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All 144 seats to the Dewan Rakyat 73 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Registered | 3,450,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 2,532,042 (73.6%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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A general election was held on Saturday, 10 May 1969 for members of the 3rd Parliament of Malaysia, although voting was postponed until between 6 June and 4 July 1970 in Sabah and Sarawak. [1] This election marked the first parliamentary election held in Sabah and Sarawak after the formation of Malaysia in 1963.
The Parliament of Malaysia is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara (Senate). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) as the Head of State is the third component of Parliament.
Sabah is a state of Malaysia located on the northern portion of Borneo. Sabah has land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and Indonesia's Kalimantan region to the south. The Federal Territory of Labuan is an island just off the Sabah coast. Sabah shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the state capital city, the economic centre of the state and the seat of the Sabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 3,543,500. Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which form part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River, second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah and Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well as of Malaysia.
Sarawak is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan to the south, and Brunei in the north. The capital city, Kuching, is the largest city in Sarawak, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of the 2015 census, the population of Sarawak was 2,636,000. Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. It has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries, the Balui River. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak.
The election resulted in the return to power, with a reduced majority, of the ruling Alliance Party, comprising the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malayan Chinese Association, and the Malayan Indian Congress. The Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan) and the Democratic Action Party (DAP), which had campaigned against Bumiputra privileges outlined by Article 153 of the Constitution, made major gains in the election. [2] Voter turnout was 73.6%. Opposition won 54 seats in total causing the Alliance to lose its two-thirds majority in the Parliament (two-thirds majority being the majority required to pass most constitutional amendments) for the first time. This election also saw that Alliance lost its majority in Perak, Selangor and Penang in addition to Kelantan. It would cause the 13 May Incident.
The United Malays National Organisation is Malaysia's main opposition political party. It is a founding member of the Barisan Nasional coalition which, with its predecessor the Alliance, had been the government of Malaysia and dominated the country's politics from independence until 2018. Until then, all of Malaysia's Prime Ministers had been members of UMNO, until Mahathir Mohamad became the first prime minister from Pakatan Harapan, and the first prime minister to have tenures with two different parties.
The Malaysian People's Movement Party is a political party in Malaysia. The party was founded on 24 March 1968, and is one of the former constituents of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. During its formation, Gerakan was an opposition party not affiliated with the national ruling coalition, the Alliance Party, the predecessor of the National Front. Following the 1969 general election, Gerakan won most of the seats in the state legislature of Penang. However, in 1972 Gerakan joined the Alliance Party which later became the coalition Barisan Nasional, where it remained until June 2018. In 2006, about 80% of Gerakan's members are ethnic Chinese, another 15% are Indian, and the rest are Malays or other races. The party is assisted by an affiliated think tank called SEDAR Institute. The party is a member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. Following the fall of BN in the 2018 general election and in the aftermath of four Sarawak-based BN coalition parties leaving the coalition on 12 June 2018, Gerakan also left the coalition on 23 June 2018.
Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia grants the Yang di-Pertuan Agong responsibility for "safeguard[ing] the special position of the 'Malays' and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities" and goes on to specify ways to do this, such as establishing quotas for entry into the civil service, public scholarships and public education.
State elections also took place in 330 state constituencies in 12 (out of 13, except Sabah) states of Malaysia on the same day.
Party | Vote | Seats | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | ||||
Alliance Party [lower-alpha 1] | Alliance | 66 | 45.83 | -23 | ||||
United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 51 | 35.42 | -8 | ||||
Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 13 | 9.03 | -14 | ||||
Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 2 | 1.39 | -1 | ||||
Pan-Malayan Islamic Party | PMIP | 495,641 | 12 | 8.33 | +3 | |||
Democratic Action Party | DAP | 286,606 | 13 | 9.03 | +12 | |||
Malaysian People's Movement Party | Gerakan | 178,971 | 8 | 5.56 | New | |||
People's Progressive Party | PPP | 80,756 | 4 | 2.78 | +2 | |||
Parti Ra'ayat | Ra'ayat | 25,785 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
Independents | IND | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||||
The election for another 41 federal constituencies were postponed. | ||||||||
Valid votes | ||||||||
Invalid/blank votes | ||||||||
Total (turnout: %) | 100.00 | 103 | 100.00 | |||||
Did not vote | ||||||||
Registered voters | ||||||||
Source: Nohlen et al. , ,, , , , , |
Party | Vote | Seats | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | ||||
Alliance Party [lower-alpha 1] | Alliance | 1,063,238 | 44.34 | 74 | 51.39 | -15 | ||
United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 52 | 36.11 | -7 | ||||
Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 13 | 9.03 | -14 | ||||
Parti Bumiputera Sarawak | BUMIPUTERA | 5 | 3.47 | New | ||||
Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 2 | 1.39 | -1 | ||||
Sarawak Chinese Association | SCA | 2 | 1.39 | New | ||||
Pan-Malayan Islamic Party | PMIP | 495,641 | 20.67 | 12 | 8.33 | +3 | ||
Democratic Action Party | DAP | 286,606 | 11.95 | 13 | 9.03 | +12 | ||
Malaysian People's Movement Party | Gerakan | 178,971 | 7.46 | 8 | 5.56 | New | ||
People's Progressive Party | PPP | 80,756 | 3.37 | 4 | 2.78 | +2 | ||
Sarawak United People's Party | SUPP | 71,293 | 2.97 | 5 | 3.47 | New | ||
Sarawak National Party | SNAP | 64,593 | 2.69 | 9 | 6.25 | New | ||
United Sabah National Organisation | USNO | 31,947 | 1.33 | 13 | 9.03 | New | ||
Parti Pesaka Sarawak | PESAKA | 30,765 | 1.28 | 2 | 1.39 | New | ||
Parti Ra'ayat | Ra'ayat | 25,785 | 1.08 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
Sabah Chinese Association | SCA | 24,699 | 1.03 | 3 | 2.08 | New | ||
United Malaysian Chinese Organisation | UMCO | 1,808 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
Independents | IND | 41,710 | 1.74 | 1 | 0.69 | +1 | ||
Valid votes | 2,397,812 | |||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 134,230 | |||||||
Total (turnout: 73.6%) | 2,532,042 | 100.00 | 144 | 100.00 | +40 | |||
Did not vote | 917,958 | |||||||
Registered voters | 3,450,000 | |||||||
Source: Nohlen et al. , ,, , , , , |
Candidates were returned unopposed in 19 constituencies. Election in one constituency postponed.
West Malaysia went to the polls on 10 May, while Sabah was scheduled to vote on 25 May and Sarawak on 7 June. The Alliance won 10 seats in Sabah on nomination day being unopposed in some constituencies, so after the West Malaysian elections they were assured of a clear majority of 76 out of a total of 144 parliamentary seats. Tun Mustapha Datu Harun's United Sabah National Organisation (Usno) won 10 out of 16 seats unopposed for the Alliance on nomination day.
The opposition parties' gain at state level was more shocking to the Alliance Party which not only continued to lose to PAS in Kelantan, but also to political infant Gerakan in Penang. No party commanded an absolute majority in two other states. The Alliance held only 14 out of 24 seats in Selangor and 19 out of 40 in Perak. [2]
The attrition of Malay support was much higher than that of the non-Malays. Malay opposition parties' vote shares in the peninsula increased drastically from about 15% in 1964 to 25% in 1969 while the support for non-Malay opposition parties remained roughly the same at 26% in both elections. Thanks to the electoral system, however, PAS seats increased from nine to 12 seats only while non-Malay opposition party, DAP, from 1 to 13.
Summary of the 10 May 1969 - 4 July 1970 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results by state | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gerakan and DAP held a victory rally in Kuala Lumpur on 12 May, but the rally turned rowdy, with party members shouting racial epithets at Malay bystanders. [3] UMNO retaliated with its own rally on 13 May, which soon broke out into full-scale rioting, which subsequently became known as the 13 May Incident. [3]
Kuala Lumpur, officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or commonly known as KL, is the national capital and largest city in Malaysia. As the global city of Malaysia, it covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia, in both population and economic development.
An epithet is a byname, or a descriptive term, accompanying or occurring in place of a name and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, divinities, objects, and binomial nomenclature. It can also be a descriptive title: for example, Pallas Athena, Alfred the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent or Władysław I the Elbow-high.
The National Front is a political coalition in Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of right-wing and centre parties. They are currently the largest opposition coalition in the country's Dewan Rakyat.
The Malaysian Islamic Party is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. PAS's electoral base is in Malaysia's rural and conservative north. The party has governed the east coast state of Kelantan twice and has also, in the past, formed governments in Terengganu, Perak (2008-2009), Kedah (2008–2013), Penang (2008-2015) and Selangor (2008-2018). The party currently holds 18 of the 222 seats in the federal House of Representatives and has elected parliamentarians or state assembly members in eight of the country's 13 states.
The Democratic Action Party, or DAP, is a multi-racial, centre-left Malaysian political party advocating social democracy and secularism, social justice, progressivism, and multi-racialism. One of the four component parties of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) government coalition since 2018, it was previously in the opposition for over 50 years.
The People's Justice Party is a centre-left multiracial political party in Malaysia, formed in 2003 by a merger of the National Justice Party and the older Malaysian People's Party (PRM). The party was led by Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail and increased its parliamentary representation from one seat to 31 seats in the 2008 general election, until the five-year political ban imposed on former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim was lifted on 14 April 2008. The party is now the largest party in the Pakatan Harapan coalition that formed the government after a 60-year-long tenure by the Barisan Nasional (BN) in the 2018 election. It enjoys strong support from urban states such as Selangor, Penang and Johor.
The 13 May 1969 incident refers to the Sino-Malay sectarian violence in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The riot occurred in the aftermath of the 1969 Malaysian general election when opposition parties made gains at the expense of the ruling coalition, the Alliance Party. Official reports put the number of deaths due to the riots at 196, although Western diplomatic sources at the time suggested a toll of close to 600, with most of the victims Chinese. The racial riots led to a declaration of a state of national emergency or Darurat by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong resulting in the suspension of the Parliament by the Malaysian government, while the National Operations Council (NOC), also known as the Majlis Gerakan Negara (MAGERAN), was established as a caretaker government to temporarily govern the country between 1969 and 1971.
A general election was held on Monday, 29 November 1999 for members of the 10th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 193 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 394 state constituencies in 11 out of 13 states of Malaysia on the same day.
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