Nelson Antonio Denis is an American attorney,author,film director,and former representative to the New York State Assembly. From 1997 through 2000,Denis represented New York's 68th Assembly district,which includes the East Harlem and Spanish Harlem neighborhoods,both highly populated by Latinos.[1][2][3][4]
His most recent work is War Against All Puerto Ricans,a non-fiction book,about the life of Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos,and the treatment of Puerto Rican nationalists by agencies of the United States government.[8][9][10]
Early life and education
Denis was born in New York City borough of Manhattan to Antonio Denis Jordan,a native of Cuba of French descent,and Sarah Denis,originally from Puerto Rico.[11] After his father was peremptorily deported back to his homeland,when Nelson was eight years old,he was raised by his mother and grandmother.[12]
Denis wrote the screenplay adaptation of his own book War Against All Puerto Ricans (Nation Books,2015). According to The Daily News a feature film of War Against All Puerto Ricans was being planned from this screenplay and several actors,including Luís Guzmán,were interested in the project.[17]
He is a strong proponent of Puerto Rican independence because of the "rigged capitalism the United States has forced on its Caribbean colony."[46][21] He has also written extensively about the Jones Act,and its economic impact on Puerto Rico.[18]
His article on the status of Latino publishing in the U.S.[20] was the second most-read editorial in Publishers Weekly for the year of 2017.[47]
Advocacy and New York State Assembly
Assemblyman Nelson Denis
Before and during his years as an assemblyman,Denis conducted a neighborhood legal clinic that provided advocacy,advice,and free legal services to the residents of East Harlem.[13][14][48][49]
Denis majored in Government at Harvard,[3] and was involved in New York State government for fourteen years.
In 1995,as deputy director of Yucahu Inc.,an East Harlem community group,Denis opposed the merger of Chemical Bank and Chase Manhattan due to inadequate service to the community.[50][51]
Denis was a member of the East Harlem Community Board (C.B. 11),the Area Policy Board,and the director of strategic planning for the Harlem Community Development Corporation.[13][52][53]
In 1996 Denis won a seat in the New York State Assembly,where he served as a Democrat from 1997 to 2000,and developed a reputation as a reformer.[54] He was also a New York State Democratic District Leader from 1995 to 2001.[14]
The press noted that his mother,Sarah Denis,worked 12-hour days on the campaign trail and that Denis was himself an untiring campaigner who was "often seen throughout the neighborhood campaigning on the back of a blue bus."[13][55]
Latin Kings controversy
Nelson Denis and his mother,Sarah
In 1994,Denis entered into a controversial relationship with the Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation. While jogging along the FDR Drive,he ran into a group of 500 Latin Kings and recruited them into his campaign for the State Assembly.[52]
Denis and the Latin Kings cleaned up several parks in East Harlem,and attended community board meetings together.[52][55] Denis also pledged that,if he won,he would help the Latin Kings to create a community non-profit corporation,a leadership training course,and a construction apprenticeship program to rehabilitate roughly 800 abandoned buildings in East Harlem.[55]
Denis maintained that "the Kings are the product of 20 years of neglect. These are the youth that Reagan forgot."[55] However,others did not agree. His opponent,the incumbent Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro,said "they're gangsters and a threat."[55]
Another early skeptic was Denis's mother. She laid down rules that included no beepers or babies in the office,but she gradually learned to work with them.[55]
Despite this controversy,the New York Times endorsed Denis for the State Assembly that year.[56]
The film was based on Denis's own experiences in East Harlem. Many East Harlem residents,musicians,and even local politicians appeared in the film,which "blurred the line between reality and fiction to capture the spectacle of New York City politics."[3][57]Vote For Me! screened in over a dozen film festivals in New York and Puerto Rico,and was well received by the press.
The New York Times declared it "reminiscent of Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing,but with a lighter touch."[3][57]
The Boston Globe found it "ebullient...politically charged...mixes quirkiness and cultural poignancy."[60]
Denis wrote,produced and directed the feature film Make America Great Again,a dark comedy about the immigrant experience in America,which premiered at the Chelsea Film Festival in New York City.[69]
According to The Huffington Post,"The film traces the adventures of Rogelio Yola,a dreamer from the Dominican Republic who comes to America in search of a job,gets falsely accused of terrorism,and is chased by ICE agents for nearly half the movie. Aside from one of the most outrageous chase sequences in recent cinema history,the film offers an intelligent,ironic and politically astute vision of US immigration policy."[70]
Long Island Weekly reported that,"With the daily political narrative being defined within a truth-is-stranger-than-fiction framework,filmmaker Nelson Denis has taken a satirical crack at addressing these strange times we currently live in. The former New York State Assemblyman and acclaimed author of War Against All Puerto Ricans recently shot Make America Great Again,a feature film that takes a look at the trials and travails of an undocumented immigrant from the Dominican Republic,played by Angel "Chi Chi" Salazar (Scarface (1983 film)."[72]
In New York City,the film received additional newspaper[73] and radio[74] coverage from the Latino press,and was invited to the Chelsea Film Festival,for a world premiere on October 20,2018.[75][76][69]
In Spring 2019,Make America Great Again was commercially distributed in Puerto Rico.[77] While playing in movie theatres throughout the island,the film received major coverage from the island's largest newspapers.[78][79][80][81]
Denis is the author of War Against All Puerto Ricans,which was published on April 7,2015. The book is based on recently declassified FBI files,congressional testimony,oral histories,personal interviews and eyewitness accounts. It covers the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s,a series of coordinated armed protests for the independence of Puerto Rico led by the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party,Don Pedro Albizu Campos.[82][83]
The book also documents how the U.S. Army arrested 3,000 Puerto Ricans,deployed thousands of troops and bombarded two towns in order to stop the uprising - the only time in history that the U.S. government intentionally bombed its own citizens.[82][83]
The US Government also dropped incendiary bombs from bi-planes during the Tulsa massacre of African Americans in 1921,as recorded by Buck Colbert Franklin,a noted Oklahoma attorney in Smithsonian Magazine,December 12,2018.
On My 13,1985,Philadelphia Police commissioner,Gregore J. Sambor,ordered a helicopter to drop two one-pound bombs on the roof of MOVE activists. The explosion caused a massive fire destroying an entire city block and the death of 11 inhabitants,mostly children. As described in the May 27,1985 issue of Time Magazine.
Amongst the reviews for the book,the New York Times wrote:"Scathing insights into Washington's response to Albizu Campos's nationalist party and its violent revolution in 1950 that still has broad implications...his perspective of largely overlooked history could not be more timely."[8]
Assemblyman Nelson Denis leads a city hall rally in New York
The New York Daily News wrote:"The book gives a meticulous and riveting account of the decades-long clash between the Puerto Rican independence movement...prepare to be outraged...a timely,eye-opening must-read."[9]Latino Rebels wrote "War Against All Puerto Ricans earns 'instant classic' status…anyone who wants to understand U.S. imperial history from the time of Manifest Destiny needs to read this book."[84]
Mother Jones called the book "The lost history of Puerto Rico's independence movement."[85]
VIBE Magazine wrote that "War Against All Puerto Ricans,in obvious wake of the island's economic turmoil,is relevant in understanding,full circle,why Puerto Rico is where it is today."[86]
Kirkus Reviews described the book as "a scathing examination of American colonial policy in Puerto Rico...a pointed,relentless chronicle of a despicable part of past American foreign policy."[87] In La Respuesta, the reviewer praised "the book's historical value...a must-read for anyone interested in learning more about Puerto Rico."[88]Gozamos reported that "Nelson Denis doesn't just give us history. He gives us history on fire…a thoroughly researched indictment of over a century of U.S. policy toward one small island…a full-throated eulogy of brave heroes,men and women of conviction,who devoted every drop of their blood to a people and a principle."[89]
The New York Daily News noted that the Independence Party of Puerto Rico scheduled an eight-town tour for the book on the island of Puerto Rico.[93] The Daily News also reported that the book "has become the subject of political water-cooler talk,national TV and newspaper coverage - including a three-part series of articles in El Nuevo Dia - and a letter from Puerto Rico's governor,Alejandro Garcia Padilla,to the book's domestic distributor recognizing its significance."[93]
A year after its publication,Rain Taxi reported that "Denis's book is a work of history,essential history...an indictment and a call to action."[94]
The book has stirred some controversy. One historian questioned Denis' writing style and "resourceful imagination."[95] Another stated that it contained "extraordinary and incredible assertions" and that Chapter 14 should have "more references."[96] Denis responded to these concerns with a detailed article in the University of Puerto Rico newspaper,Diálogo UPR.[97]
Denis also wrote the screenplay adaptation of his book War Against All Puerto Ricans. According to The Daily News a feature film of War Against All Puerto Ricans was being planned from this screenplay and several actors,including Luís Guzmán,were strongly interested in the project.[17]
In March 2016,El Nuevo Dia, the largest newspaper in Puerto Rico,reported on the 25 best-selling books in Puerto Rico over the past year (2015-2016). War Against All Puerto Ricans topped the entire list.[98]
The 1954 United States Capitol shooting was a domestic terrorist attack on March 1, 1954, by four Puerto Rican nationalists seeking to promote Puerto Rican independence from the United States. They fired 30 rounds from semi-automatic pistols onto the legislative floor from the Ladies' Gallery of the House of Representatives chamber within the United States Capitol.
The Ponce massacre was an event that took place on Palm Sunday, March 21, 1937, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, when a peaceful civilian march turned into a police shooting in which 17 civilians and two policemen were killed, and more than 200 civilians wounded. None of the civilians were armed and most of the dead were reportedly shot in their backs. The march had been organized by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to commemorate the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873, and to protest the U.S. government's imprisonment of the Party's leader, Pedro Albizu Campos, on sedition charges.
Juan Antonio Corretjer Montes was a Puerto Rican poet, journalist and pro-independence political activist opposing United States rule in Puerto Rico.
Olga Isabel Viscal Garriga was a public orator and political activist. Born in Brooklyn, New York, she moved to Puerto Rico, where she was a student leader and spokesperson of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party's branch in Rio Piedras. As an advocate for Puerto Rican independence, she was sentenced to eight years in a U.S. federal penitentiary, for refusing to recognize the sovereign authority of the United States over Puerto Rico.
Blanca Canales was an educator and a Puerto Rican Nationalist. Canales joined the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party in 1931 and helped organize the Daughters of Freedom, the women's branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
The Jayuya Uprising, also known as Jayuya Revolt or Cry of Jayuya, was a Nationalist insurrection that took place on October 30, 1950, in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico. The insurrection, led by Blanca Canales, was one of the multiple insurrections that occurred throughout Puerto Rico on that day against the Puerto Rican government supported by the United States. The insurrectionists were opposed to US sovereignty over Puerto Rico.
Oscar Collazo was a Puerto Rican militant of the Nationalist Party. He and Griselio Torresola were responsible for the attempted assassination of U.S. President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C. on November 1, 1950. He had been living in New York City after growing up in Puerto Rico.
José Coll y Cuchí was a lawyer, writer and the founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. He was a member of a Puerto Rican family of politicians, educators and writers.
On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican pro-independence activists Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at the Blair House during the renovation of the White House. Both men were stopped before gaining entry to the house. Torresola mortally wounded White House Police officer Leslie Coffelt, who killed him in return fire. Secret Service agents wounded Collazo. Truman was upstairs in the house and not harmed.
Rosa Collazo a.k.a. Rosa Cortez-Collazo was a political activist and treasurer of the New York City branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. She was the wife of Oscar Collazo one of two Nationalists who attacked Blair House in 1950 in an attempt to kill President Harry Truman. She was accused by the FBI of assisting Nationalists Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Irvin Flores and Andres Figueroa Cordero in their assault on the United States House of Representatives in 1954. She was charged on both occasions with seditious conspiracy for her complicity in a conspiracy to overthrow the United States Government and imprisoned because of her political beliefs.
The Utuado uprising, also known as the Utuado revolt or El Grito de Utuado, refers to the revolt against the United States government in Puerto Rico which occurred on October 30, 1950, in the town of Utuado. There were simultaneous revolts in various other towns in Puerto Rico, including the capital of San Juan and the cities of Mayaguez and Arecibo, plus major confrontations in the city of Ponce and the towns of Peñuelas and Jayuya.
The San Juan Nationalist revolt was one of many uprisings against United States Government rule which occurred in Puerto Rico on October 30, 1950 during the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts. Amongst the uprising's main objectives were an attack on La Fortaleza, and the U.S. Federal Court House Building in Old San Juan.
The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party insurgency was a series of coordinated insurrections for the secession of Puerto Rico led by the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Don Pedro Albizu Campos, against the United States government's rule over the islands of Puerto Rico. The party repudiated the "Free Associated State" status that had been enacted in 1950 and which the Nationalists considered a continuation of colonialism.
José Maldonado, a.k.a. "Aguila Blanca", was a Puerto Rican revolutionary who fought with the Cuban Liberation Army and whose controversial exploits in Puerto Rico have contributed to making him part of Puerto Rican lore.
Isolina Rondón was a political activist. She was one of the few witnesses of the killing of four Nationalists committed by local police officers in Puerto Rico during a confrontation with the supporters of the Nationalist Party that occurred on October 24, 1935, and which is known as the Río Piedras massacre. Rondón joined the political movement and became the Treasurer of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party which staged various uprisings in Puerto Rico against the colonial Government of the United States in 1950.
Ruth Mary Reynolds was an American educator, political and civil rights activist who embraced the ideals of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. She was incarcerated in La Princesa Prison for sedition during the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s. As one of the founders of the organization known as the "American League for Puerto Rico's Independence," she devoted many years of her life to the cause of Puerto Rico's independence from the United States after her release from prison.
Raimundo Díaz Pacheco was a political activist and the Treasurer General of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. He was also commander-in-chief of the Cadets of the Republic, the official youth organization within the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. This quasi-military organization was also known as the Ejército Libertador de Puerto Rico.
Irvin Flores was a political activist, member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and an advocate of Puerto Rican independence. Flores was a leader of the Nationalist faction of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico during the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s. On March 1, 1954, Flores together with fellow Nationalists Lolita Lebrón, Andrés Figueroa Cordero, and Rafael Cancel Miranda entered the United States Capitol building armed with automatic pistols and fired 30 shots. Five Congressmen were wounded, however all the representatives survived and Flores, along with the other three members of his group were immediately arrested.
Andrés Figueroa Cordero was a political activist, member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and an advocate of Puerto Rican independence. On March 1, 1954, with fellow Nationalists Lolita Lebrón, Irvin Flores, and Rafael Cancel Miranda, he entered the United States Capitol building armed with automatic pistols; thirty shots were fired. Five congressmen were wounded but all survived. Figueroa Cordero, along with the other three members of his group, was immediately arrested.
Hiram Rosado was a member of the Cadets of the Republic, the paramilitary wing of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who, together with fellow Cadet Elías Beauchamp, carried out the 1936 assassination of Col. Elisha Francis Riggs, the United States appointed chief of the Puerto Rico Police. Both men were arrested and shot, officially while attempting to escape, at the police headquarters in San Juan. News of the assassinations spread throughout the United States and lead to legislative proposal by U.S. Senator Millard Tydings, to grant independence to Puerto Rico.
References
↑ ¿Que Pasa?: Ex-politician takes a role at directing. Robert Dominguez. Daily News. New York. 3 April 2003. p. 1.
↑ Alumni Spotlight: The Candidate. Taft Bulletin. The Taft School. Summer 2004. p.5
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