Tegra

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Nvidia Tegra T20 (Tegra 2) and T30 (Tegra 3) chips NVIDIA T20 and T30 chips.jpg
Nvidia Tegra T20 (Tegra 2) and T30 (Tegra 3) chips
A Tegra X1 inside a Shield TV NVIDIA@20nm@TegraX1@Erista@Shield TV@S Taiwan 1517A1 NPW020.M3W TM670D-A1 DSC00807 (32803128780).jpg
A Tegra X1 inside a Shield TV

Tegra is a system on a chip (SoC) series developed by Nvidia for mobile devices such as smartphones, personal digital assistants, and mobile Internet devices. The Tegra integrates an ARM architecture central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), northbridge, southbridge, and memory controller onto one package. Early Tegra SoCs are designed as efficient multimedia processors. The Tegra-line evolved to emphasize performance for gaming and machine learning applications without sacrificing power efficiency, before taking a drastic shift in direction towards platforms that provide vehicular automation with the applied " Nvidia Drive " brand name on reference boards and its semiconductors; and with the " Nvidia Jetson " brand name for boards adequate for AI applications within e.g. robots or drones, and for various smart high level automation purposes.

Contents

History

The Tegra APX 2500 was announced on February 12, 2008. The Tegra 6xx product line was revealed on June 2, 2008, [1] and the APX 2600 was announced in February 2009. The APX chips were designed for smartphones, while the Tegra 600 and 650 chips were intended for smartbooks and mobile Internet devices (MID). [2]

The first product to use the Tegra was Microsoft's Zune HD media player in September 2009, followed by the Samsung M1. [3] Microsoft's Kin was the first cellular phone to use the Tegra; [4] however, the phone did not have an app store, so the Tegra's power did not provide much advantage. In September 2008, Nvidia and Opera Software announced that they would produce a version of the Opera 9.5 browser optimized for the Tegra on Windows Mobile and Windows CE. [5] [6] At Mobile World Congress 2009, Nvidia introduced its port of Google's Android to the Tegra.

On January 7, 2010, Nvidia officially announced and demonstrated its next generation Tegra system-on-a-chip, the Nvidia Tegra 250, at Consumer Electronics Show 2010. [7] Nvidia primarily supports Android on Tegra 2, but booting other ARM-supporting operating systems is possible on devices where the bootloader is accessible. Tegra 2 support for the Ubuntu Linux distribution was also announced on the Nvidia developer forum. [8]

Nvidia announced the first quad-core SoC at the February 2011 Mobile World Congress event in Barcelona. Though the chip was codenamed Kal-El, it is now branded as Tegra 3. Early benchmark results show impressive gains over Tegra 2, [9] [10] and the chip was used in many of the tablets released in the second half of 2011.

In January 2012, Nvidia announced that Audi had selected the Tegra 3 processor for its In-Vehicle Infotainment systems and digital instruments display. [11] The processor will be integrated into Audi's entire line of vehicles worldwide, beginning in 2013. The process is ISO 26262-certified. [12]

In summer of 2012 Tesla Motors began shipping the Model S all electric, high performance sedan, which contains two NVIDIA Tegra 3D Visual Computing Modules (VCM). One VCM powers the 17-inch touchscreen infotainment system, and one drives the 12.3-inch all digital instrument cluster." [13]

In March 2015, Nvidia announced the Tegra X1, the first SoC to have a graphics performance of 1 teraflop. At the announcement event, Nvidia showed off Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4 "Elemental" demo, running on a Tegra X1.

On October 20, 2016, Nvidia announced that the Nintendo Switch hybrid video game console will be powered by Tegra hardware. [14] On March 15, 2017, TechInsights revealed the Nintendo Switch is powered by a custom Tegra X1 (model T210), with lower clockspeeds. [15]

Models

Tegra APX

Tegra APX 2500
Tegra APX 2600

Tegra 6xx

Tegra 600
Tegra 650

Tegra 2

Nvidia Tegra 2 T20 Motorola Xoom - nvidia Tegra 2 T20-H-A2 on main board-0121.jpg
Nvidia Tegra 2 T20

The second generation Tegra SoC has a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU, an ultra low power (ULP) GeForce GPU, [17] a 32-bit memory controller with either LPDDR2-600 or DDR2-667 memory, a 32 KB/32 KB L1 cache per core and a shared 1 MB L2 cache. [18] Tegra 2's Cortex A9 implementation does not include ARM's SIMD extension, NEON. There is a version of the Tegra 2 SoC supporting 3D displays; this SoC uses a higher clocked CPU and GPU.

The Tegra 2 video decoder is largely unchanged from the original Tegra and has limited support for HD formats. [19] The lack of support for high-profile H.264 is particularly troublesome when using online video streaming services.

Common features:

Model
number		 CPU GPU MemoryAdoption
ProcessorCoresFrequencyMicro-
architecture		Core config1FrequencyTypeAmountBus
width		 Band-
width 		Availability
AP20H
(Ventana/
Unknown)		 Cortex-A9 21.0 GHz VLIW-based
VEC4 units [20] 		4:4:4:4 [21] 300 MHz LPDDR2
300 MHz
DDR2
333 MHz		 ?32 bit
single-
channel		2.4 GB/s
2.7 GB/s		Q1 2010
T20
(Harmony/
Ventana)		333 MHz
AP251.2 GHz400 MHz Q1 2011
T25
1 Pixel shaders  : Vertex shaders  : Texture mapping units  : Render output units

Devices

Nvidia Tegra 2 T20 die shot Nvidia Tegra 2 T20 Die Shot.jpg
Nvidia Tegra 2 T20 die shot
ModelDevices
AP20H Motorola Atrix 4G, Motorola Droid X2, Motorola Photon, LG Optimus 2X / LG Optimus Dual P990 / Optimus 2x SU660 (?), Samsung Galaxy R, Samsung Captivate Glide, T-Mobile G2X P999, Acer Iconia Tab A200 and A500, LG Optimus Pad, Motorola Xoom, [22] Sony Tablet S, Dell Streak Pro, [23] Toshiba Thrive [24] tablet, T-Mobile G-Slate
AP25Fusion Garage Grid 10[ citation needed ]
T20Avionic Design Tamonten Processor Board, [25] Notion Ink Adam tablet, Olivetti OliPad 100, ViewSonic G Tablet, ASUS Eee Pad Transformer, Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1, Toshiba AC100, CompuLab Trim-Slice nettop, Velocity Micro Cruz Tablet L510, Acer Iconia Tab A100
Un­known Tesla Motors Model S 2012~2017 and Model X 2015~2017 instrument cluster (IC) [26] [27]

Tegra 3

Nvidia Tegra 3 T30L Nexus 7 (2012) - board - Nvidia T30L-P-A3-4854.jpg
Nvidia Tegra 3 T30L

NVIDIA's Tegra 3 (codenamed "Kal-El") [28] is functionally a SoC with a quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore CPU, but includes a fifth "companion" core in what Nvidia refers to as a "variable SMP architecture". [29] While all cores are Cortex-A9s, the companion core is manufactured with a low-power silicon process. This core operates transparently to applications and is used to reduce power consumption when processing load is minimal. The main quad-core portion of the CPU powers off in these situations.

Tegra 3 is the first Tegra release to support ARM's SIMD extension, NEON.

The GPU in Tegra 3 is an evolution of the Tegra 2 GPU, with 4 additional pixel shader units and higher clock frequency. It can also output video up to 2560×1600 resolution and supports 1080p MPEG-4 AVC/h.264 40 Mbit/s High-Profile, VC1-AP, and simpler forms of MPEG-4 such as DivX and Xvid. [30]

The Tegra 3 was released on November 9, 2011. [31]

Common features:

Model
number		 CPU GPU MemoryAdoption
ProcessorCoresFrequency
(multi-/single-
core mode)		Micro-
architecture		Core
config1		FrequencyTypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T30L Cortex-A9 4+11.2 GHz /
up to
1.3 GHz		 VLIW-based
VEC4 units
[20] 		8:4:8:8
[32] 		416 MHz DDR3-1333  ?32 bit
single-
channel		5.3 GB/s [33] Q1 2012
T301.4 GHz /
up to
1.5 GHz		520 MHz LPDDR2-1066
DDR3-L-1500 		 ?4.3 GB/s
6.0 GB/s [34] 		Q4 2011
AP33
T331.6 GHz /
up to
1.7 GHz [33] 		DDR3-1600  ?6.4 GB/s [33] Q2 2012
1 Pixel shaders  : Vertex shaders  : Texture mapping units  : Render output units

Devices

The Ouya uses a Tegra 3 T33-P-A3. OUYA-Console-set-h.jpg
The Ouya uses a Tegra 3 T33-P-A3.
ModelDevices
AP33 LG Optimus 4X HD, HTC One X, XOLO Play T1000, [35] Coolpad 8735
T30 Asus Eee Pad Transformer Prime (TF201), [36] IdeaTab K2 / LePad K2, [37] Acer Iconia Tab A510, Fuhu Inc. nabi 2 Tablet, [38] Microsoft Surface RT, [39] Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11, [40] [41]
T30ITesla Model S 2012~2017 and Model X 2015~2017 media control unit (MCU) [27] [42]
T30L Asus Transformer Pad TF300T, Microsoft Surface, Nexus 7 (2012), [43] Sony Xperia Tablet S, Acer Iconia Tab A210, Toshiba AT300 (Excite 10), [44] [ unreliable source? ] BLU Quattro 4.5, [45] Coolpad 9070
T33 Asus Transformer Pad Infinity (TF700T), Fujitsu ARROWS X F-02E, HTC One X+, Ouya (T33-P-A3)

Tegra 4

The Tegra 4 (codenamed "Wayne") was announced on January 6, 2013, and is a SoC with a quad-core CPU, but includes a fifth low-power Cortex A15 companion core which is invisible to the OS and performs background tasks to save power. This power-saving configuration is referred to as "variable SMP architecture" and operates like the similar configuration in Tegra 3. [46]

The GeForce GPU in Tegra 4 is again an evolution of its predecessors. However, numerous feature additions and efficiency improvements were implemented. The number of processing resources was dramatically increased, and clock rate increased as well. In 3D tests, the Tegra 4 GPU is typically several times faster than that of Tegra 3. [47] Additionally, the Tegra 4 video processor has full support for hardware decoding and encoding of WebM video (up to 1080p 60 Mbit/s @ 60fps). [48]

Along with Tegra 4, Nvidia also introduced i500, an optional software modem based on Nvidia's acquisition of Icera, which can be reprogrammed to support new network standards. It supports category 3 (100 Mbit/s) LTE but will later be updated to Category 4 (150 Mbit/s).

Common features:

Model
number		 CPU GPU MemoryAdoption
Processor
(Cores/Freq)		Micro-
architecture		Core config1FrequencyTypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T114 [49] 4+1 x 1.9 GHz
Cortex-A15 		VLIW-based
VEC4 units [50] 		72 [20] [50]
(48:24:4)		672 MHz [51] DDR3L or
LPDDR3 		 ?32-bit
dual-
channel		up to
14.9 GB/s
(1866 MT/s
data rate) [52] [53] 		Q2 2013 [54]
1 Pixel shaders  : Vertex shaders  : Pixel pipelines (pairs 1x TMU and 1x ROP)

Devices

ModelDevices
T114 Nvidia Shield Portable, Tegra Note 7, Microsoft Surface 2, HP Slate 7 Extreme, [55] HP Slate 7 Beats Special Edition, [56] HP Slate 8 Pro, [57] HP SlateBook x2, [58] HP SlateBook 14, [59] HP Slate 21, [60] ZTE N988S, nabi Big Tab, Nuvola NP-1, Project Mojo, Asus Transformer Pad TF701T, Toshiba AT10-LE-A (Excite Pro), Vizio 10" tablet, Wexler.Terra 7, Wexler.Terra 10, Acer TA272HUL AIO, Xiaomi Mi 3 (TD-LTE version), [61] Coolpad 8970L (大观 4), [62] Audi Tablet, [63] Le Pan TC1020 10.1", [64] Matrimax iPLAY 7, [65] Kobo Arc 10HD [66]

Tegra 4i

The Tegra 4i (codenamed "Grey") was announced on February 19, 2013. With hardware support for the same audio and video formats, [48] but using Cortex-A9 cores instead of Cortex-A15, the Tegra 4i is a low-power variant of the Tegra 4 and is designed for phones and tablets. Unlike its Tegra 4 counterpart, the Tegra 4i also integrates the Icera  i500 LTE/HSPA+ baseband processor onto the same die.

Common features:

  • 28 nm HPM semiconductor technology
  • CPU cache: L1: 32 KB instruction + 32 KB data, L2: 1 MB
Model
number		 CPU GPU MemoryAdoption
Processor
(Cores/Freq)		Micro-
architecture		Core config1FrequencyTypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T148? [67] 4+1 x 2.0 GHz
Cortex-A9 "R4" 		VLIW-based
VEC4 units [50] 		60 [50]
(48:12:2)		660 MHz [51] LPDDR3 32-bit
single-
channel		6.4–7.5 GB/s
(800–933 MHz) [53] 		Q1 2014
1 Pixel shaders  : Vertex shaders  : Pixel pipelines (pairs 1x TMU and 1x ROP)
Devices
ModelDevices
T148? Blackphone, LG G2 mini LTE, Wiko Highway 4G, [68] Explay 4Game, [69] Wiko Wax [70] [71] QMobile Noir LT-250 [72]

Tegra K1

Nvidia's Tegra K1 (codenamed "Logan") features ARM Cortex-A15 cores in a 4+1 configuration similar to Tegra 4, or Nvidia's 64-bit Project Denver dual-core processor as well as a Kepler graphics processing unit with support for Direct3D 12, OpenGL ES 3.1, CUDA 6.5, OpenGL 4.4/OpenGL 4.5, and Vulkan. [73] [74] Nvidia claims that it outperforms both the Xbox 360 and the PS3, whilst consuming significantly less power. [75]

Support Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression. [76]

In late April 2014, Nvidia shipped the "Jetson TK1" development board containing a Tegra K1 SoC and running Ubuntu Linux. [77]

Model number CPU GPU MemoryAdoption
Processor
(Cores / Freq)		Micro-
architecture		Core
config1		FrequencyGFLOPS
(FP32)		TypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T124 [80] [81] 4+1x @ 2.3 GHz
Cortex-A15 R3
(32-bit)		GK20A
(Kepler)		192:8:4756–951 MHz290–365 DDR3L,
LPDDR3 		max 8 GB
(with 40-bit
address
extension2)		64 bit17 GB/sQ2 2014
T132 [82] [83] 2x @ 2.5GHz
Denver
(64-bit)		max 8 GB ? ?Q3 2014
1 Unified Shaders  : Texture mapping units  : Render output units
2 ARM Large Physical Page Extension (LPAE) supports 1  TiB (240 bytes).
The 8  GiB limitation is part-specific.

Devices

ModelDevices
T124Jetson TK1 development board, [84] Nvidia Shield Tablet, [85] Acer Chromebook 13, [86] HP Chromebook 14 G3, [87]
Xiaomi MiPad, [88] Snail Games OBox, UTStarcom MC8718, Google Project Tango tablet, [89] Fuze Tomahawk F1, [90]
Apalis TK1 System on Module, [91] JXD Singularity S192 [92]
T132HTC Nexus 9 [93] [94]

In December 2015, the web page of wccftech.com published an article stating that Tesla is going to use a Tegra K1 based design derived from the template of the Nvidia Visual Computing Module (VCM) for driving the infotainment systems and providing visual driving aid in the respective vehicle models of that time. [95] This news has, as of now, found no similar successor or other clear confirmation later on in any other place on such a combination of a multimedia with an auto pilot system for these vehicle models.

Tegra X1

Tegra X1 in Nvidia Shield TV NVIDIA@20nm@TegraX1@Erista@Shield TV@S Taiwan 1517A1 NPW020.M3W TM670D-A1 DSC00807 (32803128780) (cropped).jpg
Tegra X1 in Nvidia Shield TV
Die shot of the Tegra X1 NVIDIA@20nm@TegraX1@Erista@Shield TV@S Taiwan 1517A1 NPW020.M3W TM670D-A1 Stack-DSC00878-DSC00919 - ZS-retouched (33028871972).jpg
Die shot of the Tegra X1

Released in 2015, Nvidia's Tegra X1 (codenamed "Erista") features two CPU clusters, one with four ARM Cortex-A57 cores and the other with four ARM Cortex-A53 cores, as well as a Maxwell-based graphics processing unit. [96] [97] It supports Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression. [76] Only one cluster of cores can be active at once, with the cluster switch being handled by software on the BPMP-L. Devices utilizing the Tegra X1 have only been seen to utilize the cluster with the more powerful ARM Cortex-A57 cores. The other cluster with four ARM Cortex-A53 cores cannot be accessed without first powering down the Cortex-A57 cores (both clusters must be in the CC6 off state). [98] Nvidia has removed the ARM Cortex-A53 cores from later versions of technical documentation, implying that they have been removed from the die. [99] [100] The Tegra X1 was found to be vulnerable to a Fault Injection (FI) voltage glitching attack, which allowed for arbitrary code execution and homebrew software on the devices it was implemented in. [101]

A revision (codenamed "Mariko") with greater power efficiency, known officially as Tegra X1+ was released in 2019, [102] fixing the Fusée Gelée exploit. It's also known as T214 and T210B01.

Model
number		SoC / VariantProcess CPU GPU MemoryAdoption
Processor
(Cores/Freq1)		Micro-
architecture		Frequency
(Core config2)		GFLOPS
(FP32)		GFLOPS
(FP16)		TypeAmount3Bus
width		Band-
width4		Availability
T210ODNX02-A2
TM670D-A1
TM670M-A2
TM671D-A2		TSMC
20 nm		4x 2.2 GHz [106]
Cortex-A57 +
4x 1.3 GHz
Cortex-A53 		GM20B
(Maxwell)
[107] : 14 		1000 MHz
(256:16:16)
[107] : 753 		5121024 LPDDR3
LPDDR4 		8 GB64 bit25.6
GB/s		Q2 2015
TM660M-A24x 1.4 GHz
Cortex-A57 +
4x 1.0 GHz
Cortex-A53 		921 MHz
(128:16:16)
: 773 		236472 LPDDR3?
LPDDR4 		4 GBMarch 2019
T214 /
T210b01		ODNX10-A1
TM675M-A1		TSMC 16 nm4x 2.1 GHz [108]
Cortex-A57 		GM21B (Maxwell)
[109] 		1267 MHz
(256:16:16)
[110] 		6491298 LPDDR4
LPDDR4X 		8 GB34.1
GB/s		Q2 2019
1 CPU frequency may be clocked differently than the maximum validated by Nvidia at the OEM's discretion
2 Unified Shaders  : Texture mapping units  : Render output units
3 Maximum validated amount of memory, implementation is board specific
4 Maximum validated memory bandwidth, implementation is board specific

Devices

The X1 is the basis for the Nintendo Switch video game console. Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg
The X1 is the basis for the Nintendo Switch video game console.
ModelSoC / VariantDevices
T210ODNX02-A2 Nintendo Switch (2017, HAC-001) [111] [15]
TM670D-A1Nvidia Shield Android TV (2015)
TM670M-A2Nvidia Shield Android TV (2017)
TM660M-A2Jetson Nano 4 GB, Jetson Nano 2 GB
TM671D-A2Google Pixel C
Un­known Nvidia Jetson TX1 development board, [112] Nvidia Drive CX & PX
T210b01ODNX10-A1 Nintendo Switch (2019, HAC-001(-01)), Nintendo Switch Lite (HDH-001),
Nintendo Switch: OLED Model (HEG-001)
TM675M-A1Nvidia Shield Android TV (2019)

Tegra X2

Nvidia's Tegra X2 [113] [114] (codenamed "Parker") features Nvidia's own custom general-purpose ARMv8-compatible core Denver 2 as well as code-named Pascal graphics processing core with GPGPU support. [115] The chips are made using FinFET process technology using TSMC's 16 nm FinFET+ manufacturing process. [116] [117] [118]

Model
number		SoC
Variant		 CPU GPU MemoryAdoption
Processor
(Cores / Freq)		Micro-
architecture		Frequency
(Core config1)		GFLOPS
(FP32)		GFLOPS
(FP16)		TypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T186Tegra X2
(Parker)		2x 1.4–2.0 GHz
Denver2 +
4x 1.2–2.0 GHz
Cortex-A57 		GP10B
(Pascal)
[122] 		854–1465 MHz
256:16:16
(2) [123] 		437–
750		874–
1500		 LPDDR4 8 GB128 bit59.7 GB/s
1 Unified Shaders  : Texture mapping units  : Render output units (SM count)

Devices

ModelDevices
T186 Nvidia Drive PX2 (variants),
ZF ProAI 1.1 [124]
T186 Nvidia Jetson TX2 [121]
Un­knownMercedes-Benz MBUX (infotainment system) [125]
Un­known1 unit along with 1 GPU semiconductor is part of the ECU for "Tesla vision"
functionality in all Tesla vehicles since October 2016 [126] [127]
T186 Magic Leap One [128] [129] (mixed environment glasses)
Un­knownSkydio 2 (drone) [130]

Xavier

The Xavier Tegra SoC, named after the comic book character Professor X, was announced on 28 September 2016, and by March 2019, it had been released. [131] It contains 7 billion transistors and 8 custom ARMv8 cores, a Volta GPU with 512 CUDA cores, an open sourced TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) called DLA (Deep Learning Accelerator). [132] [133] It is able to encode and decode 8K Ultra HD (7680×4320). Users can configure operating modes at 10 W, 15 W, and 30 W TDP as needed and the die size is 350 mm2. [134] [135] [136] Nvidia confirmed the fabrication process to be 12 nm FinFET at CES 2018. [137]

Module
(Model)		SoC Variant CPU GPU Deep
Learning		MemoryAdoption TDP
(W)
Processor
(Cores/Freq)		Micro-
architecture		Frequency
(Core config1)		TFLOPS
(FP32)		TFLOPS
(FP16)		TOPS
(INT8)		TypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
Xavier AGX64 GBCarmel
(12 MB cache)
8x 2.2 GHz		GV11B
(Volta)		1377 MHz
512:64
(8, 4, 1)		1.412.8232LPDDR4X64 GB256-bit136.5 GB/s10-30
Xavier AGX32 GB32 GB
Xavier AGXIndustrialCarmel
(12 MB cache)
8x 2.0 GHz		1221 MHz
512:64
(8, 4, 1)		1.242.4830LPDDR4X32 GB256-bit136.5 GB/s20-40
Xavier NX16 GBCarmel
(10 MB cache)
6x 1.9 GHz		 Volta 1100 MHz
384:48
(6, 3, 1)		0.841.6921LPDDR4X16 GB128-bit59.7 GB/s10-20
Xavier NX8 GB8 GB
1 CUDA cores  : Tensor cores (SMs, TPCs, GPCs)

Devices

ModelSoC VariantDevices
T194Un­known Nvidia Drive Xavier (Drive PX-series) [144]
(formerly named Xavier AI Car Supercomputer)
Un­known Nvidia Drive Pegasus (Drive PX-series) [144]
Un­knownNvidia Drive AGX Xavier Developer Kit [145]
Un­knownNvidia Jetson AGX Xavier Developer Kit [146]
Un­known Nvidia Jetson Xavier [146]
TE860M-A2 Nvidia Jetson Xavier NX [147]
Un­knownNvidia Clara AGX [148] "Clara AGX is based on NVIDIA Xavier and NVIDIA Turing GPUs." [149] [ unreliable source? ]
Un­known Bosch and Nvidia designed Self Driving System [150]
Un­known ZF ProAI [151] [152]

On the Linux Kernel Mailing List, a Tegra194 based development board with type ID "P2972-0000" got reported:

The board consists of the P2888 compute module and the P2822 baseboard. [153]

Orin

Nvidia announced the next-gen SoC codename Orin on March 27, 2018, at GPU Technology Conference 2018. [154]

It contains 17 billion transistors and 12 ARM Hercules cores and is capable of 200 INT8 TOPs @ 65W. [155]
The Drive AGX Orin board system family was announced on December 18, 2019, at GTC China 2019.

Nvidia has sent papers to the press documenting that the known (from Xavier series) clock and voltage scaling on the semiconductors

and by pairing multiple such chips a wider range of application can be realized with the thus resulting board concepts. [156]
In early 2021, Nvidia announced the Chinese vehicle company NIO will be using an Orin-based chip in their cars. [157]

The so far published specifications for Orin are:

1 Orin uses the double-rate tensor cores in the A100, not the standard tensor cores in consumer Ampere GPUs.

Nvidia announced the latest member of the family, "Orin Nano" in September 2022 at the GPU Technology Conference 2022. [163]

The Orin product line now features SoC and SoM (System-On-Module) based on the core Orin design and scaled for different uses from 60W all the way down to 5W. While less is known about the exact SoC's that are being manufactured, Nvidia has publicly shared detailed technical specifications about the entire Jetson Orin SoM product line. These module specifications illustrate how Orin scales providing insight into future devices that contain an Orin derived SoC.

Module
(Model)		SoC Variant CPU GPU Deep
Learning		MemoryAdoption TDP
(W)
Processor
(Cores / Freq)		Micro-
architecture		Frequency
(Core config1)		TFLOPS
(FP32)		TFLOPS
(FP16)		TOPS
(INT8)		TypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
Orin AGX
64 GB [164] [165] 		Cortex-A78AE
(9 MB cache)
12x 2.2 GHz		 Ampere 1300 MHz
2048:64:8
(16, 8, 2)		5.32 [161] 10.649275LPDDR564 GB256-bit204.8 GB/sSample 2021,
Kit Q1 2022,
Prod Dec 2022		15-60
Orin AGX
32 GB [166] 		Cortex-A78AE
(6 MB cache)
8x 2.2 GHz		 Ampere 930 MHz
1792:56:7
(14, 7, 2)		3.365 [161] 6.73200LPDDR532 GB256-bit204.8 GB/sOct 202215-40
Orin NX
16 GB [167] 		TE980-M [168] Cortex-A78AE
(6 MB cache)
8x 2.0 GHz		 Ampere 918 MHz
1024:32:4
(8, 4, 1)		1.883.76100LPDDR516 GB128-bit102.4 GB/sDec 202210-25
Orin NX
8 GB [166] 		TE980-M [168] Cortex-A78AE
(5.5 MB cache)
6x 2.0 GHz		 Ampere 765 MHz
1024:32:4
(8, 4, 1)		1.573.1370LPDDR58 GB128-bit102.4 GB/sJan 202310-20
Orin Nano
8 GB [166] 		Cortex-A78AE
(5.5 MB cache)
6x 1.5 GHz		 Ampere 625 MHz
1024:32:4
(8, 4, 1)		1.282.5640LPDDR58 GB128-bit68 GB/sJan 20237-15
Orin Nano
4 GB [166] 		Cortex-A78AE
(5.5 MB cache)
6x 1.5 GHz		 Ampere 625 MHz
512:16:2
(4, 2, 1)		0.641.2820LPDDR54 GB64-bit34 GB/sJan 20235-10
1 CUDA cores  : Tensor cores  : RT cores (SMs, TPCs, GPCs)

Devices

ModelDevicesComments
T234 [169] Nvidia Jetson AGX Orin [170] [161] comes in 32 GB and 64 GB RAM configurations, available as standalone module or devkit;
intended for industrial robotics and/or embedded HPC applications
Un­knownNvidia Jetson Orin NX [167] mid-power SODIMM-form factor Orin-series module, available only as standalone module;
pin-compatible with Xavier NX carrier
Un­knownNvidia Jetson Orin Nano [171] low-power, cost-effective SODIMM-form factor Orin-series module, available
as standalone module or devkit; intended for entry-level usage
Un­known Nio Adam [172] [173] built from 4x Nvidia Drive Orin, totals to 48 CPU cores and 8,192 CUDA cores;
for use in vehicles ET7 in March 2022 and ET5 in September 2022
T239
("Drake")		 Nintendo Switch 2 octa-core ARM Cortex-A78C CPU, 12 SM Ampere GPU, 128-bit LPDDR5 memory interface

Grace

The Grace CPU is an NVIDIA-developed ARM Neoverse CPU platform, targeted at large-scale AI and HPC applications, available within several NVIDIA products. The NVIDIA OVX platform combines the Grace Superchip (two Grace dies on one board) with desktop NVIDIA GPUs in a server form-factor, while the NVIDIA HGX platform is available with either the Grace Superchip or the Grace Hopper Superchip. [174] The latter is an HPC platform in of itself, combining a Grace CPU with a Hopper-based GPU, announced by NVIDIA on March 22, 2022. [175] Kernel patchsets indicate that a single Grace CPU is also known as T241, placing it under the Tegra SoC branding, despite the chip itself not including a GPU (a referenced T241 patchset cites impact to "NVIDIA server platforms that use more than two T241 chips...interconnected," pointing to the Grace Superchip design). [176]

Model
number		 CPU MemoryAdoption
ProcessorCoresFrequencyCacheTFLOPS

(FP64)

TypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T241 [177] Grace72 ARM Neoverse V2 Cores (ARMv9) [178]  ?L1: 64 KB I-cache + 64 KB D-cache per core

L2: 1 MB per core L3: 117 MB shared [178]

3.551 [178] LPDDR5X ECC [178] Up to 480 GB1 [178]  ?500 GB/s [178] H2 2023 [179]

1Figures cut in half from full Grace Superchip specification

Atlan

Nvidia announced the next-gen SoC codename Atlan on April 12, 2021, at GPU Technology Conference 2021. [180] [181]

Nvidia announced the cancellation of Atlan on September 20, 2022, and their next SoC will be Thor. [182]

Functional units known so far are:

Model
number		 CPU GPU Deep LearningMemoryAdoption
ProcessorCoresFrequencyMicro-
architecture		Core
configuration1		FrequencyGFLOPS
(FP32)		GFLOPS
(FP16)		TOPS

(INT8)

TypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T254?Grace-Next [183]  ? ?Ada Lovelace [185]  ? ? ? ?>1000 [186]  ? ? ? ?Cancelled [187]

Thor

Nvidia announced the next-gen SoC codename Thor on September 20, 2022, at GPU Technology Conference 2022, replacing the cancelled Atlan. [182] A patchset adding support for Tegra264 to mainline Linux was submitted May 5, 2023, likely indicating initial support for Thor. [188]

Devices

Model
number		 CPU GPU Deep LearningMemoryAdoption
ProcessorCoresFrequencyMicro-
architecture		Core
configuration1		FrequencyGFLOPS
(FP32)		GFLOPS
(FP16)		TOPS

(FP8)

TypeAmountBus
width		Band-
width		Availability
T264?Arm Neoverse V3AE [191]  ? ? Blackwell  ? ? ? ?2000 [182]  ?128 GB ? ?2025 [182]

Comparison

GenerationTegra 2Tegra 3Tegra 4Tegra 4iTegra K1Tegra X1Tegra X1+Tegra X2XavierOrinThor
CPUInstruction set ARMv7‑A (32‑bit) ARMv8‑A (64‑bit) ARMv8.2‑A (64‑bit) ARMv9.2‑A (64‑bit)
Cores2 A9 4+1 A9 4+1 A15 4+1 A9 4+1 A15 2 Denver 4 A53 (disabled) +
4 A57 		2 Denver2 + 4 A57 8 Carmel 12 A78AE Neoverse V3AE
L1 cache (I/D)32/32 KB128/64 KB32/32 KB + 64/32 KB128/64 KB + 48/32 KB128/64 KB64/64 KB
L2 cache1 MB2 MB128 KB + 2 MB2 MB + 2 MB8 MB3 MB?
L3 cacheN/A4 MB6 MB?
GPUArchitectureVec4 Kepler Maxwell Pascal Volta Ampere Blackwell
CUDA cores4+4*8+4*48+24*48+12*1922565122048?
Tensor coresN/A64?
RT coresN/A8?
RAMProtocolDDR2/LPDDR2DDR3/LPDDR2DDR3/LPDDR3LPDDR3/LPDDR4LPDDR4/LPDDR4XLPDDR5?
Max. size1 GB2 GB4 GB8 GB64 GB128 GB
Bandwidth2.7 GB/s6.4 GB/s7.5 GB/s14.88 GB/s25.6 GB/s34.1 GB/s59.7 GB/s136.5 GB/s204.8 GB/s?
Process40 nm28 nm20 nm16 nm12 nm8 nm4 nm

* VLIW-based Vec4: Pixel shaders + Vertex shaders. Since Kepler, Unified shaders are used.

Software support

FreeBSD

FreeBSD supports a number of different Tegra models and generations, ranging from Tegra K1, [192] to Tegra 210. [193]

Linux

Nvidia distributes proprietary device drivers for Tegra through OEMs and as part of its "Linux for Tegra" (formerly "L4T") development kit, also Nvidia provides JetPack SDK with "Linux for Tegra" and other tools with it. The newer and more powerful devices of the Tegra family are now supported by Nvidia's own Vibrante Linux distribution. Vibrante comes with a larger set of Linux tools plus several Nvidia provided libraries for acceleration in the area of data processing and especially image processing for driving safety and automated driving up to the level of deep learning and neuronal networks that make e.g. heavy use of the CUDA capable accelerator blocks, and via OpenCV can make use of the NEON vector extensions of the ARM cores.

As of April 2012, due to different "business needs" from that of their GeForce line of graphics cards, Nvidia and one of their Embedded Partners, Avionic Design GmbH from Germany, are also working on submitting open-source drivers for Tegra upstream to the mainline Linux kernel. [194] [195] Nvidia co-founder & CEO laid out the Tegra processor roadmap using Ubuntu Unity in GPU Technology Conference 2013. [196] [ unreliable source? ]

By end of 2018 it is evident that Nvidia employees have contributed substantial code parts to make the T186 and T194 models run for HDMI display and audio with the upcoming official Linux kernel 4.21 in about Q1 2019. The affected software modules are the open source Nouveau and the closed source Nvidia graphics drivers along with the Nvidia proprietary CUDA interface. [197] [ unreliable source? ]

As of May, 2022, NVIDIA has open-sourced their GPU kernel modules for both Jetson and desktop platforms, allowing all but proprietary userspace libraries to be open-source on Tegra platforms with official NVIDIA drivers starting with T234 (Orin). [198]

QNX

The Drive PX2 board was announced with QNX RTOS support at the April 2016 GPU Technology Conference. [199]

Similar platforms

SoCs and platforms with comparable specifications (e.g. audio/video input, output and processing capability, connectivity, programmability, entertainment/embedded/automotive capabilities & certifications, power consumption) are:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OMAP</span> Texas Instruments image/video processors

OMAP is a family of image/video processors that was developed by Texas Instruments. They are proprietary system on chips (SoCs) for portable and mobile multimedia applications. OMAP devices generally include a general-purpose ARM architecture processor core plus one or more specialized co-processors. Earlier OMAP variants commonly featured a variant of the Texas Instruments TMS320 series digital signal processor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free and open-source graphics device driver</span> Software that controls computer-graphics hardware

A free and open-source graphics device driver is a software stack which controls computer-graphics hardware and supports graphics-rendering application programming interfaces (APIs) and is released under a free and open-source software license. Graphics device drivers are written for specific hardware to work within a specific operating system kernel and to support a range of APIs used by applications to access the graphics hardware. They may also control output to the display if the display driver is part of the graphics hardware. Most free and open-source graphics device drivers are developed by the Mesa project. The driver is made up of a compiler, a rendering API, and software which manages access to the graphics hardware.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arm Holdings</span> British multinational semiconductor and software design company

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">ARM Cortex-A15</span> Family of microprocessor cores with ARM microarchitecture

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exynos</span> Family of ARM based system-on-a-chips made by Samsung

The Samsung Exynos, formerly Hummingbird (Korean: 엑시노스), is a series of Arm-based system-on-chips developed by Samsung Electronics' System LSI division and manufactured by Samsung Foundry. It is a continuation of Samsung's earlier S3C, S5L and S5P line of SoCs.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">ARM big.LITTLE</span> Heterogeneous computing architecture

ARM big.LITTLE is a heterogeneous computing architecture developed by Arm Holdings, coupling relatively battery-saving and slower processor cores (LITTLE) with relatively more powerful and power-hungry ones (big). The intention is to create a multi-core processor that can adjust better to dynamic computing needs and use less power than clock scaling alone. ARM's marketing material promises up to a 75% savings in power usage for some activities. Most commonly, ARM big.LITTLE architectures are used to create a multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC).

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Nvidia Jetson is a series of embedded computing boards from Nvidia. The Jetson TK1, TX1 and TX2 models all carry a Tegra processor from Nvidia that integrates an ARM architecture central processing unit (CPU). Jetson is a low-power system and is designed for accelerating machine learning applications.

The ARM Cortex-A78 is a central processing unit implementing the ARMv8.2-A 64-bit instruction set designed by ARM Ltd.'s Austin centre.

The ARM Neoverse is a group of 64-bit ARM processor cores licensed by Arm Holdings. The cores are intended for datacenter, edge computing, and high-performance computing use. The group consists of ARM Neoverse V-Series, ARM Neoverse N-Series, and ARM Neoverse E-Series.

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