Mali (processor)

Last updated
Mali
ARMCortexA57A53.jpg
ARM Cortex A57 A53 big.LITTLE SoC with a Mali-T624 GPU
Release date2005
Architecture
  • Utgard
  • Midgard
  • Bifrost
  • Valhall
ModelsSee Variants
Cores 1-32 cores
Fabrication process4-40 nm
API support
OpenCL 1.1-3.0
Vulkan 1.0-1.3

The Mali and Immortalis series of graphics processing units (GPUs) and multimedia processors are semiconductor intellectual property cores produced by Arm Holdings for licensing in various ASIC designs by Arm partners.

Contents

Mali GPUs were developed by Falanx Microsystems A/S, which was a spin-off of a research project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. [1] Arm Holdings acquired Falanx Microsystems A/S on June 23, 2006 and renamed the company to Arm Norway. [2]

It was originally named Malaik, but the team shortened the name to Mali, Serbo-Croatian for "small", which was thought to be fitting for a mobile GPU. [3]

On June 28, 2022, Arm announced their Immortalis series of GPUs with hardware-based Ray Tracing support. [4]

GPU Architectures

Utgard

In 2005, Falanx announced their Utgard GPU Architecture, the Mali-200 GPU. [5] Arm followed up with the Mali-300, Mali-400, Mali-450, and Mali-470. Utgard was a non-unified GPU (discrete pixel and vertex shaders). [1]

Midgard

Midgard 1st gen

On November 10, 2010, Arm announced their Midgard 1st gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T604 and later the Mali-T658 GPU in 2011. [6] [7] [8] [9] Midgard uses a Hierarchical Tiling system. [1]

Midgard 2nd gen

On August 6, 2012, Arm announced their Midgard 2nd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T678 GPU. [10] Midgard 2nd gen introduced Forward Pixel Kill. [1] [11]

Midgard 3rd gen

On October 29, 2013, Arm announced their Midgard 3rd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T760 GPU. [12] [1] [13] [14] [15]

Midgard 4th gen

On October 27, 2014, Arm announced their Midgard 4th gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-T860, Mali-T830, Mali-T820. Their flagship Mali-T880 GPU was announced on February 3, 2015. New microarchitectural features include: [16]

  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-T880, with 256KB – 2MB L2 cache

Bifrost

Bifrost 1st Gen

On May 27, 2016, Arm announced their Bifrost GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G71 GPU. New microarchitectural features include: [17] [18]

  • Unified shaders with quad vectorization
  • Scalar ISA
  • Clauses execution
  • Full cache coherency
  • Up to 32 cores for the Mali-G71, with 128KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G71 has 40% more performance density and 20% better energy efficiency than the Mali-T880

Bifrost 2nd gen

On May 29, 2017, Arm announced their Bifrost 2nd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G72 GPU. New microarchitectural features include: [19] [20]

  • Arithmetic optimizations and increased caches
  • Up to 32 cores for the Mali-G72, with 128KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G72 has 20% more performance density and 25% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G71

Bifrost 3rd Gen

On May 31, 2018, Arm announced their Bifrost 4rd gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G76 GPU. New microarchitectural features include: [21] [22]

  • 8 execution lanes per engine (up from 4). Doubled pixel and texel throughput
  • Up to 20 cores for the Mali-G76, with 512KB – 4MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G76 has 30% more performance density and 30% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G72

Valhall

Valhall 1st Gen

On May 27, 2019, Arm announced their Valhall GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G77 GPU, and in October Mali-G57 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include: [23] [24] [25]

  • New superscalar engine
  • Simplified scalar ISA
  • New dynamic scheduling
  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-G77, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G77 has 30% more performance density and 30% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G76

Valhall 2nd Gen

On May 26, 2020, Arm announced their Valhall 2nd Gen GPU Architecture, including the Mali-G78. New microarchitectural features include: [26] [27] [28]

  • Asynchronous clock domains
  • New FMA units and increase Tiler throughput
  • Up to 24 cores for the Mali-G78, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm Frame Buffer Compression (AFBC)
  • Arm claim the Mali-G78 has 15% more performance density and 10% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G77

Valhall 3rd Gen

On May 25, 2021, Arm announced their Valhall 3rd Gen GPU Architecture (as part of TCS21), including the Mali-G710, Mali-G510, and Mali-G310 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include: [29] [30] [31]

  • Larger shader cores (2x compared to Valhall 2nd Gen)
  • New GPU frontend, Command Stream Frontend (CSF) replaces the Job Manager
  • Up to 16 cores for the Mali-G710, with 512KB – 2MB L2 cache
  • Arm claim the Mali-G710 has 20% more performance density and 20% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G78

Valhall 4th Gen

On June 28, 2022, Arm announced their Valhall 4th Gen GPU Architecture (as part of TCS22), including the Immortalis-G715, Mali-G715, and Mali-G615 GPUs. New microarchitectural features include: [4] [32]

  • Ray Tracing support (hardware-based)
  • Variable Rate Shading [33]
  • New Execution Engine, with doubled the FMA block, Matrix Multiply instruction support, and PPA improvements
  • Arm Fixed Rate Compression (AFRC)
  • Arm claim the Immortalis-G715 has 15% more performance & 15% better energy efficiency than the Mali-G710 [34]

5th Gen

On May 29, 2023, Arm announced their 5th Gen Arm GPU Architecture (as part of TCS23), including the Immortalis-G720, Mali-G720 and Mali-G620 GPUs. [35] [36] [37] New microarchitectural features include: [38]

Technical details

Like other embedded IP cores for 3D rendering acceleration, the Mali GPU does not include display controllers driving monitors, in contrast to common desktop video cards. Instead, the Mali ARM core is a pure 3D engine that renders graphics into memory and passes the rendered image over to another core to handle display.

ARM does, however, license display controller SIP cores independently of the Mali 3D accelerator SIP block, e.g. Mali DP500, DP550 and DP650. [39]

ARM also supplies tools to help in authoring OpenGL ES shaders named Mali GPU Shader Development Studio and Mali GPU User Interface Engine.

Display controllers such as the ARM HDLCD display controller are available separately. [40]

Variants

The Mali core grew out of the cores previously produced by Falanx and currently constitute: [41]

Model Micro-
archi-
tecture 		TypeLaunch dateEUs/Shader core countShading UnitsTotal Shaders Fab (nm)Die size (mm2)Core clock rate (MHz) L2 cache size Fillrate GFLOPS
(per core)		 GFLOPS
(total)		 API (version)
M△/sGT/s(GP/s) Vulkan OpenGL ES OpenCL
Mali-55/110  ?Fixed function pipeline [42] 2005 1 ? ? ?—2.80.1 ?—1.1—
Mali-200 Utgard [43] Programmable pipeline [42] 2007 [44] 1 ? ? ?—5 ?0.22.0
Mali-300 2010 [45] 140
28		 ?5008 KiB550.55
Mali-400 MP 20081–4 ?200–6008–256 KiB550.51.2–5.4
Mali-450 MP 20121–8 ?300–7508–512 KiB1422.64.5–11.9
Mali-470 MP 20151–4 ?250–6508–256 KiB710.658–20.8
Mali-T604 [46] Midgard 1st gen Unified shader model +

SIMD ISA

Nov 2010 [47] 1–4 32
28		 ?53332–256 KiB900.533173.1Full Profile 1.1
Mali-T658 [46] Nov 2011 [48] 1–8 ? ? ? ? ?
Mali-T622 Midgard 2nd genJun 2013 [49] 1–232
28		 ?533 ? ?8.5
Mali-T624 2012-081–4 ?533–600 ? ?17–19.2
Mali-T628 1–8 ?533–695 ? ?17–23.7
Mali-T678 [50] 1–828 ? ? ? ?
Mali-T720 Midgard 3rd gen2013-101–8 ?400–700650 (MP8@
650 MHz)		5.2 (MP8
@650 MHz)		6.8–11.9
Mali-T760 1–1628
14		1.75 mm2 per shader core at 14 nm [51] 600–772256–2048 KiB [52] 13000.6–12.6 GTexel/s (bilinear) [53] 10.417–26.21.0 [54] 3.2 [55] Full Profile 1.2
Mali-T820 Midgard 4th genQ4 20151–428 ?60032–256 KiB [52] 400?2.610.2
Mali-T830  ?600–950400?2.620.4–32.3
Mali-T860 1–16 ?350–700256–2048 KiB [52] 1300?10.411.9–23.8
Mali-T880 Q2 20161–1616 ?650–10001700?13.622.1–34
Mali-G31 Bifrost 1st gen Unified shader model + Unified memory +

scalar, clause-based ISA

Q1 20181–6 (1 EU
per core) [56] 		28
12		 ?65032kB–512kB?1.310.41.3 [57] Full Profile 2.0
Mali-G51 [58] Q4 20161–6 (1 uni
to 3 dual) [59] 		28
16
14
12
10		 ?1000?3.9
Mali-G71 [60] Q2 20161–3216
14
10		 ?546–1037128–2048 KiB18500.7–24.7

GTexel/s

(bilinear) [61]

27.218.56–28.9 [62]
Mali-G52 Bifrost 2nd genQ1 20181–4 (2 or
3 EU per
core)		16
8
7		 ?85032-512 KiB?6.827.2 (2 EU) & 40.8 (3 EU) @ 850 MHz
Mali-G72 Q2 20171–3216
12
10		1.36 mm2 per shader core at 10 nm [63] 572–1050128–2048 KiB27.220.55-37.72
Mali-G76 Bifrost 3rd genQ2 20184–2012
8
7		 ?600–800512–4096 KiB ? ?43.2–57.6
Mali-G57 Valhall 1st genSuperscalar engine + Unified memory +

simplified scalar ISA

Q2 20191–67?950 [64] 64–512 KiB???121.6
Mali-G77 7–167
6		?695–850512–2048 KiB???88.92–108.76
Mali-G68 Valhall 2nd genQ2 20204–66
Mali-G78 7–245759-84897.15 @ 759 MHz 108.54 @ 848 MHz
Mali-G310 Valhall 3rd genQ2 202114256–1024 KiB
Mali-G510 2–6
Mali-G610 1–6512–2048 KiB
Mali-G710 7–1664 (MP7)448 (MP7)650,850
900		26489283.2 @ 650 MHz, 108.8 @ 850 MHz, 115.2 @ 900 MHz (MP7)582.4 @650
 MHz, 761.6 @ 850 MHz, 806.4 @ 900 MHz (MP7)
Mali-G615 Valhall 4th genQ2 20221–6
Mali-G715 7–9
Immortalis-G715 10–16192 (MC11) 133.34 (MC16)2112 (MC11) 2133.44 (MC16)850,995,
1164.15 (MC11) 750 (MC16)		326.4 @850 MHz, 382.0 @995 MHz,
447.0 @116
4.15 MHz (MC11), 200.0 @750 MHz (MC16)		3590.4 @850 MHz, 4202.8 @995 MHz,
4917.3 @1164.15 MHz (MC11), 3200.1 @750 MHz (MC16)
Mali-G620 5th Gen [65] Deferred Vertex Shading (DVS)Q2 20231–54256–1024 KiBFull Profile 3.0
Mali-G720 6–9512–2048 KiB
Immortalis-G720 Q4 202310+192 (MC12)2304 (MC12)1300 (MC12)499.2 @ 1300 MHz (MC12)5990.4 @ 1300 MHz (MC12)
ModelMicro-
archi-
tecture		TypeLaunch dateEUs/Shader core countShading UnitsTotal ShadersFab

(nm)

Die size (mm2)Core clock rate (MHz)Max L2 cache sizeFillrate (Max core count)FP32 GFLOPS
(per core)		 GFLOPS
(total)		VulkanOpen
GL/ES		Open
CL

Some microarchitectures (or just some chips?) support cache coherency for the L2 cache with the CPU. [66] [67]

Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression (ASTC) is supported by Mali-T620, T720/T760, T820/T830/T860/T880 [43] and Mali-G series.

Implementations

The Mali GPU variants can be found in the following systems on chips (SoCs):

VendorSoC nameMali version
Allwinner Allwinner A1X (A10, A10s, A13)Mali-400 MP [68] [69] [70] @ 300 MHz
A20, A23, A33, A64, [71] H2, H3, H64, R8, R16, R40, R18Mali-400 MP2 [72] @ 350/350/350/600/600/?/?/?/?/?/? MHz
H5Mali-450 MP4
H6Mali-T720 MP2
H313, H616, H618Mali-G31 MP2
Amlogic 8726-M series (8726-M1, 8726-M3, 8726-M6, 8726-MX)Mali-400 MP/MP2 [73] @ 250/400 MHz
8726-M8 series (M801, M802, S801, S802, S812)Mali-450 MP6 [73] @ 600 MHz
8726-M8B series (M805, S805)Mali-450 MP2 [73] @ 500 MHz
S905, S905X/D/LMali-450 MP3 @ 750 MHz
S905X2, S905X3, S905Y2, S905D2, S905X4 [74] Mali-G31 MP2
S905X5 [75] Mali-G310 @ 1 GHz [76]
S912Mali-T820 MP3 @ 600 MHz
S922X, A311DMali-G52 MP4
T966Mali-T830 MP2 @ 650 MHz
ARM MorelloMali-G76
AsusTinkerboard, Tinkerboard SMali-T760
Baikal ElectronicsBaikal-MMali-T628 MP8 [77]
CSR Quatro 5300 SeriesMali-400 MP
ELVEES Multicore 1892VM14YaMali-300
InfoTM iMAP×15Mali-400
iMAP×820Mali-400 MP2
iMAP×912Mali-400 MP2
Google TensorMali-G78 MP20
Tensor G2Mali-G710 MP7
Tensor G3Mali-G715 MP7
HiSilicon Kirin 620Mali-450 MP4 @ 533 MHz
Kirin 650/655/658/659Mali-T830 MP2 @ 900 MHz
Kirin 710Mali-G51 MP4 @ 1000 MHz
Kirin 810Mali-G52 MP6 @ 820 MHz
Kirin 820Mali-G57 MP6 @??? MHz
Kirin 910/910TMali-450 MP4 @ 533/700 MHz
Kirin 920/925/928Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/600/? MHz
Kirin 930/935Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/680 MHz
Kirin 950/955Mali-T880 MP4 @ 900 MHz
Kirin 960Mali-G71 MP8 @ 1037 MHz
Kirin 970Mali-G72 MP12 @ 746 MHz
Kirin 980Mali-G76 MP10 @ 720 MHz
Kirin 985Mali-G77 MP8 @??? MHz
Kirin 990/990 5GMali-G76 MP16 @ 600 MHz
Kirin 9000 5G/Kirin 9000E 5GMali-G78 MP24/22 @ 759 MHz
Hi3798cv200Mali-T720 @ 450/600 MHz
Leadcore LC1810, LC1811, LC1813, LC1913Mali-400 [78] [79] [80] [81]
LC1860, LC1860C, LC1960Mali-T628 MP2 @ 600 MHz
MediaTek MSD6683Mali-470 MP3
MT5595, MT5890Mali-T624 MP3
MT5596, MT5891Mali-T860 MP2 [82]
MT6571, MT6572, MT6572MMali-400 MP1 @ ?/500/400 MHz
MT6580Mali-400 MP1 @ 500 MHz
MT6582/MT6582MMali-400 MP2 @ 500/416 MHz
MT6588, MT6591, MT6592, MT6592M, MT8127Mali-450 MP4 @ 600/700/600/600 MHz [83]
MT6735, MT6735M, MT6735PMali-T720 MP2 @ 600/500/400 MHz
MT6737, MT6737TMali-T720 MP2 @ 550/600 MHz
MT8735Mali-T720 MP2 @ 450 MHz
MT6753Mali-T720 MP3 @ 700 MHz [84]
MT6732, MT6732M, MT6752, MT6752MMali-T760 MP2 @ 500/500/700/700 MHz [85]
MT6750Mali-T860 MP2 @ 520 MHz
MT6755 (Helio P10/P15/P18)Mali-T860 MP2 @ 700/650/800 MHz
MT6757 (Helio P20, P25)Mali-T880 MP2 @ 900 MHz/1.0 GHz [86]
MT6797 (Helio X20/X23/X25/X27)Mali-T880 MP4 @ 780/850/875 MHz
MT6763T (Helio P23), MT6758 (Helio P30)Mali-G71 MP2 @ 770/950 MHz [87] [88]
MT6771 (Helio P60, P70)Mali-G72 MP3 @ 800/900 MHz [89] [90]
MT6768 (Helio P65), MT6769 (Helio G70/G80/G85/G88)Mali-G52 MC2 @ 820/950/1000 MHz
Helio G91Mali-G52 MC2 @ 1 GHz
MT6785 (Helio G90/G90T/G95)Mali-G76 MC4 @ 720/800/900 MHz
MT6781 (Helio G96, G99)Mali-G57 MC2 @ 950/1000 MHz
MT6833 (Dimensity 700, 810, 6020)Mali-G57 MC2 @ 950/1068/950 MHz
MT6853 (Dimensity 720, 800U)Mali-G57 MC3 @ 850 MHz
MT6873 (Dimensity 800)Mali-G57 MC4 @ 650 MHz
MT6875 (Dimensity 820), MT6883Z (Dimensity 1000C)Mali-G57 MC5 @ 900 MHz
MT6877/MT6877T (Dimensity 900/920/1080/7050)Mali-G68 MC4 @ 900 MHz
MT6885Z (Dimensity 1000L)Mali-G77 MC7 @ 695 MHz
MT6889 (Dimensity 1000/1000+)Mali-G77 MC9 @ 850 MHz
MT6891/MT6893 (Dimensity 1100/1200/1300/8020/8050)Mali-G77 MC9 @ 850 MHz
MT8192 (Kompanio 820)Mali-G57 MC5 GPU @ ??? MHz
MT8195/MT8195T (Kompanio 1200/1380)Mali-G57 MC5 GPU @ ??? MHz
MT8791 (Kompanio 900T)Mali-G68 MP4 GPU @ 900 MHz
MT8797 (Kompanio 1300T)Mali-G77 MP9 @ 850 MHz
MT6886 (Dimensity 7200)Mali-G610 MC4 @ 1.13 GHz
MT6895/MT6895Z/MT6896 (Dimensity 8000/8100/8200)Mali-G610 MC6 @ 700/860/950 MHz
MT6983 (Dimensity 9000/9000+)Mali-G710 MP10 @ 848/950 MHz
MT6985 (Dimensity 9200/9200+)Immortalis-G715 MP11 @ 981/1150 MHz
MT6989 (Dimensity 9300)Immortalis-G720 MP12 @ 1.3 GHz
NetLogic Au1380, Au1350Mali-200 [91] [92]
Nufront NS2816, NS2816MMali-400 MP
NS115, TL7688, TL7689Mali-400 MP2
Realtek RTD1294, RTD1295, RTD1296Mali-T820 MP3 [93]
RTD1395Mali-470
Rockchip RK2818Mali-200
RK2926, RK2628, RK3036, RK3229Mali-400 MP @ 400/400/500/600 MHz [94]
RK3026, RK3126, RK3128Mali-400 MP2 @ 500/600/600 MHz
RK3066, RK3188, RK3188TMali-400 MP4 @ 266/533/~400 MHz [95] [96]
RK3288 Mali-T760 MP4 @ 600 MHz
RK3326Mali-G31 MP2 [97] [98]
RK3328Mali-450 MP2
RK3399Mali-T860 MP4 @ 600 MHz
RK3530, RK3566, RK3568Mali-G52 [99]
RK3588Mali-G610 MP4 [100]
Samsung Exynos 3 Quad (3470), Exynos 4 Dual, Quad (4210, 4212 and 4412)Mali-400 MP4 [101]
Exynos 5 Dual (5250)Mali-T604 MP4 [102]
Exynos 5 Hexa (5260)Mali-T624 MP3
Exynos 5 Octa (5420, 5422, 5430 and 5800)Mali-T628 MP6
Exynos 5 Hexa (7872)Mali-G71 MP1 @ 1.2 GHz
Exynos 7 Octa (5433/7410)Mali-T760 MP6
Exynos 7 Octa (7420)Mali-T760 MP8 @ 772 MHz
Exynos 7 Quad (7570), Exynos 3 Quad (3475)Mali-T720 MP1
Exynos 7 Octa (7580)Mali-T720 MP2
Exynos 7 Octa (7870)Mali-T830 MP1 @ 1000 MHz
Exynos 7 Octa (7880)Mali-T830 MP3 @ 950 MHz
Exynos 7 Series 7885Mali-G71 MP2 @ 1300 MHz
Exynos 850Mali-G52 MP1
Exynos 8 Octa 880Mali-G76 MP5 @ ???MHz
Exynos 8 Octa (8890)Mali-T880 MP10 (Lite) / Mali-T880 MP12 @650 MHz
Exynos 9 Octa (8895)Mali-G71 MP20 @ 546 MHz [103] [104]
Exynos 7 Series 9610Mali-G72 MP3 [105]
Exynos 9 Series 9810Mali-G72 MP18 @ 572 MHz [106]
Exynos 9 Series 9820/9825Mali-G76 MP12 @ 702/??? MHz
Exynos 9 Series 980Mali-G76 MP5 @ ? MHz
Exynos 9 Series 990Mali-G77 MP11 @ 800 MHz
Exynos 1330Mali G68 MP2 @ ??? MHz
Exynos 1280Mali-G68 MP4 @ 1000 MHz
Exynos 1380Mali-G68 MP5 @ 950 MHz
Exynos 1080Mali-G78 MP10 @ ?? MHz
Exynos 2100Mali-G78 MP14 @ ?? MHz
S5P6450 VegaMali-400 MP [107]
Sigma Designs SMP8750 SeriesMali-400 MP4 @ 350 MHz [108]
Socle-Tech Leopard-6Mali-200 [109]
Spreadtrum SC68xx, SC57xx, SC77xx, SC8xxx, SC983xMali-400 MP Series [110]
SC9860, SC9860GVMali-T880 MP4
ST-Ericsson NovaThor U9500, U8500, U5500Mali-400 MP [111]
STMicroelectronics SPEAr1340Mali-200 [112]
STi7108, STiH416Mali-400 MP [113] [114]
Telechips TCC8803, TCC8902, TCC8900, TCC9201Mali-200 [73] [115]
WonderMedia WM8750Mali-200
WM8850, WM8950Mali-400 MP [116]
WM8880, WM8980Mali-400 MP2
WM8860Mali-450
Xiaomi Surge S1Mali-T860 MP4 @ 800 MHz [117] [118]
Surge S2Mali-G71 MP12 @ 900 MHz (?) [119]

Mali video processors

Mali Video is the name given to ARM Holdings' dedicated video decoding and video encoding ASIC. There are multiple versions implementing a number of video codecs, such as HEVC, VP9, H.264 and VP8. As with all ARM products, the Mali video processor is a semiconductor intellectual property core licensed to third parties for inclusion in their chips. Real time encode-decode capability is central to videotelephony. An interface to ARM's TrustZone technology is also built-in to enable digital rights management of copyrighted material.

Mali-V500

The first version of a Mali Video processor was the V500, released in 2013 with the Mali-T622 GPU. [120] The V500 is a multicore design, sporting 1–8 cores, with support for H.264 and a protected video path using ARM TrustZone. The 8 core version is sufficient for 4K video decode at 120 frames per second (fps). The V500 can encode VP8 and H.264, and decode H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8.

Mali-V550

Released with the Mali-T800 GPU, ARM V550 video processors added both encode and decode HEVC support, 10-bit color depth, and technologies to further reduced power consumption. [121] The V550 also included technology improvements to better handle latency and save bandwidth. [122] Again built around the idea of a scalable number of cores (1–8) the V550 could support between 1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 cores). The V550 supported HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG encode, and HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8, JPEG decode.

Mali-V61

The Mali V61 video processor (formerly named Egil) was released with the Mali Bifrost GPU in 2016. [123] [124] V61 has been designed to improve video encoding, in particular HEVC and VP9, and to allow for encoding either a single or multiple streams simultaneously. [125] The design continues the 1–8 variable core number design, with a single core supporting 1080p60 while 8 cores can drive 4Kp120. It can decode and encode VP9 10-bit, VP9 8-bit, HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG and decode only MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, H.263. [126]

Mali-V52

The Mali V52 video processor was released with the Mali G52 and G31 GPUs in March 2018. [127] The processor is intended to support 4K (including HDR) video on mainstream devices. [128]

The platform is scalable from 1 to 4 cores and doubles the decode performance relative to V61. It also adds High 10 H.264 encode (Level 5.0) and decode (Level 5.1) capabilities, as well as AVS Part 2 (Jizhun) and Part 16 (AVS+, Guangdian) decode capability for YUV420. [129]

Mali-V76

The Mali V76 video processor was released with the Mali G76 GPU and Cortex-A76 CPU in 2018. [130] The V76 was designed to improve video encoding and decoding performance. The design continues the 2–8 variable core number design, with 8 cores capable of 8Kp60 decoding and 8Kp30 encoding. It claims improves HEVC encode quality by 25% relative to Mali-V61 at launch. The AV1 codec is not supported.

Mali-V77

The Mali V77 video processor was released with the Mali G77 GPU and Cortex-A77 CPU in 2019.

Comparison

Mali VideoV500V550V61V52V76V77
AnnouncedJune 2, 2013 [131] October 27, 2014 [132] October 31, 2016 [133] March 6, 2018 [134] May 31, 2018 [130]
Recommended GPUMali-T800-seriesMali-G51
Mali-G72		Mali-G31
Mali-G52		Mali-G76Mali-G77
Recommended DPUMali-DP500Mali-DP550
Mali-DP650		Mali-DP650
Mali-D71		Mali-D52
Memory systemMMU
Bus interfaceAMBA 3 AXI
AMBA 4 ACE Lite		AMBA AXIAMBA4 AXI
Performance (enc)1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 core)1080p60 (1 core) to 4K60 (4 core)1080p60 (1 core) to 8K30 (8 core)
Performance (dec)1080p120 / 4K30 (1 core) to 4K120 (4 core)1080p120 / 4K30 (1 core) to 8K60 (8 core)
Decode & encode
H.264 8-bitD & ED & ED & ED & ED & ED & E
H.264 10-bit---D & ED & ED & E
VP8 D & ED & ED & ED & ED & ED & E
JPEG -D & ED & ED & ED & ED & E
HEVC Main-D & ED & ED & ED & ED & E
HEVC Main 10-DD & ED & ED & ED & E
VP9 8-bit--D & ED & ED & ED & E
VP9 10-bit--D & ED & ED & ED & E
AV1 ------

Mali display processors

Mali-D71

The Mali-D71 added Arm Framebuffer Compression (AFBC) 1.2 encoder, support for ARM CoreLink MMU-600 and Assertive Display 5. Assertive Display 5 has support for HDR10 and hybrid log–gamma (HLG).

Mali-D77

The Mali-D77 added features including asynchronous timewarp (ATW), lens distortion correction (LDC), and chromatic aberration correction (CAC). The Mali-D77 is also capable of 3K (2880x1440) @ 120 Hz and 4K @ 90 Hz. [135]

Mali DisplayDP500 [136] [137] DP550 [138] DP650 [139] [140] D71 [141] [142] [143] D51D77 [144] [145] D37 [146]
AnnouncedMay 8, 2010October 27, 2014January 20, 2016October 31, 2017March 6, 2018May 15, 2019October 23, 2019
Optimized resn/a720p (HD) to 1080p (FHD)1440p (QHD)1440p (QHD) to 2160p (UHD/4K)1080p (FHD) to 1440p (QHD)2880x1440 @ 120 Hz1080p (FHD) to 1440p (QHD)
Maximum res2160p (4K)2160p (4K)2160p (4K)2160p (4K) up to 120fps4096x2048 up to 60fps4320x2160 @ 120 Hz
Launched alongsideCortex-A17 coreMali-T800 series GPU, V550 Video ProcessorCoreLink MMU-600, Assertive Display 5Mali-G31, Mali-G52, Mali-V52Ethos-N77, Ethos-N57, Ethos-N37 Mali-G57

Mali camera

Mali-C71

On April 25, 2017 the Mali-C71 was announced, ARM's first image signal processor (ISP). [147] [148] [149]

Mali-C52 and Mali-C32

On January 3, 2019 the Mali-C52 and C32 were announced, aimed at everyday devices including drones, smart home assistants and security, and internet protocol (IP) camera. [150]

Mali-C71AE

On September 29, 2020 the Mali-C71AE image signal processor was introduced, alongside the Cortex-A78AE CPU and Mali-G78AE GPU. [151] It supports up to 4 real-time cameras or up to 16 virtual cameras with a maximum resolution of 4096 x 4096 each. [152]

Mali-C55

On June 8, 2022 the Mali-C55 ISP was introduced as successor to the C52. [153] [154] It is the smallest and most configurable image signal processor from Arm, and support up to 8 camera with a max resolution of 48 megapixel each. Arm claims improved tone mapping and spatial noise reduction compared to the C52. Multiple C55 ISPs can be combined to support higher than 48 megapixel resolutions.

Comparison

Mali cameraC32C52C55C71C71AE
AnnouncedJanuary 3, 2019June 8, 2022 [153] April 25, 2017September 29, 2020 [155]
Throughput600 MP/s1.2 GP/s
Support cameras484 real-time or 16 virtual
Max resolution4608×3456 (16 MP)8192×6144 (48 MP)4096×4096 (16MP)
Bit-depth (dynamic range)20-bit (20 stops)24-bit (24 stops)
Channel supportRGGB, RGBlrRGGBRGGB, RCCC, RGBIr, RCCB, RCCGRGGB, RCCC, RCCB, RCCG, RGBIr
up to 16 channels
ASIL complianceASIL B / SIL 2

ASIL D / SIL 3

The Lima, Panfrost and Panthor FOSS drivers

On January 21, 2012, Phoronix reported that Luc Verhaegen was driving a reverse-engineering attempt aimed at the Mali series of GPUs, specifically the Mali 200 and Mali 400 versions. The project was known as Lima and targeted support for OpenGL ES 2.0. [156] The reverse-engineering project was presented at FOSDEM, February 4, 2012, [157] [158] followed by the opening of a website [159] demonstrating some renders. On February 2, 2013, Verhaegen demonstrated Quake III Arena in timedemo mode, running on top of the Lima driver. [160] In May 2018, a Lima developer posted the driver for inclusion in the Linux kernel. [161] In May 2019, the Lima driver became part of the mainline Linux kernel. [162] The Mesa userspace counterpart was merged at the same time. It currently supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0 and parts of Desktop OpenGL 2.1, and the fallback emulation in MESA provides full support for graphical desktop environments. [163]

Panfrost is a reverse-engineered driver effort for Mali Txxx (Midgard) and Gxx (Bifrost) GPUs. Introducing Panfrost [164] talk was presented at X.Org Developer's Conference 2018. As of May 2019, the Panfrost driver is part of the mainline Linux kernel. [165] and MESA. Panfrost supports OpenGL ES 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1, as well as OpenGL 3.1. [166]

Later Collabora has developed [167] panthor driver for G310, G510, G710 GPUs.

See also

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