Malaysian general election, 1990

Malaysian general election, 1990
	← outgoing members Members elected →
All 180 seats to the Dewan Rakyat ; 91 seats needed for a majority
Registered	8,000,000
Turnout	5,751,725 (72.3%)
Prime Minister before election; Mahathir Mohamad ; Barisan Nasional	Prime Minister-designate; Mahathir Mohamad ; Barisan Nasional

Last updated April 21, 2019

A general election was held between Saturday, 20 October and Sunday, 21 October 1990 for members of the 8th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 180 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament.^[1] State elections also took place in 351 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day.

The Parliament of Malaysia is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara (Senate). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) as the Head of State is the third component of Parliament.

Sabah is a state of Malaysia located on the northern portion of Borneo. Sabah has land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and Indonesia's Kalimantan region to the south. The Federal Territory of Labuan is an island just off the Sabah coast. Sabah shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the state capital city, the economic centre of the state and the seat of the Sabah state government. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau. As of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the state's population is 3,543,500. Sabah has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal and plant species. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which form part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River, second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah and Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well as of Malaysia.

Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. The honorific of the state is Darul Naim. Kelantan is positioned in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. It is bordered by Narathiwat Province of Thailand to the north, Terengganu to the south-east, Perak to the west and Pahang to the south. To the north-east of Kelantan is the South China Sea.

Background

The elections marked the first after United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party split and the subsequent constitutional crisis in 1988. The reconstituted UMNO Baru (New UMNO), led by incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and the newly formed Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46), led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, contested for the first time in the elections.

The United Malays National Organisation is Malaysia's main opposition political party. It is a founding member of the Barisan Nasional coalition which, with its predecessor the Alliance, had been the government of Malaysia and dominated the country's politics from independence until 2018. Until then, all of Malaysia's Prime Ministers had been members of UMNO, until Mahathir Mohamad became the first prime minister from Pakatan Harapan, and the first prime minister to have tenures with two different parties.

1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis Political crisis

The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis was a series of events that began with United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party elections in 1987 and ended with the suspension and the eventual removal of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, Tun Salleh Abas, from his seat. The Supreme Court in the years leading up to 1988 had been increasingly independent of the other branches of the government. Matters then came to a head when Mahathir Mohamad, who believed in the supremacy of the executive and legislative branches, became Prime Minister. Many saw his eventual sacking of Salleh Abas and two other Supreme Court judges as the end of judicial independence in Malaysia.

Tun Mahathir bin Mohamad, known informally as Dr. M, is a Malaysian physician, politician, and author who has been Prime Minister of Malaysia since 2018, having previously held the office from 1981 to 2003. He is the chairman of the Pakatan Harapan coalition, as well as a member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Langkawi constituency in the state of Kedah. Mahathir's political career has spanned more than 70 years starting with his participation during the Malayan Union in protests against non-Malays gaining Malaysian citizenship; he formed his own party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (PPBM), in 2016.

It also marked the first time in country general election history when a credible,multi-ethnic coalition have been formed the challenge the dominance of Barisan Nasional.This also lead the country political scene from a dominant party system into two party system.^[2] The Muslim opposition parties, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Semangat 46, Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (BERJASA) and Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) teamed up to form the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU). On the other hand, Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), which withdrew from the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the eleventh hour of the general election, teamed up as Gagasan Rakyat. However, these two opposition alliances cooperated in the election but not openly due to the sensitivity of the secular DAP and the Islamic PAS working together.

A dominant-party system, or one-party dominant system, is a system where there is "a category of parties/political organisations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future." Many are de facto one-party systems, and often devolve into de jure one-party systems. Usually, the dominant party consistently holds majority government, without the need for coalitions.

A two-party system is a party system where two major political parties dominate the government. One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the majority or governing party while the other is the minority or opposition party. Around the world, the term has different senses. For example, in the United States, Jamaica, and Malta, the sense of two-party system describes an arrangement in which all or nearly all elected officials belong to one of the only two major parties, and third parties rarely win any seats in the legislature. In such arrangements, two-party systems are thought to result from various factors like winner-takes-all election rules. In such systems, while chances for third-party candidates winning election to major national office are remote, it is possible for groups within the larger parties, or in opposition to one or both of them, to exert influence on the two major parties. In contrast, in the United Kingdom and Australia and in other parliamentary systems and elsewhere, the term two-party system is sometimes used to indicate an arrangement in which two major parties dominate elections but in which there are viable third parties which do win seats in the legislature, and in which the two major parties exert proportionately greater influence than their percentage of votes would suggest.

The Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia or Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) was a political party in Malaysia.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

At the federal level, the BN coalition under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad won 127 of the 180 parliament seats to form the federal government.

e • d Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results
Party				Vote		Seats
Party				Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	2,985,392	53.38	127	70.56	-21
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO			71	39.44	-12
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA			18	10.00	+1
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	101,243		10	5.56	+2
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC			6	3.33	0
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO			6	3.33	+1
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan			5	2.78	0
		Sarawak Native People's Party	PBDS	22,590		4	2.22	-1
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	102,687		4	2.22	0
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP	35,754		3	1.67	-1
		People's Progressive Party	PPP			0	0.00	0
	Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement		APU	1,218,211	21.78	15	8.33	New
	Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept		GR	1,113,488	19.91	34	18.89	New
	Democratic Action Party ^{[lower-alpha 2]}		DAP	985,228	17.61	20	11.11	-4
	Semangat 46 ^{[lower-alpha 3]}		S46	826,398	14.77	8	4.44	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party ^{[lower-alpha 3]}		PAS	391,813	7.01	7	3.89	+6
	United Sabah Party ^{[lower-alpha 2]}		PBS	128,260	2.29	14	7.78	+4
	Malaysian People's Party		PRM			0	0.00	0
	People's Justice Front		AKAR			0	0.00	New
	Sarawak Malaysian People's Association		PERMAS	27,618		0	0.00	New
	Sarawak United Labour Party		PLUS	162		0	0.00	0
	Independents and other parties			276,136	4.94	4	2.22	0
Valid votes				5,593,227
Invalid/blank votes				158,498
Total (turnout: 72.3%)				5,751,725	100.00	180	100.00	+3
Did not vote				2,248,275
Registered voters				8,000,000
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)				8,882,000
Malaysian population				17,764,000
Source: Nohlen et al.

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept (Gagasan Rakyat). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.
1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

Results by state

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results by state

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perlis**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	2	47,767	65.45	2	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	2	47,767	65.45	2	100.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	1	13,154	18.02	0	0.00	0
	Semangat 46		S46	1	12,056	16.52	0	0.00	New
Valid votes					72,977
Invalid/blank votes					2,544
Total votes (voter turnout: 76.21%)					75,521	100.00	2	100.00	0
Did not vote					23,570
Registered voters					99,091
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perlis's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kedah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	14	300,705	62.32	14	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	12	258,834	53.64	12	85.71	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2	41,871	8.68	2	14.29	0
	Semangat 46		S46	8	99,007	20.52	0	0.00	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	6	76,936	15.94	0	0.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	1	5,360	1.11	0	0.00	0
	Independents		IND	1	537	0.11	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					482,545
Invalid/blank votes					14,838
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					497,383	100.00	14	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kedah's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kelantan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	Semangat 46		S46	7	140,284	34.19	7	53.85	New
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	13	134,273	32.73	0	0.00	-12
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	13	134,273	32.73	0	0.00	-12
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	6	133,251	32.48	6	46.15	+5
	Independents		IND	7	2,463	0.60	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					410,271
Invalid/blank votes					10,228
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					420,499	100.00	13	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kelantan's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Terengganu**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	8	141,855	54.14	6	75.00	-2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	8	141,855	54.14	6	75.00	-2
	Semangat 46		S46	4	62,006	23.66	1	12.50	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	4	57,593	21.98	1	12.50	+1
	Independents		IND	2	566	0.22	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					262,020
Invalid/blank votes					7,068
Total votes (voter turnout: 82.44%)					269,088	100.00	8	100.00	0
Did not vote					57,328
Registered voters					326,416
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Terengganu's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Penang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	11	213,532	51.00	5	45.45	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	4	85,315	20.38	4	36.36	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	4	64,485	15.40	1	9.09	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3	63,732	15.22	0	0.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	7	170,053	40.61	6	54.55	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	2	14,322	3.42	0	0.00	0
	Malaysian People's Party		PRM	1	13,620	3.25	0	0.00	0
	Semangat 46		S46	1	7,174	1.71	0	0.00	New
Valid votes					418,701
Invalid/blank votes					9,371
Total votes (voter turnout: 73.75%)					428,072	100.00	11	100.00	0
Did not vote					152,336
Registered voters					580,408
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Penang's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	23			19	82.61	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO				11	47.83	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA				3	13.04	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan				3	13.04	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC				2	8.70	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				4	17.39	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	23	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perak's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Pahang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	10			10	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	7			7	70.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3			3	30.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	10	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Pahang's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Selangor**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	14			11	78.57	-1
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	7			7	50.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	5			2	14.29	-1
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	2			2	14.29	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				3	21.43	+1
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	14	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Selangor's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Template:Malaysian general election, 1990 (Kuala Lumpur)

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Negeri Sembilan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	7			7	100.00	+2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	4			4	57.14	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			2	28.57	+2
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	14.29	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	-2
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	7	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Negeri Sembilan's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Malacca**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	5			4	80.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	3			3	60.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			1	20.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	20.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	5	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Malacca's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Johor**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	18			18	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	12			12	66.67	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	5			5	27.78	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	5.56	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	18	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Johor's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Template:Malaysian general election, 1990 (Labuan)

e • d **Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sabah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	United Sabah Party		PBS				14	70.00	+7
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	20			6	30.00	-2
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO				6	30.00	-2
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	20	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sabah's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sarawak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	27	262,274	57.09	21	77.78	0
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	8	102,687	22.35	4	14.81	0
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	10	101,243	22.04	10	37.04	+2
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP	5	35,754	7.78	3	11.11	-1
		Sarawak Native People's Party	PBDS	4	22,590	4.92	4	14.81	-1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	8	87,017	18.94	2	7.41	+1
	Sarawak Malaysian People's Association		PERMAS	9	27,618	6.01	0	0.00	0
	Sarawak United Labour Party		PLUS	1	162	0.04	0	0.00	0
	Independents		IND	25	82,327	17.92	4	14.81	+2
Valid votes					459,398
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	27	100.00	+3
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sarawak's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

State Assemblies

At the state level, the BN won 10 out of the 11 state elections. The APU won all 39 state seats in Kelantan to form the state government, with 24 seats going to PAS and 15 for Semangat 46.^[3]

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The Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah was an informal Malaysian political coalition.The political coalition was formed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Spirit of 46 Malay Party, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front, Muslim People's Party of Malaysia and Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress before 9th Malaysian General Election. KIMMA left the coalition before the 10th Malaysian General Election. It formally disbanded after the election.

The Gagasan Rakyat was an informal Malaysian political coalition.The political coalition was formed by Democratic Action Party, Parti Bersatu Sabah, Malaysian People's Party, Indian Progressive Front and Malaysian Solidarity Party It were also joined by three other members from Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah, which were Spirit of 46 Malay Party, Muslim People's Party of Malaysia and Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress. On the 25th of January 1995, DAP withdrawn from the coalition.

Dato' Haji Hashim bin Jasin is a Malaysian politician from Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). He is appointed as the Spiritual Leader of Syura Council replacing the late Tuan Guru Datuk Dr. Haron Din following Dr Haron’s death in San Francisco, United States due to heart complications. In 1998, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Arau in a by-election, and was state assemblyman for Sanglang (1999-2013), and Perlis PAS commissioner (1991-2013).

Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Abdul Kadir bin Sheikh Fadzir is a Malaysian politician and former seven-term Member of Parliament (MP) of Malaysia representing Kulim-Bandar Baharu constituency in the state of Kedah. He also formerly served as the Minister of Information (1999-2006), Minister of Culture, Arts and Tourism (1997-2004) in the Cabinet of Malaysia.

The 14th Pahang State election will be held on or before 23 August 2018. The previous state election was held on 5 May 2013. The state assemblymen is elected to 5 years term each.

References

↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
↑ Khong, (1991) Malaysia's General Election 1990: Continuity, Change, and Ethnic Politics, p1 ISBN 981-3035-77-3
↑ Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.

Arah Aliran Malaysia: Penilaian Pilihan Raya satu himpunan kerta kertas 62-halaman daripada Institut Penyelidikan Asia Tenggara selepas pilihan raya 1999.

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[BN-3] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[Gagasan_Rakyat-4] 1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept (Gagasan Rakyat). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

[Angkatan_Perpaduan_Ummah-5] 1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-6] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

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[BN-12] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

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[BN-14] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

v t e Elections in Malaysia
General elections	1955 1959 1964 1969 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1995 1999 2004 2008 2013 2018 by-elections
State elections	1954 1955 1959 1963 1964 1967 1969 1971 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1990 1991 1994 1995 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008 2011 2013 2016 2018 Next by-elections
Local elections	1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
See also: Elections in Johor Kedah Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Labuan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Putrajaya Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu