Malaysian general election, 1978

Malaysian general election, 1978
	← outgoing members Members elected →
All 154 seats to the Dewan Rakyat ; 78 seats needed for a majority
Registered	5,059,689
Turnout	3,596,732 (75.3%)
Prime Minister before election; Hussein Onn ; Barisan Nasional	Prime Minister-designate; Hussein Onn ; Barisan Nasional

Last updated April 21, 2019

A general election was held between Saturday, 8 July and Saturday, 22 July 1978 for members of the 5th Parliament of Malaysia.^[1] Voting took place in all 154 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 276 state constituencies in 10 (out of 13, except Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day.

The Parliament of Malaysia is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara (Senate). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) as the Head of State is the third component of Parliament.

Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. The honorific of the state is Darul Naim. Kelantan is positioned in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. It is bordered by Narathiwat Province of Thailand to the north, Terengganu to the south-east, Perak to the west and Pahang to the south. To the north-east of Kelantan is the South China Sea.

Tun Hussein bin Dato' Onn,, was the third Prime Minister of Malaysia, serving in this role from 1976 to 1981 and also served for Sri Gading constituency. Born in Johor Bahru, Johor, to Dato' Onn Jaafar and Datin Halimah Hussein, he is of 3/4 Malay and 1/4 Circassian ancestry. He was granted the soubriquet "Bapa Perpaduan".

The Prime Minister of Malaysia is the head of government and the highest political office in Malaysia. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints Prime Minister as a Member of Parliament (MP) who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs. The Prime Minister chairs the Cabinet of Malaysia, the de facto executive branch of government. On 18 October 2018, 7th Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, announced a two-term limit to all Cabinet Profolio.

The National Front is a political coalition in Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of right-wing and centre parties. They are currently the largest opposition coalition in the country's Dewan Rakyat.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

As expected, Barisan Nasional comfortably maintained its majority in the Malaysian Parliament and thus, gave the Prime Minister the power to form a government with a free hand. Despite the victory, BN actually lost four seats out of 154 seats to the opposition.

The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) withdrew from BN in the midst of the 1977 Kelantan Emergency over disagreements with UMNO over the running of the state government of Kelantan, which PAS had controlled since the first post-independence general election in 1959. With the support of UMNO, detractors within PAS split with the party and formed the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA). In the election, PAS lost the control of the state for the first time to the UMNO-BERJASA alliance within BN. Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah has been credited for UMNO's victory in Kelantan.

The 1977 Kelantan Emergency took place in the state of Kelantan in Malaysia. The state of emergency was declared by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 8 November 1977 upon the request of the federal government following a political impasse and street violence in Kelantan. This was the fifth and last declaration of emergency in Malaya and Malaysia after the 1948-1960 Malayan Emergency, 1962 Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, 1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis and the 1969 13 May Incident.

The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front is a political party in Malaysia.

The opposition garnered 42.8% of total votes. In spite of that, the opposition as one won only 23 seats. Democratic Action Party won the largest slice of the pie among the opposition parties and hence, its leader Lim Kit Siang retained his position as the leader of the opposition that he had obtained four years earlier.

Lim Kit Siang is a Malaysian politician and party leader. He is a prominent leader of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the current ruling Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition in Malaysia. He had previously served as the Opposition Leader of Malaysia for 1 year (1973-1974), another 24 years (1975-1999) before assuming the role again for a four-year stint from 2004-2008.

Candidates were returned unopposed in nine constituencies. The registered electors from these constituencies therefore did not cast ballots.

e • d Summary of the 8 – 22 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results
Party				Vote		Seats
Party				Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	1,987,907	57.23	131	85.06	-4
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO			70	45.45	+8
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA			17	11.04	-2
		Sabah People's United Front	BERJAYA			9	5.84	New
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP	45,218		9	5.84	0
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	52,222		8	5.19	0
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	64,099		6	3.90	-1
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO			5	3.25	-8
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan			4	2.60	-1
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC			3	1.95	-1
		People's Progressive Party	PPP			0	0.00	-1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	664,433	19.13	16	10.39	+7
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	537,720	15.48	5	3.25	-8
	Sarawak People's Organisation		SAPO	10,150	0.29	1	0.65	New
	Malaysian People's Socialist Party		PSRM			0	0.00	0
	Other parties			112,850	3.25	0	0.00	0
	Sarawak Native People's Party		PAJAR	35,009		0	0.00	New
	Parti Umat Sarawak		UMAT	3,898		0	0.00	New
	Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak		NEGARA	861		0	0.00	New
	Independents		IND	160,370	4.62	1	0.65	+1
Valid votes				3,473,430
Invalid/blank votes				123,302
Total (turnout: 75.3%)				3,596,732	100.00	154	100.00	0
Did not vote				1,462,957
Registered voters				5,059,689
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)				6,067,230
Malaysian population				12,303,000
Source: Nohlen et al. ,

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Results by state

Summary of the 8 – 22 July 1978 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results by state

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perlis**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	2			2	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	2			2	100.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	2	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perlis's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kedah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	13			11	84.62	-2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	11			9	69.23	+1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			2	15.38	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				2	15.38	-1
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	13	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kedah's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kelantan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	12			10	83.33	-2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	12			10	83.33	+5
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	12			2	16.67	-5
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	12	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kelantan's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Trengganu**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	7			7	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	7			7	100.00	+3
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	-3
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	7	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Trengganu's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Penang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	9			4	44.44	-5
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	3			2	22.22	-1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3			1	11.11	-2
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	3			1	11.11	-2
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				4	44.44	+4
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				1	11.11	+1
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	9	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Penang's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	21			17	80.95	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO				10	47.62	-1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA				3	14.29	+1
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan				2	9.52	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC				1	4.76	0
		Barisan Nasional Direct Candidate					1	4.76
		People's Progressive Party	PPP				0	0.00	-1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				4	19.05	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	-1
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	21	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perak's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Pahang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	8			8	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	6			6	75.00	-1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			2	25.00	+1
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	8	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Pahang's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Selangor**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	11			10	90.91	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	6			6	54.55	+1
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	4			3	27.27	-1
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	9.09	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	9.09	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	11	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Selangor's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Template:Malaysian general election, 1978 (Kuala Lumpur)

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Negri Sembilan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	6			5	83.33	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	3			3	50.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			1	16.67	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	16.67	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	16.67	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	6	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Negri Sembilan's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Malacca**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	4			3	75.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	2			2	50.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			1	25.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	25.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	4	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Malacca's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Johore**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	16			15	93.75	-1
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	11			11	68.75	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	5			4	25.00	-1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	6.25	+1
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	16	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Johore's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 – 15 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sabah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	16			14	87.50	-2
		Sabah People's United Front	BERJAYA				9	56.25	New
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO				5	31.25	-8
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	6.25	+1
	Independents		IND				1	6.25	+1
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	16	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sabah's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

e • d **Summary of the 8 – 22 July 1978 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sarawak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front ^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	24	161,539	63.03	23	95.83	+8
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP	9	45,218	17.64	9	37.50	0
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	8	52,222	20.38	8	33.33	0
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	7	64,099	25.01	6	25.00	-1
	Sarawak Native People's Party		PAJAR	12	35,009	13.66	0	0.00	New
	Sarawak People's Organisation		SAPO	1	10,150	3.96	1	4.17	New
	Parti Umat Sarawak		UMAT	3	3,898	1.52	0	0.00	New
	Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak		NEGARA	3	861	0.34	0	0.00	New
	Independents		IND	16	44,831	17.49	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					256,288
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	24	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sarawak's population
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

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References

↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN 0-19-924959-8

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[BN-2] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-3] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-4] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-5] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-6] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-7] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-8] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-9] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-10] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-11] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

v t e Elections in Malaysia
General elections	1955 1959 1964 1969 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1995 1999 2004 2008 2013 2018 by-elections
State elections	1954 1955 1959 1963 1964 1967 1969 1971 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1990 1991 1994 1995 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008 2011 2013 2016 2018 Next by-elections
Local elections	1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
See also: Elections in Johor Kedah Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Labuan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Putrajaya Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu