Mountain madtom

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Mountain madtom
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Ictaluridae
Genus: Noturus
Species:
N. eleutherus
Binomial name
Noturus eleutherus

The mountain madtom (Noturus eleutherus) is a North American species of temperate freshwater fish belonging to the Noturus genus of the family Ictaluridae. The species was first described to the United States National Museum by Professors Jordan and Gilbert in the Big Pigeon River. [2] The mountain madtom has a body that is characterized as being robust, and by the toxic sting that is associated with their pectoral and dorsal spines. [2] Currently, the Pigeon River Recovery Project is working to try to restore the mountain madtom population that was lost in fisheries. Aside from the Pigeon River Recovery Project, there is little management being applied to this species, and it is currently listed on the threatened species list for the state of Tennessee.

Geographic distribution

The mountain madtom has a broad distribution. Its native range includes larger streams of the Mississippi River drainage from the Little River system of southeastern Oklahoma northeastward. [3] East of the Mississippi it appears through the Ohio drainage to western Pennsylvania. [4] In the south-east it occurs in the Cumberland and Tennessee drainages. In the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Green systems it is confined to the Highland Rim. [3] It is also found in the North Fork Holston, Clinch, and Powell rivers. [5] Generally the mountain madtom is restricted to ridge and valley areas. In the Ohio river basin the mountain madtom and the northern madtom occur in very similar environments but usually not together. [6] It is not found on the Cumberland Plateau or the high reaches on the Blue Ridge mountain streams, due to large boulders found in the streams that lack vegetation. It is not generally found in glaciated regions, nor is it found with any other madtom species except the pygmy madtom (Noturus stanauli). It has also been reported to have been seen occasionally with stonecat madtoms (Noturus flavus) in Ohio.

Ecology

The mountain madtom is found in fast-flowing clear riffles that are shallow generally headwater streams. [3] Because the mountain madtom is sensitive to siltation it is not found where there is sandy substrate. Human actions, like farming or logging, that cause siltation in streams degridate local populations. It likes an intermediate sized cobble substrate. In Pennsylvania it has been noted to be found in areas where there is dense vegetation. [7] Mountain madtoms are found in streams with mainly limestone substrate that would affect the pH of the stream. [3] Its diet is mainly mature aquatic insects. [3] Out of 287 stomachs viewed the following contents were found; Plecoptera 1.0, Ephemeroptera 48.9, Trichoptera 10.8, Diptera 37.3, Miscellaneous 2.0. [3] Based on its diet, it competes with Etheostoma blennioides, E. rfilineatum, and Cottus caroline. In all cases the mountain madtom is a nocturnal feeder and hides under large flat rocks during the day time. [3] The entire genus Noturus has pectoral spines, some of which are serrated, some have a venomous sting, and some have both. The mountain madtom has both and these serve as an anti-predatory function, not to catch prey as previously thought. [8] Human actions such as dam building can hurt mountain madtoms because they prefer fast flowing water. [9]

Life history

Juvenile mountain madtoms are 20-30mm in length usually. [6] Adult mountain madtoms range from 75–127 mm in length and the life span averages 4–5 years. [5] It is uncertain what age they reach sexual maturity due to the secrecy of the species. [10] One study located a nest and eggs were collected. In the study the nest was found in a moderately flowing stream, in a clean swept gravel substrate under a rock, 20m above a riffle. A male mountain madtom was seen guarding the nest. [3] The estimated clutch size is 55-115 eggs per female [5] Relative to other fish the mountain madtom has a small clutch size because they do provide a lot of parental care to the young. The breeding season was determined to be June–July, based on the time the nest was found and how developed the eggs were. Human activity that puts silt in the streams can cause the eggs to suffocate which is detrimental to the population. The ideal temperature for the eggs to hatch is 24 C. [3]

Current management

In Tennessee the mountain madtom is listed as threatened. Nationally it is listed as apparently secure. [7] There is currently no specific management in effect for the mountain madtom. There is, however, The Pigeon River Recovery Project. This project has reintroduced many species of darters, mussels, and the mountain madtom to the Pigeon River. At one time there was a mill that pumped waste into the Pigeon River that killed almost all the organisms downstream of the mill. [11] Because of the secrecy of the mountain madtom, the exact causes of its decline are not known. However, since it is very sensitive to silt, poor logging practices at the turn of the century are believed to have been detrimental to the population. The mountain madtom is not a sport fish or pan fish and is not favored by fishermen, except for biologists doing research, so overfishing is not a problem. Nothing has ever been noted to prey on the mountain madtom, due to its venomous sting and spines, so predation is not a problem for it either.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ictaluridae</span> Family of fishes

The Ictaluridae, sometimes called ictalurids, are a family of catfish native to North America, where they are an important food source and sometimes fished for sport. The family includes about 51 species, some commonly known as bullheads, madtoms, channel catfish, and blue catfish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madtom</span> Genus of fishes

Madtoms are freshwater catfishes of the genus Noturus of the family Ictaluridae. It is the most species-rich family of catfish in North America, native to the central and eastern United States, and adjacent parts of Canada. Their fin spines contain a mild venom with a sting comparable to that of a honey bee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowfin madtom</span> Species of fish

The yellowfin madtom is a species of fish in the family Ictaluridae endemic to the southeastern United States. Historically, the yellowfin madtom was widespread throughout the upper Tennessee River drainage but was thought to be extinct by the time it was formally described.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carolina madtom</span> Species of fish

The Carolina madtom is an endangered species of fish in the family Ictaluridae. It is endemic to North Carolina. It is a small catfish, reaching a maximum length of nearly five inches. Described in the late-1800s by ichthyologists Jordan and Meek, this fish is the only madtom that is endemic to North Carolina, as indicated by its common name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frecklebelly madtom</span> Species of fish

The frecklebelly madtom is a species of fish in the family Ictaluridae endemic to the United States. Madtoms are in the genus Noturus, which is a group of catfish prevalent in North America. In 2023, the Upper Coosa River distinct population segment (DPS) of N. munitus was listed as federally threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

The pygmy madtom is a species of fish in the family Ictaluridae endemic to the United States, in only two known regions of Tennessee. Madtoms are the smallest members of the catfish family. Members of the genus Noturus can be distinguished by their small size, unusually long adipose fin, and rounded caudal fin. Most specimens have been collected over shallow, fine gravel shoals with moderate to swift flow, usually near the stream bank.

The Caddo madtom is a species of fish in the family Ictaluridae endemic to the United States. N. taylori was named in honor of William Ralph Taylor, U.S. National Museum, in recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of catfishes. They average 2 to 4 inches long and weigh no more than a few ounces. N. taylori has a small to tiny, fragmented range, but is mostly found in the Caddo, Ouachita, and Little Missouri Rivers in southwestern Arkansas. Ecological studies indicate that dam and bridge construction poses barriers to dispersal and migration of fish in the Ouachita Highlands. IUCNredlist.org states that better information is needed on life history, reproductive biology, and ecology of the Caddo madtom. This species is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. Limited range makes this species vulnerable to habitat destruction/degradation from impoundment, pollution, and other factors. Robison and Buchanan (1988) stated, "this rare species should be considered threatened due to loss of habitat". Warren et al. (2000) categorized the species as "threatened".

Noturus flavus, the stonecat, is a North American freshwater catfish of the family Ictaluridae. The common name is due to its habit of hiding near or under stones in fast-moving water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tadpole madtom</span> Species of fish

The tadpole madtom is a species of fish in the family Ictaluridae. It is native to Canada and the United States.

The smoky madtom is a species of catfish. Little information exists about the smoky madtom, along with other members of the Noturus species, due to the high turbidity in which they spawn, preventing observation, as well as their nocturnal behaviors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chucky madtom</span> Species of fish

The chucky madtom is a critically endangered freshwater fish endemic to the U.S. state of Tennessee.

The elegant madtom is a fish native to Tennessee, Alabama, and Kentucky, and is one of twenty-nine species of madtom. It prefers to live in small rivers and gravel-bottomed creeks. The average lifespan of the elegant madtom is two years.

<i>Noturus exilis</i> Species of fish

Noturus exilis, also called the slender madtom, is a species of the catfish family Ictaluridae. Ictaluridae includes bullheads, madtoms, channel catfish, and blue catfish. Noturus exilis is found in the central portion of the Mississippi River basin, but is most abundant in Ozarkian streams. Slender madtoms occur west of the Mississippi River in the Ozarks of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri north to southern Wisconsin and Minnesota. It also occurs east of the Mississippi River in the uplands of Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky in the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Green drainages. Nelson first described Noturus exilis in 1876. The slender madtom is moderately large with a terminal to sub terminal mouth, flat head, small eyes, and black marginal bands on the median fins. Most slender madtoms are less than 90 millimetres (3.5 in). Noturus flavus and Noturus nocturnus are rather similar in shape and coloration to Norturus exilis. Slender madtoms inhabit small to medium-sized streams, in riffle and flowing pool habitats with coarse gravel to slab rock substrates. The presence of a shelter object, such as a large rock, seems to be important in habitat selection.

<i>Noturus fasciatus</i> Species of fish

Noturus fasciatus is a rare freshwater fish native to the U.S. state of Tennessee. It was first described as a species separate from Noturus crypticus in 2005. It is restricted to the Duck River system and is also found in two minor tributaries on the lower section of the Tennessee River. This species dwells in small to medium-sized streams where they can be found under gravel, rubble, and slab rock. They feed mostly on insects such as: stone, cattus and mayfly larvae.

The piebald madtom is a species of madtom catfish that is found in seven river systems in the Tennessee and Mississippi coastal tributaries. The most common systems N. gladiator is found in are, the Hatchie River, Obion River, and Wolf River. This species is very susceptible to environmental changes including flow regimes, siltation in nesting sites, and poor environmental quality. The Noturus catfish reproduces from February to September and females reach sexual maturity in only one year. Current management strategies for this recently discovered species haven't been completely developed yet, but could be comparative to the management of other madtom species. Siltation in the southern portions of the rivers, inhabited by Noturus gladiator that comes from the northern aspects of the waterways is causing stress on the reproductive success due to nest suffocation. There are records as close as twenty years ago showing the species inhabiting multiple other rivers around the areas it currently inhabits. This could be a sign that the species is in a decline. There should be population surveys done on the existing habitat and water quality surveys done in the inhabited areas as well as the uninhabited neighboring areas to see what the limiting pollutant might be in the water causing habitats to shrink. The area that this species inhabits needs to be managed in a way that could see a resurgence in gladiators numbers.

Noturus hildebrandi, also known as the least madtom, is a species of catfish. Its native range stretches from the Obion River in Kentucky to the Homochitto River in Mississippi.

The speckled madtom is a small freshwater fish found in the southeastern United States that belongs to the genus Noturus of the family Ictaluridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brindled madtom</span> Species of fish

The brindled madtom is a small catfish of the family Ictaluridae that is native to the eastern United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freckled madtom</span> Species of fish

The freckled madtom a species of freshwater madtom (catfish) found in the eastern United States. The freckled madtom is a benthic feeder mostly of invertebrates and usually inhabits waters that are medium to large in size, living mostly in riffle areas that have mostly clear waters and rocky bottoms. Its spawning season occurs from spring to early summer in riffle areas, and sexual maturation occurs after two years.

The northern madtom is a freshwater fish.

References

  1. NatureServe (2013). "Noturus eleutherus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T202684A18235224. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202684A18235224.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Swain, J.; Kalb, G.B. (1883). "A review of the genus Noturus with a description of one new species". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 5: 638–644. doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.332.638 .
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Starnes, Lynn B.; Starnes, Wayne C. (1985). "Ecology and Life History of the Mountain Madtom, Noturus eleutherus (Pisces: Ictaluridae)". American Midland Naturalist. 114 (2): 331–341. doi:10.2307/2425608. JSTOR   2425608.
  4. "Noturus eleutherus". Florida Museum of Natural History. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 Helfrich, Lou; Newcomb, Tammy; Hallerman, Eric; Stein, Ken (July 2005). "Mountain Madtom". eFish: The Virtual Aquarium. Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  6. 1 2 Thomas, R., Matthew. 2002. Morphological Discrimination of Notrus Stigmosus and N. Eleutherus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) In the Ohio River Basin. Southeastern Naturalist 1:325-338.
  7. 1 2 "Mountain Madtom (Noturus eleutherus)" (PDF). Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program.
  8. Egge, J. D., Jacob, and Andrew M. Simons. 2010. Evolution of venom delivery structures in madtom catfishes (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102: 115-129.
  9. "Best Management Practices - Mountain Madtom" (PDF). Missouri Department of Conservation.
  10. "Mountain Madtom in Alabama". Outdoor Alabama. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
  11. Coombs, A., Joyce. 2011. Bringing Back Aquatic Diversity: The pigeon River Recovery Project. pers. comm.