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 Norfolk and Western Y3 No. 2040 pulling a coal train at a Bluefield, West Virginia yard in April 1921 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Norfolk and Western Y3 Class was a class of 2-8-8-2 "Mallet" articulated steam locomotives with a total of 80 locomotives built for the Norfolk and Western Railway between 1919 and 1923.
In March 1918, the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W), which had been experimenting with Mallet locomotives to satisfy their growing mainline coal traffic over the Blue Ridge Mountains, introduced Y2 class 2-8-8-2 No. 1700, which was constructed at the Railway's shops in Roanoke, Virginia. [6] [7] When No. 1700 was placed into service, it was quickly deemed a success, being able to produce 135,600 lbf (603.18 kN) of tractive effort with simple expansion, and 104,300 lbf (463.95 kN) with compound expansion, but the locomotive's flawed boiler and firebox design prevented it from producing enough required steam. [7] [8]
During this time, the United States Railroad Administration (USRA), which was created to control and standardize North American railroads during World War I, assigned the N&W, the Virginian Railway, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) to their Pocahontas Region, with N&W president Nicholas D. Mahler serving as the regional manager. [8] The USRA’s mechanical engineering committee, which included two staff members from the N&W's engineering team, used the N&W's Y2 prototype as the basis for the USRA's standard 2-8-8-2 design, with the boiler and firebox problems being solved. [8]
The USRA 2-8-8-2's were designed with 25-by-32-inch (640 mm × 810 mm) high-pressure cylinders, 36-by-32-inch (910 mm × 810 mm) low-pressure cylinders, 57-inch (1,400 mm) diameter driving wheels, and a working boiler pressure of 240 psi (1.7 MPa), and they were able to generate a tractive effort of 106,000 lbf (471.51 kN) with compound expansion. [1] [2] [9] A Mellin-type by-pass and intercepting control valve was used to transition the locomotive between simple and compound operations. [9] Other features the USRA design came with included the Type A Schmidt Superheater, the N&W-style short frame Baker valve gear, and smokebox-mounted air pumps. [9] [5]
Their tenders originally carried 16 short tons (32,000 lb) of coal and 12,000 US gallons (45,000 L) of water. [2] The N&W received forty-five locomotives (Nos. 2000-2044) of the USRA design in February, April, and May of 1919 from the American Locomotive Company's (ALCO) Schenectady Works, and the railway classified them as Y3's. [1] [3] [lower-alpha 1] Five more Y3's (Nos. 2045-2049) were delivered from the Baldwin Locomotive Works in August and September that same year. [1] [3] While the N&W was also allowed to continue ordering 1700 series Y2 class locomotives, the N&W was satisfied with the Y3's superior performance, since they were able to travel with more reliable counterbalancing. [10] [11]
Between March and June of 1923, three years the N&W was released from USRA control, the N&W decided to order thirty copies of the USRA 2-8-8-2's from ALCO's Richmond, Virginia Works, and they were classified as Y3a's (Nos. 2050-2079). [1] [12] Towards the end of the 1920s, the N&W began rebuilding and modifying all their Y3's and Y3a's; their air pumps were moved to the right side of the boiler; they were equipped with a Worthington BL feedwater heater on the left side; and their boiler pressure was raised to 270 psi (1.9 MPa), resulting in their tractive effort being boosted to 136,985 lbf (609.34 kN) with simple expansion and 114,154 lbf (507.78 kN) with compound expansion. [5] Their tenders were replaced with larger ones that carried 30 short tons (60,000 lb) of coal and 22,000 US gallons (83,000 L) of water. [5]
When the Y3's were first placed into service in 1919, they were assigned alongside the Y2's in pulling the N&W's heavy coal trains over their steep grades. [11] Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the Y3's and Y3a's were assigned in general freight service on all the N&W's mainlines and branch lines. [5] Some Y3's were also used alongside the Y2's as switchers at their coal classification yards, such as the East Portsmouth, Ohio yard. [13] One Y3, No. 2006, was modified with a booster called a "Bethlehem Auxiliary Locomotive", which consisted of two powered trucks beneath the tender, and it increased the locomotive's tractive effort by 34,500 lbf (153.46 kN), allowing for more efficient switching maneuvers. [14]
Towards their final years in service, the Y3's replaced the Z1 class 2-6-6-2's in pulling 10,000-short-ton (9,100 t; 8,900-long-ton) coal trains from Crewe to Roanoke. [5] [15] In June 1956, No. 2003 became the first Y3 to be retired from the N&W and sold for scrap, and within the next two years, the rest of the Y3's were also withdrawn from service, as the N&W began to dieselize their roster. [3] [16] Most of the Y3a's followed suit in 1958 and 1959. [3] [16]
During World War II, the N&W sold several of their surplus steam locomotives, including seventeen Y2's, nineteen Y3's, and all the K3 class 4-8-2's, to other railroads in need of extra motive power to help assist the wartime shipments. [5] [17] [18] In particular, six Y3's were sold in May 1943 to the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), which held a 30% share in N&W's stock at the time. [19] [20] The PRR reclassified their Y3's as HH1's, renumbered them as Nos. 373-378, and assigned them to operate out of their mainline terminal in Enola, Pennsylvania and on their Harrisburg—Hagerstown branch. [19] [20]
Throughout 1943, eight other Y3's were sold to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, where they were renumbered as Nos. 1790-1797. [18] [20] The Santa Fe assigned the eight 2-8-8-2's to operate on Raton Pass, where they helped push heavy freight trains up the Raton grade, and they sometimes assisted 4-8-4's in pulling longer passenger consists. [18] The railroad quickly became ambivalent to Nos. 1790-1797's performances; while they were able to assist longer trains at Raton Pass, the locomotives' slow speeds made them incompatible with the Santa Fe's fast-moving operations. [18]
In December 1947, the Santa Fe sold Nos. 1790-1796 to the Virginian Railway, where they were renumbered again as Nos. 736-742, reclassified as USE's, and rebuilt at their Princeton, West Virginia shops. [18] [20] The Virginian purchased the former Y3's to replace their aging 2-10-10-2's, and the USE's were assigned to pull the railway's heavy coal trains over the Clark's Gap ruling grade. [15] [18] When the Virginian acquired diesel locomotives from Fairbanks-Morse in 1954, all the USE's were retired from the roster. [18]
In June 1945, the N&W sold five more Y3's to the Union Pacific Railroad (UP), where they were renumbered as Nos. 3670-3674. [18] [20] The UP assigned their five 2-8-8-2's to operate around Green River and Rock Springs, Wyoming, and while they were shown to be successful in stop gap purposes, they were quickly deemed surplus, since the UP's 4-6-6-4 "Challengers" and 4-8-8-4 "Big Boys" were more powerful and reliable. [18] [19] Nos. 3670-3674 were all scrapped in 1948. [19]
Only one of the Y3a's, No. 2050, has been preserved. [5] In 1958 and 1959, several Y3a's were sold for scrap to the Armco Steel Corporation in Middletown, Ohio, but No. 2050 was one of three such locomotives that Armco chose at random to be used as stationary boilers. [21] [22] [23] The other two Y3a's were eventually scrapped, but No. 2050 remained in outdoor storage until 1975, when it was donated to the Illinois Railway Museum (IRM), and the following year, it was moved to the museum's property in Union, Illinois for static display. [22] [23] [24]
In January 1927, the N&W received ten more copies (Nos. 2080-2089) of the USRA 2-8-8-2's from ALCO's Richmond Works. [5] [25] The ten mallets, along with some Southern Railway Ps-4 class 4-6-2's, were the very last locomotives to be built at the Richmond plant before ALCO shut it down, and they were the very last steam locomotives the N&W ordered from an outside manufacturer; every future steam locomotive the railway ordered would be built at their Roanoke shops. [17] [25] Nos. 2080-2089 were classified as Y3b's, since they were heavier at 567,000 pounds (257,000 kg) and came with some different design features from the Y3's and Y3a's; their air compressors were always mounted on the left side of the boiler; they were built with Worthington BL feedwater heaters; and their tenders held different capacities—23 short tons (46,000 lb) of coal and 16,000 US gallons (61,000 L) of water. [25]
In October 1927, the Y3b's were all reclassified as Y4's, and in later years, they received some modifications to improve their performances; their boiler pressure was boosted from 240 psi (1.7 MPa) to 270 psi (1.9 MPa); their driving wheel diameter was increased from 57 inches (1,400 mm) to 58 inches (1,500 mm); and they received larger tenders that carried 26 short tons (52,000 lb) of coal and 18,000 US gallons (68,000 L) of water. [25] [26] In 1953, the Y4s' tender capacity was further boosted to 27 short tons (54,000 lb) of coal and 24,000 US gallons (91,000 L) of water, when the locomotives received eight-axle tenders formerly paired with Atlantic Coast Line R-1 class 4-8-4's. [25] [26] The Y4 locomotives were assigned in general freight and mine switching service alongside the older Y3's, but all of them were retired and scrapped in 1958. [26]
The Norfolk and Western Railway, commonly called the N&W, was a US class I railroad, formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982. It was headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia, for most of its existence. Its motto was "Precision Transportation"; it had a variety of nicknames, including "King Coal" and "British Railway of America". In 1986, N&W merged with Southern Railway to form today's Norfolk Southern Railway.
A 2-8-8-2, in the Whyte notation for describing steam locomotive wheel arrangements, is an articulated locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, two sets of eight driving wheels, and a two-wheel trailing truck. The equivalent UIC classification is, refined to Mallet locomotives, (1'D)D1'. These locomotives usually employ the Mallet principles of articulation—with the rear engine rigidly attached to the boiler and the front engine free to rotate—and compounding. The 2-8-8-2 was a design largely limited to American locomotive builders. The last 2-8-8-2 was retired in 1962 from the N&W's roster, two years past the ending of steam though steam was still used on steel mill lines and other railroads until 1983.
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as eight coupled.
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 2-6-6-2 is a locomotive with one pair of unpowered leading wheels, followed by two sets of three pairs of powered driving wheels and one pair of trailing wheels. The wheel arrangement was principally used on Mallet-type articulated locomotives, although some tank locomotive examples were also built. A Garratt locomotive or Golwé locomotive with the same wheel arrangement is designated 2-6-0+0-6-2 since both engine units are pivoting.
The 2-6-6-6 is an articulated locomotive type with two leading wheels, two sets of six driving wheels and six trailing wheels. Only two classes of the 2-6-6-6 type were built. One was the "Allegheny" class, built by the Lima Locomotive Works. The name comes from the locomotive's first service with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway beginning in 1941, where it was used to haul loaded coal trains over the Allegheny Mountains. The other was the "Blue Ridge" class for the Virginian Railway. These were some of the most powerful reciprocating steam locomotives ever built, at 7,500 hp, and one of the heaviest at 386 tons for the locomotive itself plus 215 tons for the loaded tender.
The Norfolk and Western J class was a class of 14 4-8-4 "Northern" streamlined steam locomotives built by the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) at its Roanoke Shops in Roanoke, Virginia, between 1941 and 1950. The most powerful 4-8-4 locomotives ever produced, the J class were part of the N&W's "Big Three" that represented the pinnacle of steam technology.
Norfolk and Western 475 is a 4-8-0 "Twelve-wheeler" type steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in June 1906 as part of the Norfolk and Western Railway's (N&W) first order of M class numbered 375–499. It was first assigned to haul freight trains on the N&W mainline before being reassigned to branch line duties on the Blacksburg Branch in the 1920s.
Norfolk and Western 1218 is a preserved four-cylinder simple articulated 2-6-6-4 steam locomotive, built in June 1943 by the Norfolk and Western's (N&W) Roanoke Shops in Roanoke, Virginia as part of the N&W's class "A" fleet of fast freight locomotives. It was retired from regular revenue service in July 1959, and was later restored by Norfolk Southern for excursion service for their steam program, pulling excursions throughout the eastern United States from 1987 to 1991. It is currently on display at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia.
Norfolk and Western 2156 is a preserved Y6a class 2-8-8-2 compound Mallet steam locomotive. The Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) built it in 1942 at its own Shops in Roanoke, Virginia as the second member of the N&W's Y6a class. No. 2156 and its class are considered to be the world's strongest-pulling extant steam locomotive to ever be built.
The Norfolk and Western M, M1 and M2 Classes were a series of 4-8-0 steam locomotives owned and operated by the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). The M Classes were primarily assigned to pull the N&W's mainline freight trains, but following the introduction of the railway's Y Class 2-8-8-2's, the M Classes were reassigned to short line freight service.
St. Louis–San Francisco 4018 is a class USRA Light 2-8-2 "Mikado" steam locomotive which operated for three decades hauling freight between Bessemer and Birmingham, Alabama, on the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway. It went on display at the Alabama State Fairgrounds in 1952 and is one of only a few locomotives of its type that survive.
The USRA Light Pacific was a USRA standard class of steam locomotive designed under the control of the United States Railroad Administration, the nationalized railroad system in the United States during World War I. It was the standard light passenger locomotive of the USRA types, with a 4-6-2 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, or 2′C1′ in UIC classification.
The USRA 2-8-8-2 was a USRA standard class of steam locomotive designed under the control of the United States Railroad Administration, the nationalized railroad system in the United States during World War I. These locomotives were of 2-8-8-2 wheel arrangement in the Whyte notation, or (1'D)'D1' in UIC classification. A total of 106 locomotives were built to this plan for the USRA; postwar, it became a de facto standard design.
Southern Railway 630 is a 2-8-0 "Consolidation" type steam locomotive built in February 1904 by American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of Richmond, Virginia for the Southern Railway (SOU) as a member of the Ks-1 class. It was primarily assigned to haul freight trains on the Murphy Branch between Asheville and Murphy, North Carolina until its retirement in the 1950s. No. 630, along with sister locomotive No. 722, were sold to the East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (ET&WNC) to be served as switchers.
Grand Canyon Railway 4960 is a preserved O-1A class 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive built in August 1923 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q). It was used by the CB&Q to pull freight trains, until 1958, when the locomotive pulled its first excursion fantrip, as part of the railroad's steam excursion program.
Atlantic Coast Line 1504 is a 4-6-2 steam locomotive built in March 1919 by American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of Richmond, Virginia, for the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) as a member of the P-5-A class under the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) standard. No. 1504 was assigned to pull ACL's premier main line passenger trains during the 1920s to early 40s and even secondary passenger trains and main line freight trains in the late 1940s until it was retired from revenue service at the end of 1952.
The Atlantic Coast Line R-1 was a class of 12 4-8-4 Northern type steam locomotives built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1938 and operated by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad until the early 1950s. They were immediately assigned to passenger service but eventually saw service pulling freight.
The Chesapeake and Ohio class H-8 was a class of 60 simple articulated 2-6-6-6 steam locomotives built by the Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio between 1941 and 1948, operating until the mid 1950s. The locomotives were among the most powerful steam locomotives ever built and hauled fast, heavy freight trains for the railroad. Only two units were preserved; Nos. 1601 and 1604.
Norfolk and Western 2174 was a Y6b class 2-8-8-2 compound Mallet steam locomotive, built by the Norfolk and Western Railway's (N&W) own Roanoke Shops, in 1948. No. 2174 and the other Y6bs were notably some of the most powerful steam locomotives ever built, being able to pull heavy freight and coal trains, unassisted. They were also some of the last steam locomotives ever built in the United States.
Norfolk and Western 2050 is a Y3a class 2-8-8-2 Compound Mallet steam locomotive built in March 1923 by the American Locomotive Company's (ALCO) Richmond, Virginia Works for the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W). The locomotive primarily helped haul the N&W's freight and coal trains, but by the end of the 1950s, it was relegated as a hump yard switcher.