Malaysian general election, 2004

Malaysian general election, 2004
	← outgoing members Members elected →
All 219 seats to the Dewan Rakyat ; 110 seats needed for a majority
Registered	9,756,097
Turnout	6,916,138 (73.9%)
Prime Minister before election; Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ; BN	Prime Minister-designate; Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ; BN

Last updated April 21, 2019

A general election was held on Sunday, 21 March 2004 for members of the 11th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 219 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 505 state constituencies in 12 out of 13 states of Malaysia (except Sarawak) on the same day.

The Parliament of Malaysia is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara (Senate). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) as the Head of State is the third component of Parliament.

Sarawak is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, Kalimantan to the south, and Brunei in the north. The capital city, Kuching, is the largest city in Sarawak, the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the Sarawak state government. Other cities and towns in Sarawak include Miri, Sibu, and Bintulu. As of the 2015 census, the population of Sarawak was 2,636,000. Sarawak has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. It has several prominent cave systems at Gunung Mulu National Park. Rajang River is the longest river in Malaysia; Bakun Dam, one of the largest dams in Southeast Asia, is located on one of its tributaries, the Balui River. Mount Murud is the highest point in Sarawak.

Election results

The National Front gained a popular vote of 63.9%, but would have gained a higher vote had all seats been contested. Reports in the Malaysian media on show of March 23 the Front winning 198 parliamentary seats to the combined opposition parties' 20 seats, with one independent. This is the largest majority that National Front has won since the 1978 elections.

The dominant party in the National Front, the Prime Minister's United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), won 109 seats, a gain of 32. UMNO's allies also gained seats. The Malaysian Chinese Association won 31 seats, a gain of two, and the Malaysian Indian Congress won nine seats, a gain of two.

The United Malays National Organisation is Malaysia's main opposition political party. It is a founding member of the Barisan Nasional coalition which, with its predecessor the Alliance, had been the government of Malaysia and dominated the country's politics from independence until 2018. Until then, all of Malaysia's Prime Ministers had been members of UMNO, until Mahathir Mohamad became the first prime minister from Pakatan Harapan, and the first prime minister to have tenures with two different parties.

The Malaysian Chinese Association is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that seeks to represents the Malaysian Chinese ethnicity; it is one of the three major component parties of the opposition coalition in Malaysia called the Barisan Nasional (BN) in Malay, or National Front in English.

The Malaysian Indian Congress is a Malaysian political party and is one of the founding members of Barisan Nasional, previously known as the Alliance, that was in power from when the country achieved independence in 1957 until the recent 2018 elections. The party was among the first to fight for Malayan Independence and one of the oldest parties in Malaysia.

Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) managed to retain only seven of its 27 seats. PAS ran on a platform promising an Islamic nation. The PAS opposition leader, Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi Awang, lost his parliamentary seat.

Dato' Seri Tuan Guru Haji Abdul Hadi bin Awang is a Malaysian politician who has been President of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), an Islamic political party in Malaysia, since 2002. He was Menteri Besar of Terengganu from 1999 to 2004, and he was the state assemblyman for Rhu Rendang and currently Member of Parliament for Marang, both in Terengganu. At the international level, he has been appointed as the Vice President of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.

Another opposition party, the People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Nasional) lost four of its five seats. After five recounts the party's leader, Datin Seri Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (the wife of imprisoned former Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim), retained her seat with a majority of 590 votes.

The People's Justice Party is a centre-left multiracial political party in Malaysia, formed in 2003 by a merger of the National Justice Party and the older Malaysian People's Party (PRM). The party was led by Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail and increased its parliamentary representation from one seat to 31 seats in the 2008 general election, until the five-year political ban imposed on former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim was lifted on 14 April 2008. The party is now the largest party in the Pakatan Harapan coalition that formed the government after a 60-year-long tenure by the Barisan Nasional (BN) in the 2018 election. It enjoys strong support from urban states such as Selangor, Penang and Johor.

Dato' Seri Dr Wan Azizah binti Wan Ismail is a Malaysian politician serving as the first female Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia and the Minister of Women, Family and Community Development. She is the Member of Parliament for Pandan since 12 May 2018, after the Cabinet list has been announced by the newly appointed Prime Minister, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. She is the first woman to hold the position in Malaysia. Currently, she is the President of the Pakatan Harapan coalition and previously was President of the People's Justice Party from 1999 until 2018 and was elected Selangor State Legislative Assembly member for Kajang until May 2018.

Dato' Seri Anwar bin Ibrahim is a Malaysian politician who is currently the president of the People's Justice Party and leader of the Pakatan Harapan coalition. He was Leader of the Opposition between 2008 and 2015, and a founder and leading figure of the People's Justice Party or Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR). He is styled Yang Berhormat if he is not accompanying his wife. If he is, he is referred to as Yang Amat Berbahagia.

The third opposition party, the Democratic Action Party, which was routed in the 1999 elections, improved its performance with the re-election of party chairman Lim Kit Siang and his deputy, Karpal Singh. The DAP won 12 seats and regained the official leadership of the opposition in the national parliament from PAS.

Lim Kit Siang is a Malaysian politician and party leader. He is a prominent leader of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the current ruling Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition in Malaysia. He had previously served as the Opposition Leader of Malaysia for 1 year (1973-1974), another 24 years (1975-1999) before assuming the role again for a four-year stint from 2004-2008.

Karpal Singh s/o Ram Singh was a Malaysian politician and lawyer. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Bukit Gelugor in the state of Penang from 2004 to 2014. During that time, he was also the National Chairman of the Democratic Action Party (DAP).

Most candidates who campaigned on platforms of Islamic issues lost their seats. This is a significant turnaround since the last election where, generally, the more "Islamic" candidates had a greater chance of winning in the Malay heartland.

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God, and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with over 1.8 billion followers or 24% of the world's population, most commonly known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and has guided humankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative examples of Muhammad.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

e • d Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results
Party				Vote		Seats
Party				Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	4,454,215	63.85	198	90.41	50
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	2,489,532	35.69	109	49.77	37
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	1,074,291	15.40	31	14.16	2
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	257,663	3.69	10	4.57	4
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	221,546	3.18	9	4.11	2
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	101,869	1.46	6	2.74	1
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	80,408	1.15	11	5.02
		United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation	UPKO	55,117	0.79	4	1.83	1
		Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party	SPDP	50,350	0.72	4	1.83	New
		Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak	PBDS	46,292	0.66	6	2.74
		United Sabah Party	PBS	26,504	0.38	4	1.83	1
		People's Progressive Party	PPP	20,129	0.29	1	0.46	1
		Sabah Progressive Party	SAPP	16,426	0.24	2	0.91
		Liberal Democratic Party	LDP	8,208	0.12	0	0.00	1
		United Sabah People's Party	PBRS	5,880	0.08	1	0.46	1
	Parties in the informal coalition, Alternative Front		BA	1,672,350	23.97	8	3.65	34
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party ^{[lower-alpha 2]}		PAS	1,069,569	15.33	7	3.20	20
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	702,243	10.07	12	5.48	2
	People's Justice Party ^{[lower-alpha 2]}		PKR	602,781	8.64	1	0.46	4
	Sarawak National Party		SNAP	28,579	0.41	0	0.00	4
	State Reform Party		STAR	6,270	0.09	0	0.00
	United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party		SETIA	2,143	0.03	0	0.00	New
	Malaysian Democratic Party		MDP	1,107	0.02	0	0.00
	United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation		PASOK	543	0.00	0	0.00	New
	Independents		IND	108,096	1.55	1	0.46	1
Valid votes				6,975,546
Invalid/blank votes				293,810
Total votes (voter turnout: 73.9%)				7,269,356	100.00	219	100.00	+26
Did not vote				2,486,741
Registered voters				9,756,097
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)				13,802,493
Malaysian population				23,092,940
Source: Nohlen et al.

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, Alternatif Front (Barisan Alternatif). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

Results by state

Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results by state

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perlis**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	3	58,188	63.72	3	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	3	58,188	63.72	3	100.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	3	33,132	36.28	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					91,320
Invalid/blank votes					2,290
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					93,610	100.00	3	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perlis's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kedah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	15	388,943	59.76	14	93.33	+7
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	13	334,295	51.36	12	80.00	+7
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2	54,648	8.40	2	13.33	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	10	184,850	28.40	1	6.67	-7
	People's Justice Party		PKR	5	77,102	11.85	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					650,895
Invalid/blank votes					14,802
Total votes (voter turnout: 81.00%)					665,697	100.00	15	100.00	0
Did not vote					156,195
Registered voters					821,892
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kedah's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kelantan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	14	260,524	49.96	8	57.14	+7
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	14	260,524	49.96	8	57.14	+7
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	11	201,955	38.73	6	42.86	-4
	People's Justice Party		PKR	3	52,824	10.13	0	0.00	-3
	Independents		IND	1	6,198	1.19	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					521,501
Invalid/blank votes					13,562
Total votes (voter turnout: 80.74%)					535,063	100.00	14	100.00	0
Did not vote					127,650
Registered voters					662,713
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kelantan's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Terengganu**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	8	221,328	56.46	8	100.00	+8
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	8	221,328	56.46	8	100.00	+8
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	7	150,057	38.28	0	0.00	-7
	People's Justice Party		PKR	1	20,635	5.26	0	0.00	-1
Valid votes					392,020
Invalid/blank votes					8,874
Total votes (voter turnout: 87.93%)					400,894	100.00	8	100.00	0
Did not vote					55,029
Registered voters					455,923
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Terengganu's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Penang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	13	284,110	56.85	8	61.54	+2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	5	108,498	21.71	4	30.77	+1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	4	87,822	17.57	1	7.69	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	4	87,790	17.57	3	23.08	+1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	7	135,125	27.04	4	30.77	0
	People's Justice Party		PKR	5	61,410	12.29	1	7.69	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	2	19,109	3.82	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					499,754
Invalid/blank votes					11,540
Total votes (voter turnout: 76.05%)					511,294	100.00	13	100.00	+2
Did not vote					161,058
Registered voters					672,352
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Penang's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	24			21	87.50	+1
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO				11	45.83	+2
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA				4	16.67	-2
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan				3	12.50	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC				2	8.33	0
		People's Progressive Party	PPP				1	4.17	+1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				3	12.50	+2
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	-2
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	24	100.00	+1
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perak's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Pahang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	14			14	100.00	+3
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	10			10	71.43	+2
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3			3	21.43	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	7.14	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	14	100.00	+3
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Pahang's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Selangor**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	22			22	100.00	+5
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	10			10	45.45	+2
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	7			7	31.82	+1
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	4			4	18.18	+1
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	1			1	4.55	+1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	22	100.00	+5
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Selangor's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Template:Malaysian general election, 2004 (Kuala Lumpur) Template:Malaysian general election, 2004 (Putrajaya)

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Negeri Sembilan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	8			8	100.00	+1
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	5			5	62.50	+1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			2	25.00	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	12.50	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	8	100.00	+1
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Negeri Sembilan's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Malacca**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	6			6	100.00	+2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	4			4	66.67	+1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			2	33.33	+1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	-1
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	6	100.00	+1
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Malacca's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Johor**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	26			26	100.00	+6
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	16			16	61.54	+3
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	8			8	30.77	+2
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	3.85	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	1			1	3.85	New
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	26	100.00	+6
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Johor's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Template:Malaysian general election, 2004 (Labuan)

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sabah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	25			24	96.00	+7
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO				13	52.00	-1
		United Sabah Party	PBS				4	16.00	+1
		United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation	UPKO				4	16.00	New
		Sabah Progressive Party	SAPP				2	8.00	0
		United Sabah People's Party	PBRS				1	4.00	New
		Liberal Democratic Party	LDP				0	0.00	-1
	Independents		IND				1	4.00	+1
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	25	100.00	+5
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sabah's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 March 2004 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sarawak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	28	278,919	65.85	27	96.43	-1
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	7	101,869	24.05	6	21.43	-1
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	11	80,408	18.98	11	39.29	0
		Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party	SPDP	4	50,350	11.89	4	14.29	New
		Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak	PBDS	6	46,292	10.93	6	21.43	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	5	67,631	15.97	1	3.57	+1
	Sarawak National Party		SNAP	7	28,579	6.75	0	0.00	-4
	State Reform Party		STAR	1	6,270	1.48	0	0.00	0
	People's Justice Party		PKR	1	5,420	1.28	0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	1	1,035	0.24	0	0.00	0
	Independents		IND	10	35,682	8.43	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					423,536
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	28	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sarawak's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

State Assemblies

Elections for the assemblies of all the Malaysian states except Sarawak were also held on 21 March. The National Front and its allies won majorities in all states except Kelantan where, despite earlier reports to the contrary, PAS retained control with a narrow majority of 24 seats to BN's 21 seats. The National Front regained control of the state of Terengganu, which it lost to PAS in 1999. The PAS opposition leader, Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi Awang, who lost his parliamentary seat as mentioned earlier, managed to retain his state seat.

Background

On 2 March, the 10th national parliament and all state assemblies in Malaysia (with the exception of Sarawak) were dissolved by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong upon the advice of the Prime Minister. Sarawak's last state election was held in 2001, and elections for the state assembly are not due till 2006.

The election was held nine months earlier than required by the constitution. The constitution allows that parliament has a mandate of 5 years. Elections are required to be called three months after parliament is dissolved. The government had until the end of November 2004 to call elections.

Candidates nominated on 13 March, with the National Front winning 15 seats uncontested, and another two seats after the opposing candidates withdrew. The right to withdraw was only introduced as a new rule at these elections. Under this rule candidates are allowed a three-day period to withdraw following nomination day. Of the 17 parliamentary seats won uncontested, nine were in the state of Sabah, six in Sarawak and two in Johor.

PAS won a state assembly seat in Johor for the first time, after the National Front candidate was disqualified because she was seconded by someone who was not a registered voter in the constituency which she wanted to contest. The requirement that the seconder be registered in the same constituency was only introduced in 2004.

Election irregularities

The elections were marred by discrepancies, which were admitted by the electoral authorities. The head of the Election Commission (Tan Sri Ab Rashid Ab Rahman) made the statement "I have been in this line for so long... it should not have happened at all. There must be reasons why this happened." He has served in the election commission for the last five elections, and has stated that he intends to resign if a report on the discrepancies implicates him in the foul-ups.

Among the discrepancies were wrongly printed ballots, registered voters being unable to vote and wide discrepancies in votes in various seats upon re-counting the ballots.

In the seat of Sungai Lembing (Pahang), the Keadilan symbol was printed wrongly on the ballot paper for PAS candidate Idris Ahmad. Illiterate voters tend to rely on familiar party symbols for voting purposes as they are unable to read the candidate's names on the ballot. Voting was suspended for 5 hours before resuming. Polling was re-held for the seat on 28 March.^[2]

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A general election was held between Saturday, 8 July and Saturday, 22 July 1978 for members of the 5th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 154 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 276 state constituencies in 10 states of Malaysia on the same day.

A general election was held between Saturday, 24 August and Saturday, 14 September 1974 for members of the 4th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 154 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 360 state constituencies in 12 states of Malaysia on the same day.

The 2007 Machap by-election was held on 12 April 2007. The seat in the state assembly of Malacca, Malaysia, fell vacant after the incumbent, Datuk Wira Poh Ah Tiam of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), died on 15 March that year. On 21 March 2007, the Election Commission of Malaysia (EC) announced 3 April 2007 as the nomination day and 12 April 2007 the election date. The MCA candidate, Lai Meng Chong eventually defeated the opposition candidate of Liou Chen Kuang, with a reduced majority compared to the previous 2004 election.

A general election was held on Saturday, 8 March 2008 for members of the 12th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 222 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 505 state constituencies in 12 out of 13 states on the same day.

Dato' Ustaz Haji Fadzil bin Muhammad Noor was a Malaysian politician and religious teacher. He was the president of Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from 1989 to 2002 and Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of Malaysia from 1999 to 2002.

The Pakatan Rakyat or PR was an informal Malaysian political coalition and successor to Barisan Alternatif (BA). The political coalition was formed by the People's Justice Party (PKR), Democratic Action Party (DAP), and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) on 1 April 2008, after the 12th Malaysian general election, having previously formed the Barisan Alternatif in the 10th general election. On 20 April 2010, the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) officially joined as a member of the Pakatan Rakyat after being expelled from Barisan Nasional, but quit the coalition on 6 May 2011. The DAP declared the coalition "dead" on 16 June 2015, citing the inability of the rest of the alliance to work with PAS, after PAS's congress passed the motion to sever ties with DAP without debate. It was succeeded by Pakatan Harapan and Gagasan Sejahtera.

A by-election was held for the Dewan Rakyat parliamentary seat of Permatang Pauh on 26 August 2008 with nomination day on 16 August 2008. The seat of Permatang Pauh in the Dewan Rakyat, fell vacant after the resignation of the incumbent, Datuk Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, on 31 July 2008. Wan Azizah was the Leader of the Opposition as well as the President of the Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR), a component party of the opposition Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalition. The by-election was contested by the PR candidate former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. This election has been dubbed "the mother of all by-elections" by the media due to the potentially significant implication of the election as well as the high profile of Anwar Ibrahim.

Kuala Terengganu by-election of 2009 was held on 17 January 2009 after the death of the incumbent Member of Parliament, Razali Ismail. In the 2008 election, Datuk Razali won by a slim 628 vote majority, defeating Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) heavyweight Mohamad Sabu and 89-year-old independent candidate, Maimun Yusuf. Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and Barisan Nasional were confident that Barisan Nasional would retain the Kuala Terengganu parliamentary seat. The Prime Minister had rejected the assumption that there would be a big swing by the voters to the Opposition. Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim stated that Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) and the Democratic Action Party (DAP) would support any candidate that PAS picked. He was optimistic that Pakatan Rakyat would win in Kuala Terengganu if all its coalition parties worked hard against Barisan Nasional. In the 2008 election Razali, a government minister of the UMNO party, defeated a PAS opposition candidate by 628 votes. For the by-election PAS nominated state assemblyman Mohd Abdul Wahid Endut, while Barisan Nasional nominated Wan Ahmad Farid Wan Salleh. Mohd Abdul won the by-election by 2,631 votes.

Dato' Haji Salahuddin bin Ayub is a Malaysian politician currently serving as the Minister of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry since 21 May 2018. Salahuddin is also the Member of Parliament for the Pulai constituency in Johor and the Johor State Legislative Assemblyman for the seat of Simpang Jeram concurrently. He is the Deputy President of Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH), a component of Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.

Datuk Seri Dr. Mujahid bin Yusof, commonly referred to as Mujahid Yusof Rawa, is a Malaysian politician and is the Member of Parliament (MP) of Malaysia for the Parit Buntar constituency in Perak. He is a member of the National Trust Party (AMANAH), a component party in Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.

Datuk Seri Panglima Haji Abdul Ghapur Salleh is a Malaysian politician. He was the former Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Kalabakan constituency in Sabah, representing the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in the governing Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 2004 to May 2018.

The Sibu by-election, 2010 was a by-election for the seat of Sibu in the Parliament of Malaysia. The Sarawak-based seat fell vacant after the death of its incumbent member, Robert Lau Hoi Chew, from liver cancer on 9 April 2010. The seat was defended for the Barisan Nasional coalition government by Robert Lau Hui Yew of the Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP), while Sarawak State Assemblyman Wong Ho Leng contested the poll for the Democratic Action Party (DAP) in the Pakatan Rakyat opposition coalition. Wong won the election by 398 votes, wresting the seat from the Barisan Nasional.

The tenth Sarawak state election was held on Saturday, 16 April 2011 after nomination for candidates on Wednesday, 6 April 2011. The purpose of the election was to elect 71 representatives to the Sarawak State Assembly. The ninth state assembly was dissolved by Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak, Tun Abang Muhammad Salahuddin Abang Barieng on the advice of Chief Minister Abdul Taib Mahmud on 21 March 2011. The previous state election in Sarawak was held in 2006.

Dr. Chen Man Hin is a Malaysian politician from Democratic Action Party. He won the contest in the 1965 by-elections. He won in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan state in 1974. He contested under the DAP ticket against Barisan Nasional. Since 1965, he has been in DAP politics fighting for justice, democracy and security as the DAP struggles.

References

↑ 32 seats at dissolution
↑ "Sg Lembing: Re-vote on March 28 after logo debacle", Malaysiakini

External links

The (Malaysian) Star Online
ChannelNewsAsia
Bernama
Election Commission Malaysia (SPR) (in Malay)
Results from the SPR (in Malay)

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[BN-2] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[Barisan_Alternatif-3] 1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, Alternatif Front (Barisan Alternatif). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-4] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-5] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-6] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-7] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-8] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-9] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-10] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-11] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-12] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

v t e Elections in Malaysia
General elections	1955 1959 1964 1969 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1995 1999 2004 2008 2013 2018 next by-elections
State elections	1954 1955 1959 1963 1964 1967 1969 1971 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1990 1991 1994 1995 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008 2011 2013 2016 2018 2021 by-elections
Local elections	1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
See also: Elections in Johor Kedah Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Labuan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Putrajaya Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu