Metamastigophorophyllon

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Metamastigophorophyllon
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Chordeumatida
Family: Anthroleucosomatidae
Genus: Metamastigophorophyllon
Ceuca, 1976
Type species
Mastigophorophyllon giljarovi
Lang, 1959
Synonyms
  • PersedicusMauriès, 1982

Metamastigophorophyllon is a genus of millipedes in the family Anthroleucosomatidae. [1] This genus includes millipedes found in Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia, and Georgia. All five species in this genus have 31 segments in adults (counting the collum as the first segment and the telson as the last). [2] This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 31 segments rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in this order. [3] [4]

Contents

Discovery and taxonomy

The Romanian zoologist Traian Ceuca first proposed Metamastigophorophyllon in 1976 as a subgenus within the genus Mastigophorophyllon in the family Mastigophorophyllidae. Ceuca proposed this monotypic subgenus to contain the species Mastigophorophyllon giljarovi, which was described by the Czech zoologist Jaroslav Lang in 1959 based on type material found near Krasnaya Polyana in Russia. [2] Lang described this species as having 30 segments. [5]

In 1982, Jean-Paul Mauriès of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris described the monotypic genus Persedicus and its type species Persedicus martensi based on specimens found in wet litter in dense forests in Mazandaran province in Iran. [6] [2] Mauriès placed this genus in the family Anthroleucosomatidae and described this genus and its type species as having 31 segments in adults of both sexes. [6] This species was the first in the order Chordeumatida to be described with an odd number of segments in adults: Before the description of this species, adults in this order were known to have only 26, 28, 30, or 32 segments. [7] This millipede remained the only chordeumatidan species described with 31 segments for more than three decades. [4]

In 2016, the zoologists Dargan Ž. Antić and Slobodan E. Makarov of the University of Belgrade in Serbia described three new species in the genus Metamastigophorophyllon, all with 31 segments in adults, and all found in the Caucasus: M. hamatum , M. lamellohirsutum , and M. torsivum . Furthermore, Antić and Makarov redescribed Metamastigophorophyllon giljarovi based on a large sample of specimens (79 males, 37 females, and 10 juveniles), finding that this species has 31 segments in adults and moving this species to the family Anthroleucosomatidae. Finally, Antić and Makarov also deemed Persedicus to be a junior synonym of Metamastigophorophyllon, [2] and authorities now consider Metamastigophorophyllon martensi to be the valid name for the species described by Mauriès. [1]

Description

Adults in this genus have 31 segments, one segment more than usually observed in adults in the order Chordeumatida. Accordingly, adult females in this genus have 52 pairs of legs, two more than usually found in chordeumatidans. [8] In males, the eighth and ninth leg pairs become gonopods in adults, leaving adult males with 50 pairs of walking legs, excluding the gonopods. [3]

Males in this genus range from 10 mm to 15 mm in length, whereas females range from 11 mm to 19 mm in length. In males, the five leg pairs in front of the gonopods are enlarged. The anterior gonopods have an especially distinctive shape, with a medial part and two lateral branches, one inner branch and one outer branch. The inner branch is subdivided into an anterior part and a posterior part. The shape of these gonopods distinguish this genus from the other genera in the family Anthroleucosomatidae. [2]

Development

Like other genera in this order, this genus is teloanamorphic, adding segments and legs through a series of molts until the adult stage, when the molting stops and the adult emerges with a final number of segments and legs. [3] To arrive at 31 segments as adults, however, species in this genus must deviate from the anamorphosis usually observed in the order Chordeumatida. Little is known about post-embryonic development in this genus, but Mauriès found juveniles of M. martensi with 27 and 29 segments. [6] These numbers match the segments Mauriès found in the penultimate and adult stages of development in the genus Tianella , the only other genus in the order Chordeumatida with an odd number of segments in adults. [9] [7] He also observed the rudiments of four leg pairs in the two legless segments behind the 48 pairs of legs in Tianella adults. [3] [9] Based on this evidence, authorities suggest that M. martensi arrives at 31 segments and 52 leg pairs by going through the same stages that Mauriès observed in Tianella, but does not mature until molting once more, adding two segments and four leg pairs in the final stage. [3]

Species

This genus includes five species: [1]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthroleucosomatidae</span> Family of millipedes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metopidiotrichidae</span> Family of millipedes

Metopidiotrichidae is a family of millipedes in the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 4 mm to 17 mm in length. Adult millipedes in this family have 32 segments, not the 30 segments usually found in this order. Adult males in this family often feature a reduced or vestigial leg pair 10 as part of the gonopod complex, in addition to the two leg pairs typically modified into gonopods in this order. There are about 9 genera and at least 70 described species in Metopidiotrichidae.

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Speophilosomatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes are found in Japan and range from 4 mm to 6 mm in length. Adult millipedes in this family are notable for being among the few in this order with only 26 segments instead of the 30 usually found in chordeumatidans. The adult males in this family are also notable for involving three leg pairs in the gonopod complex rather than the two pairs typically modified into gonopods in this order.

Chamaesomatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 3.3 mm to 12 mm in length and are found in Europe and North Africa. Adult millipedes in this family have 26, 28, or 30 segments. This family includes the species Chamaesoma broelemanni, notable as one of only a few chordeumatidan species with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults in this order. The adult female of this species has only 42 pairs of legs, and the adult male has only 40 pairs of walking legs, excluding two pairs of gonopods.

Peterjohnsiidae is a small family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. The family was first described in 1987 by Jean-Paul Mauriès. These millipedes range from 3 mm to 8 mm in length and are found in Australia. Species in this family exhibit sexual dimorphism in segment number: adult males have 30 segments, but adult females have 32 segments. In adult males in this family, the gonopod complex involves three leg pairs rather than just the two usually modified into gonopods in this order.

Hoffmaneumatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. This family includes two genera, one (Hoffmaneuma) found in the Russian Far East and the other (Japanoparvus) found in Japan. Millipedes in this family range from 4 mm to 6 mm in length. Adult millipedes in this family have only 28 segments, not the 30 segments usually found in this order. Adult males in this family feature a reduced leg pair 10 in addition to the two pairs normally modified into gonopods in this order. In the adult male of the species Hoffmaneuma exiguum, for example, the gonopod complex derives from all three leg pairs rather than from just the usual two.

Entomobielziidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. This family includes the genus Tianella, notable for featuring adult millipedes with 29 segments, a number not found in the adults of any other chordeumatidan genus. Adults in most Tianella species have 29 segments. In the Tianella species with 29 segments, adult females have 48 pairs of legs, as one would expect in adult female chordeumatidans with one segment fewer than the 30 usually found in this order.

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Opisthocheiron is a genus of millipedes in the family Opisthocheiridae. These millipedes are found in France and Spain. The French entomologist Henri Ribaut created this genus in 1913 to contain the newly discovered type species Opisthocheiron penicillatum. This genus also includes the cave-dwelling species Opisthocheiron canayerensis, notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults in this order. The adult female of this species has only 42 pairs of legs, and the adult male has only 40 pairs of walking legs, excluding two pairs of gonopods.

Opisthocheiron canayerensis is a species of millipede in the family Opisthocheiridae. This species is found in France, far inside deep caves. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order.

Chamaesoma is a monotypic genus of millipede in the family Chamaesomatidae, and Chamaesoma broelemanni is the only species in this genus. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order. This species lives on the surface of the soil and is distributed across most of France and Luxembourg. The genus Chamaesoma and its only species were first described by the German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff in 1913 based on type material found by the French zoologists Henri Brölemann and Henri Ribaut under wet leaf litter near St. Béat in the Pyrenees in France.

Haasea hungarica is a species of millipede in the family Haaseidae. This species is a eutroglophile, capable of spending its entire life cycle in a cave but also capable of living on the surface outside of caves. Although these millipedes are often found in caves, this species has also been found on the soil surface in forests.

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Tianella is a genus of millipedes in the family Entomobielziidae. This genus includes eleven species found in Nepal, one species found in Kazakhstan, and one species found in Kyrgyzstan. This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 29 segments in adults. Most species in this genus have 29 segments in adults rather than the 30 segments usually observed in this order.

Neocambrisoma is a genus of millipedes in the family Metopidiotrichidae. Millipedes in this genus are found in Tasmania and New South Wales in Australia. Like other genera in this family, this genus features 32 segments in adults of both sexes, rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in the order Chordeumatida. Accordingly, female adults in this genus have 54 pairs of legs, which is not only the maximum number observed in this order but also the maximum number fixed by species in the class Diplopoda.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "MilliBase - Metamastigophorophyllon Ceuca, 1976". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2016-12-22). "The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida)". Zootaxa. 4211 (1): zootaxa.4211.1.1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   28006792.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234 [133–138]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  4. 1 2 Minelli, Alessandro (2015-01-01), "Diplopoda — development", Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2, Brill, pp. 267–302, doi:10.1163/9789004188273_012, ISBN   978-90-04-18827-3 , retrieved 2024-07-07
  5. ↑ Lang, J. (1959). "Contribution to the knowledge of Diplopoda on the territory of the USSR". Zoologiceskij Zurnal (in Russian). 38 (12): 1790–1796 [1793].
  6. 1 2 3 Mauriès, Jean-Paul (1982). "Diplopoda de l'Iran: Persedicus n. gen. (Craspedosomida: Anthroleucosomidae)". Senckenbergiana Biologica. 62: 385–390.
  7. 1 2 Shear, William A. (1987). "Chordeumatid Diplopoda from the Nepal Himalayas, II". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 93: 229–240 [232].
  8. ↑ Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453 [408]. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN   9789004156128.
  9. 1 2 Mauriès, J P (1988). "Myriapodes du Népal. II. Diplopodes Craspedosomides nouveaux de l'Himalaya et de la région indo-malaise (Craspedosomidea et Chordeumidea)". Revue suisse de zoologie (in French). 95: 3–49 [5–17]. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.79638 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
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