Nordpolitik | |
Hangul | 북방정책 |
---|---|
Hanja | 北方政策 |
Revised Romanization | Bukbang jeongchaek |
McCune–Reischauer | Pukpang chŏngch'aek |
Nordpolitik (German for "Northern Policy") was the signature foreign policy of South Korean president Roh Tae-woo. [1] The policy guided South Korean efforts to reach out to the traditional allies of North Korea,with the goal of normalized relations with the closest allies to North Korea,China,and the Soviet Union. By adopting Nordpolitik,South Korea abolished the doctrine of the enemy of my enemy is my friend and understood that the indirect approach was a more plausible way to engage with North Korea. The policy improved the South's economy while leaving the North more isolated and was a dramatic and historic turning point of South Korea's diplomatic goals.
The policy was named after the West German policy of Ostpolitik ("Eastern Policy") towards the then communist East Germany,although the Ostpolitik was aimed directly at a normalization of the relationship between two German states. The successor of the Nordpolitik was the Sunshine Policy,which bore more tangible similarities with the German Ostpolitik.
President Roh Tae-woo recruited Kim Chong-whi as his special assistant on foreign affairs for the implementation of the Nordpolitik policies. On July 7,1988,Roh gave the first high-profile public address on Nordpolitik,revealing a six-point program. [2] Its goal was not only for a greater diversification of South Korea's trading partners but also for ensuring peace and security on the Korean peninsula. [3] This included promotion of trade,exchanges of visits at all levels,humanitarian contacts between the two Koreas and Seoul's discontinuation of opposing nonmilitary trade between North Korea and its allies. The 1988 Summer Olympics planned for September of that year was not mentioned at this speech,but it was later revealed that Nordpolitik was designed to smooth the way for the participation of Soviet Bloc countries at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. While preparing for the Olympics,it was difficult for South Korea to deal with North Korea's appeal for co-sponsorship at the games,and for South Korea later to dissolve the possible boycott from the socialist bloc as proposed by Pyongyang. However,by adopting Nordpolitik policy,Chinese and Soviet teams participated and Seoul successfully hosted the 1988 Olympics. [4]
In 1990,Roh made a press conference immediately after the fall of the Berlin Wall,addressing that the Cold War ice had begun to crack. [5] Roh also repeated saying that the ultimate objective of the Nordpolitik policies was not to isolate North Korea but to induce the North to open up and to reduce military tensions.
North Korea has diplomatic relations with 160 states. The country's foreign relations have been dominated by its conflict with South Korea and its historical ties to the Soviet Union. Both the government of North Korea and the government of South Korea claim to be the sole legitimate government of the whole of Korea. The de facto end of the Korean War left North Korea in a military confrontation with South Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone.
The history of South Korea begins with the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945. At that time,South Korea and North Korea were divided,despite being the same people and on the same peninsula. In 1950,the Korean War broke out. North Korea overran South Korea until US-led UN forces intervened. At the end of the war in 1953,the border between South and North remained largely similar. Tensions between the two sides continued. South Korea alternated between dictatorship and liberal democracy. It underwent substantial economic development.
South Korea maintains diplomatic relations with 191 countries. The country has also been a member of the United Nations since 1991,when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea. South Korea has also hosted major international events such as the 1988 Summer Olympics and 2002 World Cup Football Tournament and the 2011 IAAF World Championships Daegu South Korea. Furthermore,South Korea had hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics which took place in Pyeongchang from 9 to 25 February.
Neue Ostpolitik,or Ostpolitik for short,was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Eastern Europe,particularly the German Democratic Republic beginning in 1969. Influenced by Egon Bahr,who proposed "change through rapprochement" in a 1963 speech at the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing,the policies were implemented beginning with Willy Brandt,fourth Chancellor of the FRG from 1969 to 1974,and winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to place this policy at the acme of the FRG.
Korean reunification is the aspired unification of North Korea and South Korea into a singular Korean sovereign state. The process towards reunification of the peninsula while still maintaining two opposing regimes was started by the June 15th North–South Joint Declaration in June 2000,was reaffirmed by the October 4th Declaration in October 2007 and the Panmunjom Declaration in April 2018,and the joint statement of United States President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at the Singapore Summit in June 2018. In the Panmunjom Declaration,the two countries agreed to work to officially end the Korean conflict in the future.
Roh Tae-woo was a South Korean politician and army general who served as the 6th president of South Korea from 1988 to 1993. He was the first democratically elected president of South Korea.
Kim Dae-jung was a South Korean politician and activist who served as the 8th president of South Korea from 1998 to 2003.
The Korean conflict is an ongoing conflict based on the division of Korea between North Korea and South Korea,both of which claim to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea. During the Cold War,North Korea was backed by the Soviet Union,China,and other allies,while South Korea was backed by the United States,United Kingdom,and other Western allies.
The Sunshine Policy is one of the approaches for South Korea's foreign policy towards North Korea.
Formerly a single nation that was annexed by Japan in 1910,the Korean Peninsula has been divided into North Korea and South Korea since the end of World War II on 2 September 1945. The two governments were founded in the two regions in 1948,leading to the consolidation of division. The two countries engaged in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 which ended in an armistice agreement but without a peace treaty. North Korea is a one-party totalitarian state run by the Kim family. South Korea was formerly governed by a succession of military dictatorships,save for a brief one-year democratic period from 1960 to 1961,until thorough democratization in 1987,after which direct elections were held. Both nations claim the entire Korean Peninsula and outlying islands. Both nations joined the United Nations in 1991 and are recognized by most member states. Since the 1970s,both nations have held informal diplomatic dialogues in order to ease military tensions.
Russia–South Korea relations or Russian–South Korean relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Russia and South Korea. Modern relations between the two countries began on September 30,1990. Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,relations became very tense after South Korea imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed South Korea on a list of "unfriendly countries",along with Taiwan,Japan,Singapore,the United States,European Union members,NATO members,Canada,Australia,New Zealand,Norway,Switzerland,Micronesia and Ukraine.
Hungary–South Korea relations refer to bilateral relations between Hungary and South Korea. Hungary has an embassy in Seoul and an honorary consulate in Incheon. South Korea has an embassy in Budapest.
Kang Young-Hoon was a South Korean politician who served as the second prime minister of the sixth South Korean republic,from 16 December 1988 until 27 December 1990.
Presidential elections were held in South Korea on 16 December 1987. They marked the establishment of the Sixth Republic,as well as the end of the authoritarian rule that had prevailed in the country for all but one year since its founding in 1948. They were the first direct presidential elections since 1971. For the previous 15 years,presidents had been indirectly elected by the National Conference for Unification,an electoral college dominated by the governing party.
Lee Bum Suk was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from 1982 until his death in 1983. He was among the victims of the Rangoon bombing in Myanmar.
Jeong Seung-hwa was a South Korean general officer,and the 22nd Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army. He was present at the Blue House presidential compound,site of the assassination of President Park Chung-hee,when it took place on 26 October 1979.
The June Democratic Struggle,also known as the June Democracy Movement and the June Uprising,was a nationwide pro-democracy movement in South Korea that generated mass protests from June 10 to 29,1987. The demonstrations forced the ruling government to hold direct presidential elections and institute other democratic reforms,which led to the establishment of the Sixth Republic,the present-day government of South Korea.
Hyun Hong-choo was a South Korean lawyer,politician and diplomat.
The opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics took place at Seoul Olympic Stadium in Seoul,South Korea,on 17 September 1988 at 10:30 KDT (UTC+10). The official song of this game was "Hand in Hand",which was performed by Koreana. The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Roh Tae-woo.
Kim Ok-suk is the widow of South Korean President Roh Tae-woo. She was the first lady when Roh Tae-woo was in office,from 1988 to 1993.