta. There are many temples dedicated to Mahasu Devta in whole of the region, as one is in Renuka Ji Tehsil in Sirmaur district. Mahasu Devta Jatar (Mahasu Devta Fair) is orgainsed in Shimla's Kotkhai area every year in the third Tuesday of Baisakh . Mahasu Devta is one of the primary deities of the region. [55] [56] [57]

Shirgul Maharaj Temple

Shirgul Maharaj Mandir in Chaupal, Shimla Bijat Mahraj Temple, Sarain, Chopal, Himachal Pradesh 01.jpg
Shirgul Maharaj Mandir in Chaupal, Shimla

Shirgul Maharaj Devta is also one of the primary deities of the region. His main temple is located on Churdhar peak Sirmaur district. [58] There are various temples dedicated to Shirgul Maharaj in whole of the Mahasu region as in Chaupal in Shimla district and in many other places of the region.

Naag Devta Temples

Kamrunag Temple and lake Kamru Nag.jpg
Kamrunag Temple and lake

The region has many temples dedicated to Naag Devta. Naag Devta (Serpent God) is also one the primary Devtas of the region. People believe that he saves them from all evils and problems. In maximum villages of the region there is at least one temple dedicated to Naag Devta. [59] [60] [61] Major Naag Devta temples in the region are Mul Mahunag in Karsog in Mandi district, [62] Mahunag Mandir Shagin in Shoghi, Shimla, [63] Kamrunag in Mandi district, [64] etc.

Ancestoral spirits

Gurs (Shamans) of Devta are sitting in opened long hair in the temple to perform the rituals Congregation of Gur in Jagati.jpg
Gurs (Shamans) of Devta are sitting in opened long hair in the temple to perform the rituals

The people of the region also worship their spirits of their ancestors in the form of Devta or Kuldevta. There are temples dedicated to them and these Devtas connect and communicate to the people in the form of Gur (Shaman) also known as Deenva, Maali, etc. in various dialects of Mahasu Pahari and other languages of the region of the larger Mahasuic group. [65]

Clothing and attire

Himachali caps kept in a shop Himachali Caps (87069779).jpeg
Himachali caps kept in a shop

The region's traditional attire reflects the cold mountainous environment. People wear Himachali cap as the main headwear worn by both men and women, Dhatu is also a headwear worn by wone of the region. Pattu mainly worn by men and Shawls and Chola by women. [66] Rejta is also a long frock styled attire worn by women of the region. [67] People also wear many handcrafted ornaments and handwoven attires. [68] [69] [70]

Music and dance

Nati, a dance form of the region Sirmauri Nati Himachal.jpg
Nati, a dance form of the region
Women performing Pahari Giddha (Parhaun), mainly performed in Solan district and Keonthal area of Shimla district in the region Solan gidda.PNG
Women performing Pahari Giddha (Parhaun), mainly performed in Solan district and Keonthal area of Shimla district in the region

The people of the Mahasu region has their traditional dance and music form Nati. [72] [73] Nati has different styles in the region in many areas such as Kulluvi Nati, Baradi Nati in Jaunsar, Jaunpur (Tehri Garhwal) and Mussoorie in Uttarakhand. [74] [75] Many other dance forms apart from Nati are also followed by people such as, in Sirmaur and Jaunsar areas, Hathi, Harul and Thandi dance forms are performed by people on festivals and celebratory occasions. [76] [77] In Keonthal area of Shimla and in Solan Pahari Giddha is also performed in marriages and festivities, as well as Gangi (Pahari form of Tappa ) are performed by the women of the families. [78]

Jhoori is another type of music form which celebrates romance, the word Jhoori means lover and is accompanied by female dance called Jhoomar. [79] Laman form of music is from Kullu are another type music form that celebrates romance. [80]

Fairs, festivals and ritual calendars

Shant Mahayagya Gwas in Rohru, Shimla Shant Mahayagya Gwas Rohru.jpg
Shant Mahayagya Gwas in Rohru, Shimla
Bhunda festival in Rohru, in this festival a man slides by rope from uphill to downhill Rope of Bhunda.jpg
Bhunda festival in Rohru, in this festival a man slides by rope from uphill to downhill
Procession of Bakralu Devta Bakralu Devta.jpg
Procession of Bakralu Devta
A local festival in Rampur Bushahr where Devta palanquin (Ratha) can be seen PXL 20230311 072326415.jpg
A local festival in Rampur Bushahr where Devta palanquin (Ratha) can be seen

As per the people of the region mainly follows Hinduism, all the festivals relation to the region are celebrated with pure joy and enthusiasm like any other region of the country but the different forms of festivals which the people of the region celebrate are as the society of the region mainly involves agrarian community, they have their own ritual calendar of the festivals, such major festivals include Bishu which is spring harvest celebration, [81] Mahasu Devta Jatar (Fair) is organised in Shimla district's Kotkhai area every year on the third Tuesday of the Baisakh is per Hindu Calendar, natives perform Nati and Rasa (another form of traditional dance of the region) in the fair. [82] Fagli which is winter festival involving masked performances. [83] Local deities fairs where the village deities are ceremonially in palanquins (rathas) like Bakralu DevtaBhunda festival, [84] [85] Shaant Mahayagya Gwas [86] in Rohru and adjoining areas and alike other such feastivals and fairs. [87] Lavi fair is the largest celebrated fair of the region which happens in Rampur Bushahr. [88] Budhi Diwali is also one of the prominent region celebrated in whole of the region like Shimla, Kullu [89] but especially celebrated by the Hatee sub-community in the region, in Sirmaur and Jaunsar, after the actual Diwali for a month. [90] [91]

Languages

G.A. Grierson's map of Mahasuic group of languages Map of Mahasuic group of languages.jpg
G.A. Grierson's map of Mahasuic group of languages

There are many languages spoken in the region and all languages are closely related to each other and all are grouped under Nuclear Himachali and Mahasuic linguistic group. [93] The primary regional language of the region is Mahasui or Mahasu Pahari. It is spoken in whole of the Shimla district, Solan district and south-western parts of Uttarkashi district. [94] The language has many dialects such as Kochi, Sudochi, Bishashau, etc in upper Shimla district and Keonthali, etc in lower Shimla district. [95] In Solan district Baghati, Baghliani and Hinduri dialects of Mahasui are spoken. In Kalka, Pinjore of Panchkula district in Haryana Baghati dialect is spoken. [96] [97] In Uttarkashi district's Ravain, Buari, Bangan, Parvat, etc. regions Bangani, Ranvalti and Parvati are the primary dialects of Mahasui which merge with the dialects of Garhwali , and are termed as the transitional dialects also. [98] [99] Sirmauri is spoken in the Sirmaur district, it has two dialects, Giripari and Giriwari (Dharti). [100] Giriwari is spoken in the North of Giri river and Giripari (Dharti) in southern Sirmaur district that is on the southern side of Giri river, as well as in the hilly parts of Kalesar in Yamunanagar district in Haryana. [101] [102] In Dehradun district's Jaunsar-Bawar area, Jaunsari and its dialects like Bawari, etc are spoken, it is closely related to Sirmauri language. [103] In Kullu district, the Kullui language is spoken, it has also many dialects under it such as Inner Siraji, Outer Siraji, Rupiyali, Jheechi, etc. [104] In Kangra district's Bara Bhangal (remotest area in Himachal Pradesh), Bangahali dialect of Kullui is spoken. In upper parts of Mandi district some dialects of Kullui and Mahasu Pahari are spoken such as Suketi, Mandyali Pahari, Balhi, etc, which differs from the standard Mandeali language spoken in lower Mandi district. [105] These are the languages and some of the notable dialects of Mahasu Pahari and other languages which are closely related to each other in the region but there are many sub-dialects of the dialects of these languages also, which change within some distance. [106] [107]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Takri | Script of Himachal Pradesh | India".
  2. ↑ "Ancient script of Mahasu region | Himachal Pradesh | India". February 2022.
  3. ↑ adminrawain (14 September 2023). "महासू देवता जागर मेले के लिए टैक्सी किराया हुआ तय". Rawain Express. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  4. ↑ Vyas, Nitin; Nagal, Priti R.; Dhanda, Aniket (22 July 2025). "Mahasu Devta, Shamanism, And Cultural Heritage: Assessing The Scope Of Spiritual And Cultural Tourism In Himachal Pradesh". Journal on Tourism & Sustainability. 8 (1). doi:10.5281/zenodo.16320417. ISSN   2515-6780.
  5. ↑ Hertel, Johannes (1 January 1924). "Grierson George Abraham. Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, India". Indogermanische Forschungen. 42 (s1): 363–368. doi:10.1515/if-1924-0139. ISSN   1613-0405.
  6. ↑ "Rampur Bushahar News: अरुण फाल्टा फिर बने महासू जिला अध्यक्ष". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  7. ↑ "Haryana – Vernacular Furniture of India". vernacularfurnitureofindia.com. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
  8. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Haryana - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  9. ↑ "293 horses & 2,232 tourists can visit Kufri-Mahasu peak trail daily: NGT". The Indian Express. 29 October 2025. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  10. ↑ "The Mahasu Devta Temple, Uttarakhand - Uttarakhand Tourism". uttarakhandtourism.net. 27 February 2025. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  11. ↑ "A huge crowd of people will gather at Chudhar for faith and devotion - HIMACHAL HEADLINES". 8 October 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  12. ↑ "The Tradition and Culture of Devi-Devta Worship in Himachal Pradesh". Sahapedia. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  13. ↑ Bharat, E. T. V. (26 September 2025). "365 साल बाद कुल्लू दशहरा में आएंगे देवता कुईकंडा नाग, 200 KM पैदल सफर करेंगे तय". ETV Bharat News (in Hindi). Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  14. ↑ Pandey, Dr.Nitin. "Chakrata -- A Comprehensive Guide". pandeyji.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  15. ↑ "Mahasu Dev, Temple". Sirmaur. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  16. ↑ "Hindi News, हिंदी न्यूज़, Latest News in Hindi, Aaj ki Taaja Khabar, Breaking Hindi News, Hindi Samachar". Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  17. ↑ Parashar, Saurabh (29 October 2025). "293 horses & 2,232 tourists can visit Kufri-Mahasu peak trail daily: NGT". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  18. ↑ HMNS. "A 500-year-old legend of Shirgul Maharaj, the Hill Lord Who Defies Mughals comes alive at Choorhdhar after 52 years - HimbuMail". himbumail.com. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  19. ↑ "History of Himachal Pradesh - webindia123.com". Webindia123.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2025. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  20. ↑ Chhetri, Nilamber (12 July 2023). "Elusive identities, enduring demands: the Haatis' struggle for recognition in the trans-Giri region, Himachal Pradesh". European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (60). doi:10.4000/ebhr.1305. ISSN   0943-8254.
  21. ↑ Sharabi, Asaf (2023). The Biography of a God: Mahasu in the Himalayas. Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.1614186. ISBN   978-94-6372-665-8.
  22. ↑ Registrar, India Office of the; General, India Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961: Himachal Pradesh. Manager of Publications.
  23. ↑ "A tale of status in Sirmaur". The Tribune. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  24. ↑ Caplan, Lionel (1991). "'Bravest of the Brave': Representations of 'The Gurkha' in British Military Writings". Modern Asian Studies. 25 (3): 571–597. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013937. ISSN   0026-749X. JSTOR   312617.
  25. ↑ "Collections Online | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  26. ↑ Studies, HP General (6 November 2016). "History of District Shimla". Himachal Pradesh General Studies. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  27. ↑ "History | District Kinnaur, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India" . Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  28. ↑ Shalini (28 April 2021). "Himachal Pradesh from shadow to light". Himachal Wire. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  29. ↑ "Lokesh Ohri explores the legend of Mahasu". The Tribune. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  30. ↑ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana". Census of India . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  31. ↑ "Shri Mahasu devta temple, Bakhras Suket State". 1 February 2025. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  32. ↑ "Jaunsari A Sociolinguistic Survey Silesr2008 013 | PDF | Travel | Foreign Language Studies". Scribd. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  33. ↑ "जौनपुर में महासू देवता का जागड़ा धूमधाम से मनाया गया". www.livehindustan.com (in Hindi). 31 August 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2025.
  34. ↑ "Kalka Constituency Election Results 2024: Kalka Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  35. ↑ "Haryana – Vernacular Furniture of India". vernacularfurnitureofindia.com. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  36. ↑ "Mahasu Devta". Shimla. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  37. ↑ "न्यायालय के तौर पर मान्यता है महासू देवता मंदिर की". Jansatta (in Hindi). 19 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  38. ↑ Narayan, Priyanjali (15 September 2025). "India's Ravi floods Lahore after 40 years, triggers blame game". India Today. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  39. ↑ Studies, HP General (25 May 2020). "Brief Geography of District Sirmaur". Himachal Pradesh General Studies. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  40. ↑ Saurabh (30 April 2024). "A trip to Jaunsar region | Mahasu Devta | Bissu festival | Chakrata". Travel diaries from Uttarakhand. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  41. ↑ "Yamuna River and Its Tributaries in Himachal Pradesh – Jokta Academy" . Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  42. ↑ "River System in Himachal Pradesh : Discover Top 10 Rivers". 8 August 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  43. ↑ "Gushu Pishu (5669m), highest point of Shimla district". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  44. ↑ "First batch of pilgrims leaves on Shrikhand Mahadev yatra". The Tribune. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  45. ↑ "Indian Mountaineering Foundation". www.indmount.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  46. ↑ "History | District Kangra, Government of Himachal Pradesh | India" . Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  47. ↑ "Hoshiarpur: Epicentre of Trigarta's ancient art, cultural heritage". The Tribune. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  48. ↑ "Early History - Government of Himachal Pradesh, India". himachal.nic.in. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  49. ↑ Bharat, E. T. V. (21 January 2024). "हिमाचल का एक ऐसा मंदिर, खुद श्री राम भगवान ने बनाई जिसकी मूर्तियां". ETV Bharat News (in Hindi). Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  50. ↑ Milanpreet (12 December 2025). "Preserving the Sacred: A study of 'Dev Parampara' and its Role in Protecting Ancient Traditions in Himachal Pradesh". IJFMR - International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research. 7 (6). ISSN   2582-2160.
  51. ↑ Watcher, Himachal (4 July 2021). "Still Existent Traditional Power Structure in the Western Himalayan Mahasu Desh | Himachal Watcher" . Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  52. ↑ "The Himalayan Vernacular: Kath-Khuni Architecture". Sahapedia. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  53. ↑ "Shimla's 250-year-old hilltop temple regains its past glory". www.onmanorama.com. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  54. ↑ "Shri Mahasu devta temple, Bakhras Suket State". 1 February 2025. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  55. ↑ HMNS (17 October 2025). "High Court Allows Dhar Chandna and Bawat Villagers to Celebrate Diwali in Mahasu Devta Premises with Restrictions - HimbuMail". himbumail.com. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  56. ↑ "Dehradun: चालदा महासू महाराज की प्रवास यात्रा शुरू, दसऊ से विदा होकर हिमाचल प्रदेश के पश्मी गांव को चले देवता - chalda mahasu maharaj begins journey to himachal". Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  57. ↑ "Mahasu Maharaj to embark on rare journey to Shillai". The Tribune. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  58. ↑ "Sirmour News: भव्य शोभायात्रा के साथ शिरगुल देवता बैसाखी मेला शुरू". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  59. ↑ "रोहड़ू में देवता बेरिंग नाग और भरेटू नाग का मेला संपन्‍न, 300 देवलुओं के साथ पहुंचे देवता गुरु गंधर्व महाराज - Himachal Pradesh Shimla Rohru News Devta Bhering and Bharetu Nag Mela". Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  60. ↑ "पांवटा में नाग देवता मेला शुरू, सदियों से चली आ रही यह परंपरा निभा रहे लोग (Video)". punjabkesari. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  61. ↑ "भारत के इस जनजातिय गांव को मिला है नाग देवता का आशीर्वाद, होता है चमत्कार". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  62. ↑ "Himachal : महाभारत के दानवीर कर्ण कैसे बने माहूंनाग देवता, मंडी के गांव शैब्दल में बने कर्ण मन्दिर पर है लाखों लोगों की आस्था". PTC News (in Hindi). 28 August 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  63. ↑ "VIDEO : माहूनाग मंदिर शगीन शिमला में की गई विशेष पूजा अर्चना". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  64. ↑ "Mandi's Kamrunag deity pays maiden visit to Kullu". The Tribune. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  65. ↑ "The Tradition and Culture of Devi-Devta Worship in Himachal Pradesh". Sahapedia. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  66. ↑ "Lavi Mela 2024: लवी मेला में आकर्षण का केंद्र बने ऊनी वस्त्र, शाल पट्टू, दौडु, मफलर | News in Hindi". Zee PHH. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  67. ↑ "The Timeless Transformation of Himachali Dresses". Himalayan Vibes™. 18 June 2025. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  68. ↑ "Hatti Tribe, State, Population, Economy, Latest News" . Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  69. ↑ "PM Modi showcases Himachal Pradesh's Kulluvi cap on international stage in France". The Times of India. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  70. ↑ Bharat, E. T. V. (7 August 2025). "National Handloom Day 2025: How Himachal's Sharan Village Weaves, Upholds Legacy And Ensures Livelihood". ETV Bharat News. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  71. ↑ "Solan Himachal Pradesh | Best Places to Visit in Solan". Himachal Story. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  72. ↑ "[Solved] To which of the following states of India does the dance for". Testbook. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  73. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh: Traditional folk dance celebrates women empowerment and culture at Shimla Summer festival". www.aninews.in. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  74. ↑ "Kullu Nati Folk Dance - Valley of Gods Celebration | Book Traditional Himachal Pradesh Performances". www.artistmanagementcompanies.in. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  75. ↑ "Uttarakhand's Jaunsar-Bawar community holds cultural meet". The Times of India. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  76. ↑ "Uttarakhand's Jaunsar-Bawar community holds cultural meet". The Times of India. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  77. ↑ Post, Garhwal (14 January 2019). "Maroj Festival celebrated in Mussoorie, nearby areas | Garhwal Post" . Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  78. ↑ "Information About Solan, History of Solan, Geography of Solan". SolanOnline.in. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  79. ↑ Shalini (21 September 2025). "Traditional songs of Himachal-Naati to Jhuri: Age-Old Himachali Songs Revived". Himachal Wire. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  80. ↑ "Folk Songs Of Himachal Pradesh – Jokta Academy" . Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  81. ↑ "In the Keonthal area, Bishu's festival is celebrated by making sweet goats made of flour - HIMACHAL HEADLINES". 12 April 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  82. ↑ Roy, Riyanka. "Mahasu Jatar: Celebrating Himachal's Unique Festival That Nobody Talks About". Tripoto. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  83. ↑ "Three-day Fagli festival concludes at Manikaran". The Tribune. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  84. ↑ HMNS (1 January 2025). "All Roads Lead to Dalgaon-Kutara for Bhunda Mahayagya After 40 Years on Day 2 of New Year - HimbuMail". himbumail.com. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  85. ↑ Sharma, Yash Raj (12 March 2007). "Himachal's Bhunda narmedh mahayajna". Hill Post. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  86. ↑ "Shimla: गवास गांव में 38 साल बाद शांत महायज्ञ, देवताओं और खूंदों की मौजूदगी में निभाई फेरी-शिखा पूजन की रस्म". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  87. ↑ Today, Hinduism (1 October 2024). "200 Deities Pilgrimage to Mandi for Mahasivaratri". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  88. ↑ "Lavi Fair shines a light on heritage". The Times of India. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  89. ↑ nirmand (15 November 2011). "Nirmand (chhoti Kashi) – Land of God and Goddess". Hemant Thakur. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  90. ↑ Post, Garhwal (16 December 2020). "Budhi Diwali is long-lasting tradition of Jaunsar Bawar | Garhwal Post". garhwalpost.in. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  91. ↑ "Week long Hatti tribal festival 'Budhi Diwali' commences with traditional fervour- The Week". www.theweek.in. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
  92. ↑ Grierson, George Abraham (1916). Linguistic Survey Of India Vol.9 Part.4.
  93. ↑ "Glottolog 5.2 - Mahasu Pahari". glottolog.org. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
  94. ↑ "Mahasu Pahari language". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  95. ↑ "Context 29866: Mahasu Pahari (Source: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th Edition (2009)) | Endangered Languages Project". endangeredlanguages.com. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  96. ↑ "Kalka Constituency Election Results 2024: Kalka Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  97. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Haryana - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  98. ↑ "Glottolog 5.2 - Mahasu Pahari". glottolog.org. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  99. ↑ "Pahari, Mahasu | Ethnologue Free". Ethnologue (Free All). Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  100. ↑ "Language in India". www.languageinindia.com. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  101. ↑ "Haryana – Vernacular Furniture of India". vernacularfurnitureofindia.com. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  102. ↑ "India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Haryana - 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2026.
  103. ↑ "Jaunsari alphabet and language". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  104. ↑ "Himachali: Indo-Aryan Languages of North India". 10 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  105. ↑ "Western Pahari". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  106. ↑ "Exploring the Linguistic Tapestry of Himachal Pradesh: A Valley for Every Language". Mysterious Himachal. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  107. ↑ "Mahasu Pahari language". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 16 December 2025.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.