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The first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called 'human circulation balance' invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity. Then,in the early 1900s,a technique called pneumoencephalography was set. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air,altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings,to cause it to show up better on an x-ray,and it was considered to be incredibly unsafe for patients. A form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The new MRI and CT technologies were considerably less harmful and are explained in greater detail below. Next came SPECT and PET scans,which allowed scientists to map brain function because,unlike MRI and CT,these scans could create more than just static images of the brain's structure. Learning from MRI,PET and SPECT scanning,scientists were able to develop functional MRI (fMRI) with abilities that opened the door to direct observation of cognitive activities.
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Hyperpolarized 129Xe gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the anatomy and physiology of body regions that are difficult to image with standard proton MRI. In particular,the lung,which lacks substantial density of protons,is particularly useful to be visualized with 129Xe gas MRI. This technique has promise as an early-detection technology for chronic lung diseases and imaging technique for processes and structures reliant on dissolved gases. 129Xe is a stable,naturally occurring isotope of xenon with 26.44% isotope abundance. It is one of two Xe isotopes,along with 131Xe,that has non-zero spin,which allows for magnetic resonance. 129Xe is used for MRI because its large electron cloud permits hyperpolarization and a wide range of chemical shifts. The hyperpolarization creates a large signal intensity,and the wide range of chemical shifts allows for identifying when the 129Xe associates with molecules like hemoglobin. 129Xe is preferred over 131Xe for MRI because 129Xe has spin 1/2,a longer T1,and 3.4 times larger gyromagnetic ratio (11.78 MHz/T).
References
- ↑ "Michael Thomas – UCLA Graduate Programs in Bioscience (GPB)".
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- ↑ "M. Albert Thomas Ph.D." scholar.google.com.
- ↑ "NMRS Members". nmrs.iisc.ac.in.
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- ↑ "Loop | Michael Albert Thomas". loop.frontiersin.org.
- ↑ "Faculty Directory - Radiology | UCLA Health". www.uclahealth.org.
- ↑ "Michael THOMAS | Director | M.Sc. (Physics), Ph.D. (Physics) | University of California, Los Angeles, CA | UCLA | Department of Radiology | Research profile".
- ↑ Thomas, M. Albert; Lipnick, Scott; Velan, S. Sendhil; Liu, Xiaoyu; Banakar, Shida; Binesh, Nader; Ramadan, Saadallah; Ambrosio, Art; Raylman, Raymond R.; Sayre, James; DeBruhl, Nanette; Bassett, Lawrence (January 31, 2009). "Investigation of breast cancer using two-dimensional MRS". NMR in Biomedicine. 22 (1): 77–91. doi:10.1002/nbm.1310. PMID 19086016. S2CID 23672107.
- ↑ Joy, Ajin; Saucedo, Andres; Joines, Melissa; Lee-Felker, Stephanie; Kumar, Sumit; Sarma, Manoj K; Sayre, James; DiNome, Maggie; Thomas, M. Albert (January 31, 2022). "Correlated MR spectroscopic imaging of breast cancer to investigate metabolites and lipids: acceleration and compressed sensing reconstruction". BJR Open. 4 (1): 20220009. doi:10.1259/bjro.20220009. PMC 9969076 . PMID 36860693. S2CID 252141203.
- ↑ Thomas, M. Albert; Nagarajan, Rajakumar; Huda, Amir; Margolis, Daniel; Sarma, Manoj K.; Sheng, Ke; Reiter, Robert E.; Raman, Steven S. (January 31, 2014). "Multidimensional MR spectroscopic imaging of prostate cancer in vivo: METABOLITE IMAGING OF PROSTATE CANCER USING 2D MR SPECTROSCOPY". NMR in Biomedicine. 27 (1): 53–66. doi:10.1002/nbm.2991. PMID 23904127. S2CID 24339478.
- ↑ Joy, Ajin; Nagarajan, Rajakumar; Saucedo, Andres; Iqbal, Zohaib; Sarma, Manoj K.; Wilson, Neil; Felker, Ely; Reiter, Robert E.; Raman, Steven S.; Thomas, M. Albert (August 1, 2022). "Dictionary learning compressed sensing reconstruction: pilot validation of accelerated echo planar J-resolved spectroscopic imaging in prostate cancer". Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine. 35 (4): 667–682. doi:10.1007/s10334-022-01029-z. PMC 9363346 . PMID 35869359 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ "(ISMRM 2015) Validation of accelerated TE-Averaged Echo-Planar Spectroscopic Imaging in Healthy and HIV youths". archive.ismrm.org.
- ↑ Macey, Paul M.; Sarma, Manoj K.; Prasad, Janani P.; Ogren, Jennifer A.; Aysola, Ravi; Harper, Ronald M.; Thomas, M. Albert (November 5, 2017). "Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with altered midbrain chemical concentrations". Neuroscience. 363: 76–86. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.001. PMC 5983363 . PMID 28893651.
- ↑ Ryner, Lawrence N.; Sorenson, James A.; Thomas, M. Albert (January 1, 1995). "Localized 2D J-resolved 1H MR spectroscopy: Strong coupling effects in vitro and in vivo". Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 13 (6): 853–869. doi:10.1016/0730-725X(95)00031-B. PMID 8544657 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Thomas, M. Albert; Yue, Kenneth; Binesh, Nader; Davanzo, Pablo; Kumar, Anand; Siegel, Benjamin; Frye, Mark; Curran, John; Lufkin, Robert; Martin, Paul; Guze, Barry (July 31, 2001). "Localized two-dimensional shift correlated MR spectroscopy of human brain". Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 46 (1): 58–67. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1160 . PMID 11443711. S2CID 21807819.
- ↑ Davanzo, Pablo; Thomas, M. Albert; Yue, Kenneth; Oshiro, Thomas; Belin, Thomas; Strober, Michael; McCracken, James (April 1, 2001). "Decreased Anterior Cingulate Myo-inositol/Creatine Spectroscopy Resonance with Lithium Treatment in Children with Bipolar Disorder". Neuropsychopharmacology. 24 (4): 359–369. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00207-4 . PMID 11182531. S2CID 1782635.
- ↑ Ajilore, Olusola; Haroon, Ebrahim; Kumaran, Senthil; Darwin, Christine; Binesh, Nader; Mintz, Jim; Miller, Jacqueline; Thomas, M. Albert; Kumar, Anand (June 30, 2007). "Measurement of Brain Metabolites in Patients with type 2 Diabetes and Major Depression Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (6): 1224–1231. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301248 . PMID 17180124. S2CID 10362027.
- ↑ Frye, Mark A.; Watzl, June; Banakar, Shida; O'Neill, Joseph; Mintz, Jim; Davanzo, Pablo; Fischer, Jeffrey; Chirichigno, Jason W.; Ventura, Joseph; Elman, Shana; Tsuang, John; Walot, Irwin; Thomas, M. Albert (December 31, 2007). "Increased Anterior Cingulate/Medial Prefrontal Cortical Glutamate and Creatine in Bipolar Depression". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (12): 2490–2499. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301387 . PMID 17429412. S2CID 29699377.
- ↑ Rao, Uma; Chen, Li-Ann; Bidesi, Anup S.; Shad, Mujeeb U.; Thomas, M. Albert; Hammen, Constance L. (February 15, 2010). "Hippocampal Changes Associated with Early-Life Adversity and Vulnerability to Depression". Biological Psychiatry. 67 (4): 357–364. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.017. PMC 2821020 . PMID 20015483.
- ↑ Pope, Whitney B.; Prins, Robert M.; Albert Thomas, M.; Nagarajan, Rajakumar; Yen, Katharine E.; Bittinger, Mark A.; Salamon, Noriko; Chou, Arthur P.; Yong, William H.; Soto, Horacio; Wilson, Neil; Driggers, Edward; Jang, Hyun G.; Su, Shinsan M.; Schenkein, David P.; Lai, Albert; Cloughesy, Timothy F.; Kornblum, Harley I.; Wu, Hong; Fantin, Valeria R.; Liau, Linda M. (March 1, 2012). "Non-invasive detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate and other metabolites in IDH1 mutant glioma patients using magnetic resonance spectroscopy". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 107 (1): 197–205. doi:10.1007/s11060-011-0737-8. PMC 3650613 . PMID 22015945 – via Springer Link.
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