Mesocriconema xenoplax

Last updated

Mesocriconema xenoplax
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Nematoda
Class:
Secernentea
Subclass:
Diplogasteria
Order:
Tylenchida
Superfamily:
Criconematoidea
Family:
Criconematidae
Subfamily:
Criconematinae
Genus:
Mesocriconema
Species:
M. xenoplax
Binomial name
Mesocriconema xenoplax
Synonyms

Criconemella xenoplax
Criconemoides xenoplax
Criconemoides nainitalense
Macroposthonia nainitalensis
Criconema pruni
Macroposthonia pruni
Mesocriconema pruni
Criconemoides pruni

Contents

Mesocriconema xenoplax is a species of plant parasitic nematodes. Nematodes of this particular species are collectively called ring nematodes.

Hosts and symptoms

It has a wide host range, infecting many woody plants, and it is known to infect all species of the genus Prunus, which includes peach, almond, apricot, cherry, and plum. It also infects various other fruit trees, and grapes, in particular. There have been studies that have shown large concentrations of ring nematodes in peppermint, as well. [1] Symptoms can include, but are not limited to: root-pruning, decreased nutrient uptake, vascular damage, possible death of shoots and limbs, and stunted plant growth. With the reduced nutrient uptake, some cases have shown that the change in ratio if carbon:nitrogen can make plants infected by ring nematodes more susceptible to bacterial canker cause by Pseudomonas syringae , (Lownsberry, et al. 1977). [2]

Anatomy and morphology

Ring nematodes are easily distinguished by distinctive coarse ridges, known as annulations, around the body. [3]

Females have a long, wide stylet, and have "knobs" that allow for the attachment of the stylet muscles. Head is broad, and the lip region shape is variable and sometimes there are four extra submedial lobes. The tail is broadly round, and the terminus is most often a small, simple, rounded button. The vulva is very distinctly open, and appears more posterior than usual.

Male ring nematodes tend to be much thinner than females, [4] and they lack a stylet. They also lack a distinct esophagus, which renders them incapable of feeding. Their spicules are simple and slender, and can be straight or slightly curved.

Juveniles are much smaller than the adults, but tend to resemble adult females more than adult males.

Life cycle

Ring nematodes live their lives as migratory ectoparasites. [5] This means that they do not enter the plant cell, but instead use their large stylet to feed on the root tips from outside the plant. The nematode moves through pores in the soil, and finds a root to feed on. It inserts its stylet into an epidermal cell on the plant, feeds for a certain amount of time, then moves along to a different locations, and feeds on a different root.

Diagram showing the life cycle of plant parasitic nematode, Mesocriconema Xenoplax Ring nematode life cycle.pdf
Diagram showing the life cycle of plant parasitic nematode, Mesocriconema Xenoplax

General Life Cycle for Mesocriconema xenoplax and Migratory Ectoparasites:

  1. Adult females deposit single eggs in the soil, every two to four days.
  2. First molt occurs within the egg, taking a first stage juvenile (J1) to a second stage juvenile (J2).
  3. Second stage juveniles (J2) hatch from the egg in 11–15 days.
  4. Second stage juveniles (J2) molt to third stage juveniles (J3) in three to five days.
  5. Third stage juveniles (J3) molt to fourth stage juveniles (J4) in four to seven days, then become adults five to six days later.
  6. Adult females begin to lay eggs in two to three days. Males rarely observed. [6]

Environment and distribution

Ring nematodes has a very broad distribution range. It has been reported in six of the seven continents: North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia—most notably India and Japan. [7] In the United States, it is especially prevalent in California, and on the west coast. Being a migratory ectoparasite, Mesocriconema xenoplax spends its life in the soil. It can be found in many different types of soil, including: highly porous soils, some silt and clay soils, and especially very sandy soils. It can be sensitive to dehydration [8] and acidic soils, so soils that contain more moisture, and higher pH values, create the best environment. [9]

Economic importance

Mesocriconema xenoplax has a wide host range, so it can cause economic problems for a variety of plants. Ring nematodes can be extremely devastating to peach trees. Infection of ring nematodes can cause peach trees to be more susceptible to bacterial canker and cold damage. This leads to peach tree short life disease, thus vastly reducing peach yields. [10] Along with peaches, it can cause problems with grapes as well. A survey of Swiss vineyards showed that ring nematodes were the most abundant and damaging nematode species that led to low yield. [11] Another study found that 85% percent of vineyards in Oregon contained Mesocriconema xenoplax, and could cause anywhere from 33% yield loss to 78% percent yield loss. [12] Some studies have shown damage and yield loss to pineapples, sugarcane, [13] cherries, and almonds. One particular study showed that Mesocriconema xenoplax caused 40,000 hectares of almonds to suffer. losses in California. [14] It has been known to cause damage to turf grasses, making it difficult on golf courses. [15]

Management

Some chemical ways to manage nematodes, especially in peach, are fumigation, and nematicides. Pre-plant fumigation should be used in areas that are none to be infected with nematodes, or more susceptible to ring nematode infestation. Nematicides can be used to help combat ring nematodes as well. Studies have found that both pre- plant, and post-plant nematicides have been able to manage ring nematodes, especially in peach species that are susceptible to bacterial canker and peach short tree life disease. [16] Some non-chemical ways to control or manage ring nematodes are crop rotations, soil sanitation, and cultural practices such as removing plant debris, planting certified seeds, and the use of antagonistic cover crops. [17] These are plants that release chemical compounds into the soil that are toxic to the nematodes. Host resistance to ring nematode has been hard to find. [18] In order to control Mesocriconema xenoplax, the eggs that are laid by females would need to be eliminated. The nematodes overwinter and survive as eggs, so getting rid of them would help control ring nematodes.

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Radopholus similis</i> Species of roundworm

Radopholus similis is a species of nematode known commonly as the burrowing nematode. It is a parasite of plants, and it is a pest of many agricultural crops. It is an especially important pest of bananas, and it can be found on coconut, avocado, coffee, sugarcane, other grasses, and ornamentals. It is a migratory endoparasite of roots, causing lesions that form cankers. Infected plants experience malnutrition.

<i>Rotylenchulus reniformis</i> Species of roundworm

Rotylenchulus reniformis, the reniform nematode, is a species of parasitic nematode of plants with a worldwide distribution in the tropical and subtropical regions.

<i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne arenaria is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. This nematode is also known as the peanut root knot nematode. The word "Meloidogyne" is derived from two Greek words that mean "apple-shaped" and "female". The peanut root knot nematode, M. arenaria is one of the "major" Meloidogyne species because of its worldwide economic importance. M. arenaria is a predominant nematode species in the United States attacking peanut in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The most damaging nematode species for peanut in the USA is M. arenaria race 1 and losses can exceed 50% in severely infested fields. Among the several Meloidogyne species that have been characterized, M. arenaria is the most variable both morphologically and cytologically. In 1949, two races of this nematode had been identified, race 1 which reproduces on peanut and race 2 which cannot do so. However, in a recent study, three races were described. López-Pérez et al (2011) had also studied populations of M. arenaria race 2, which reproduces on tomato plants carrying the Mi gene and race 3, which reproduces on both resistant pepper and tomato.

<i>Meloidogyne javanica</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne javanica is a species of plant-pathogenic nematodes. It is one of the tropical root-knot nematodes and a major agricultural pest in many countries. It has many hosts. Meloidogyne javanica reproduces by obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis (apomixis).

Pratylenchus brachyurus is a plant parasitic nematode.

<i>Pratylenchus penetrans</i> Species of roundworm

Pratylenchus penetrans is a species of nematode in the genus Pratylenchus, the lesion nematodes. It occurs in temperate regions worldwide, regions between the subtropics and the polar circles. It is an animal that inhabits the roots of a wide variety of plants and results in necrotic lesions on the roots. Symptoms of P. penetrans make it hard to distinguish from other plant pathogens; only an assay of soil can conclusively diagnose a nematode problem in the field. P. penetrans is physically very similar to other nematode species, but is characterized by its highly distinctive mouthpiece. P. penetrans uses its highly modified mouth organs to rupture the outer surface of subterranean plant root structures. It will then enter into the root interior and feed on the plant tissue inside. P. penetrans is considered to be a crop parasite and farmers will often treat their soil with various pesticides in an attempt to eliminate the damage caused by an infestation. In doing this, farmers will also eliminate many of the beneficial soil fauna, which will lead to an overall degradation of soil quality in the future. Alternative, more environmentally sustainable methods to control P. penetrans populations may be possible in certain regions.

<i>Ditylenchus dipsaci</i> Species of flowering plant

Ditylenchus dipsaci is a plant pathogenic nematode that primarily infects onion and garlic. It is commonly known as the stem nematode, the stem and bulb eelworm, or onion bloat. Symptoms of infection include stunted growth, discoloration of bulbs, and swollen stems. D. dipsaci is a migratory endoparasite that has a five-stage lifecycle and the ability to enter into a dormancy stage. D. dipsaci enters through stomata or plant wounds and creates galls or malformations in plant growth. This allows for the entrance of secondary pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. Management of disease is maintained through seed sanitation, heat treatment, crop rotation, and fumigation of fields. D. dipsaci is economically detrimental because infected crops are unmarketable.

Anguina tritici is a plant pathogenic nematode.

Heterodera carotae is a plant pathogenic nematode commonly known as the carrot root nematode or carrot cyst nematode. It is found in Europe, Cyprus and India and is considered an invasive species in the United States. It causes damage to carrot crops and is very specific in its choice of hosts, only infecting Daucus carota and Daucus pulcherrima.

<i>Paratylenchus hamatus</i> Species of roundworm

Paratylenchus hamatus, the fig pin nematode, is a species of migratory plant endoparasites, that causes lesions on plant roots resulting in symptoms of chlorosis, wilting and ultimately yield losses. They move and feed on different parts of host tissue throughout their life cycle in order to find enough susceptible host tissue to survive and reproduce. A wide range of host plant species are susceptible to the fig pin nematode, including many valuable fruit and vegetable crops such as figs, carrots and celery. They are also commonly found associated with woody perennials in California. P. hamatus inhabits soils in both Europe and North America, and was originally isolated from fig in central California in 1950.

Xiphinema americanum, the American dagger nematode, is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. It is one of many species that belongs to the genus Xiphinema. It was first described by N. A. Cobb in 1913, who found it on both sides of the United States on the roots of grass, corn, and citrus trees. Not only is Xiphinema americanum known to vector plant viruses, but also X. americanum has been referred to as "the most destructive plant parasitic nematode in America", and one of the four major nematode pests in the Southeastern United States.

Xiphinema diversicaudatum is an amphimictic ectoparasitic nematode species. This species has a characteristically long stylet capable of penetrating into a host's vascular tissue. They have a wide host range with some of the extensively studied ones being strawberry, hops and raspberry, due to their economic importance. The direct root damage caused through penetration near the root tip and formation of galls is a secondary concern when compared with the damage caused by vectoring the Arabis mosaic virus. The virus attaches to the interior cuticle lining and can be transferred from infected to uninfected root tissue as the nematode feeds and sheds. Management of this particular nematode relies on nematicides such as 1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone) at 40 gpa.or methyl bromide at 1000 lb/ac to control to 28 in deep.

Xiphinema index, the California dagger nematode, is a species of plant-parasitic nematodes.

Tylenchulus semipenetrans, also known as the citrus nematode or citrus root nematode, is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes and the causal agent of slow decline of citrus. T. semipenetrans is found in most citrus production areas and diverse soil textures worldwide. Their feeding strategy is semi-endoparasitic and has a very narrow host range among commonly grown crops. These nematodes are considered as major plant-parasitic nematode because they can cause 10-30% losses reported on citrus trees. They also parasitize other hosts such as olive, grape, persimmon and lilac. The citrus nematode was first discovered in California in 1913 by J. R. Hodges, a horticultural inspector for Los Angeles County, and was later described and named by Nathan Cobb that year. T. semipenetrans is the only species of Tylenchulidae that are economically important to agriculture.

Heterodera sacchari, the sugarcane cyst nematode, mitotic parthenogenic sedentary endoparasitic nematode. This plant-parasitic nematode infects the roots of sugarcane, and the female nematode eventually becomes a thick-walled cyst filled with eggs. Aboveground symptoms are species specific and are similar to those caused by other Heterodera species. Symptoms include: stunted and chlorotic plants, and reduced root growth. Seedlings may be killed in heavily infested soils.

<i>Tobacco rattle virus</i> Species of virus

Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is a pathogenic plant virus. Over 400 species of plants from 50 families are susceptible to infection.

<i>Pratylenchus</i> Genus of roundworms

Pratylenchus is a genus of nematodes known commonly as lesion nematodes. They are parasitic on plants and are responsible for root lesion disease on many taxa of host plants in temperate regions around the world. Lesion nematodes are migratory endoparasites that feed and reproduce in the root and move around, unlike the cyst or root-knot nematodes, which may stay in one place. They usually only feed on the cortex of the root. Species are distinguished primarily by the morphology of the stylets.

Strawberry foliar nematode, or strawberry crimp nematode, is a disease caused by Aphelenchoides fragariae, a plant pathogenic nematode. It is common in strawberries and ornamental plants and can greatly affect plant yield and appearance, resulting in a loss of millions of dollars of revenue. Symptoms used to diagnose the disease are angular, water soaked lesions and necrotic blotches. Aphelenchoides fragariae is the nematode pathogen that causes the disease. Its biological cycle includes four life stages, three of which are juvenile. The nematode can undergo multiple life cycles in one growing season when favorable conditions are present. The crowns, runners, foliage, and new buds of the plant via stylet penetration or through the stomata can be infected. The best management practices for this disease are sanitation, prevention of induction of the pathogen to the environment, and planting clean seed or starter plants.

Hoplolaimus galeatus is a plant pathogenic nematode.

Dolichodorus is a genus of nematodes known commonly as awl nematodes. They are distributed worldwide. They are ectoparasites of plant roots, and some are pests of agricultural crops.

References

  1. ↑ Ingham, R., Merrifield, K. 1996. A Guide to Nematode Biology and Management in Mint. Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Pub. No. 996. 38 p.
  2. ↑ Lownsbery, B. F., English, H., Noel, G. R., & Schick, F. J. (1977). Influence of Nemaguard and Lovell Rootstocks and Macroposthonia xenoplax on Bacterial Canker of Peach. Journal of Nematology, 9(3), 221–224.
  3. ↑ Mesocriconema xenoplax. (n.d.). Retrieved December 06, 2016, https://smartsite.ucdavis.edu/access/content/user/00002950/courses/nemas/criconemellaxenoplax.htm
  4. ↑ Handoo, Z. A. (1998, August). Related Topics. Retrieved December 06, 2016, from https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md/beltsville-agricultural-research-center/nematology-laboratory/docs/plant-parasitic-nematodes/
  5. ↑ Ingham, R., Merrifield, K. 1996. A Guide to Nematode Biology and Management in Mint. Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Pub. No. 996. 38 p.
  6. ↑ Pokharel, R. (n.d.). Importance of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Colorado Crops - 2.952 - Colorado State University Extension. Retrieved December 06, 2016, from http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/importance-of-plant-parasitic-nematodes-in-colorado-crops-2-952/
  7. ↑ Mesocriconema xenoplax. (n.d.). Retrieved December 06, 2016, https://smartsite.ucdavis.edu/access/content/user/00002950/courses/nemas/criconemellaxenoplax.htm
  8. ↑ Mesocriconema xenoplax. (n.d.). Retrieved December 06, 2016, from http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Chair-groups/Plant-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Nematology/Nematode-in-the-picture/Pictures/Mesocriconema-xenoplax.htm
  9. ↑ Pokharel, R. (n.d.). Importance of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Colorado Crops - 2.952 - Colorado State University Extension. Retrieved December 06, 2016, from http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/importance-of-plant-parasitic-nematodes-in-colorado-crops-2-952/
  10. ↑ Evert, D. R., Bertrand, P. F., & Mullinix, B. G., Jr. (1992). Nematode Populations and Peach Tree Survival, Growth, and Nutrition at an Old Orchard Site. Journal of American Society of Horticulture, 117(1), 6-13.
  11. ↑ Guntzel, O., Klingler, J., & Delucchi, V. (1987). Tylenchids (Nematoda) extracted from soil of Swiss vineyards north of the Alps. 10(3), 361-368.
  12. ↑ Pinkerton, J. N., Schreiner, R. P., Ivors, K. L., & Vasconcelos, M. C. (2004). Effects of Mesocriconema xenoplax on Vitis vinifera and Associated Mycorrhizal Fungi. Journal of Nematology, 36(3), 193–201.
  13. ↑ Bond, J., McGawley, E., & Hoy, J. (2004, December). Sugarcane Growth as Influenced by Nematodes and Pythium Arrhenomanes. Nematropica, 34(2).
  14. ↑ Bridge, J., & Starr, J. L. (2007). Plant nematodes of agricultural importance: A colour handbook. pp. 133. London: Manson.
  15. ↑ Lucas, L. T. (1982). "Population Dynamics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus and Criconemella ornata and Growth Response of Bermudagrass and Overseeded Grasses on Golf Greens Following Treatment with Nematicides". Journal of Nematology. 14 (3): 358–363. PMC   2618188 . PMID   19295721.
  16. ↑ Ritchie, D. F. (2007, July). FD08 - NEMATODE CONTROL ON PEACHES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PEACH TREE SHORT LIFE COMPLEX. Retrieved December 06, 2016, from https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/oldnotes/fd8.htm
  17. ↑ Westerdahl, B., Duncan, R., Kodira, U., & McKenry, V. (September). How to Manage Pests. Retrieved December 06, 2016, from http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r602200111.html
  18. ↑ Ferris, H. (2015, May 11). Nemaplex. Retrieved December 06, 2016, from http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.