Nothonotus

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Nothonotus
Etheostoma aquali.jpg
Coppercheek darter (N. aquali)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Percidae
Subfamily: Etheostomatinae
Genus: Nothonotus
Putnam, 1863
Type species
Etheostoma maculata
Kirtland, 1840 [1]

Nothonotus is a genus or subgenus of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the southeastern United States. First proposed as a sub-genus of Etheostoma in 1988, there is still debate regarding the appropriate taxonomic rank of Nothonotus in the literature . [2] [3] [4] Darter species comprise more than 180 of the Percidae taxa. [5]

Contents

Nothonotus species

Phylogenetics

Members of the Nothonotus subspecies last shared a common ancestor approximately 18.5 MYA. [7] Frequent hybridization, the rich diversity of the subgenus, and the limitations of the fossil record complicate phylogenetic assessments, which have not been fully resolved. Various conflicting relationships have been proposed using morphological characters, allozyme analysis, microsatellites, and mtDNA sequencing. [7] [8] [9]

Life history

Nothonotus darters are native to the riffle domains of highly graded drainages in North America. [10] [11] Nothonotus species vary in locality preference, but are known to cooccur in several drainages in the Eastern United States. [12] Nothonotus darters engage in three reproductive strategies: egg burial, egg guarding, and egg tending, strategies hypothesized to have evolved multiple times. [13] Most species have limited mobility, moving approximately 33–100 meters per year. [14] They are restricted to suitable breeding and feeding grounds, making novel niche exploration rare, particularly in fast flowing drainages. [15] Low mobility is hypothesized to have facilitated speciation in regions where multiple species appear to have historical sympatric distributions. [16] Various life history traits like body size determine the niche range available to a particular species. [17] The biogeographic dispersal model has been proposed as the most likely explanation of diversification and speciation of the subgenera. [18] It has also been postulated that speciation occurred following niche partitioning, in response to competition where distributions overlap. [19]

Anthropogenic influences and conservation implications

The low mobility and habitat specialization associated with the subgenus make Nothonotus species particularly sensitive to habitat degradation. [20] Darter populations are frequently assessed as a proxy for stream habitat quality. In a comparative species richness survey, museum specimen from 1948-1955 contained approximately 33% more diversity than samples collected from 2005-2006 in the same localities despite more intensive sampling efforts in contemporary populations. [20] The following Nothonotus species have been designated conservation statuses by IUCN redlist: Vulnerable : N. maculatum, N. acuticeps, N. denoncourti, N. etowahae, N. wapiti; Near threatened: N. aquali, N. tippecanoe; Endangered: N. moorei, N. rubrum. [21] Impoundment by dams and siltation restrict gene flow between previously continuous populations, threatening the genetic diversity of various Nothonotus species. [22] Siltation has been cited as the most concerning mode of habitat destruction in aquatic habitats. [23] Sediment issues occur when anthropogenic activities like mining, deforestation, urbanization, and road construction alter flow regimes and erosion rates. Genetic diversity assessments of Nothonotus populations are often conducted to determine the consequences of siltation on aquatic communities. [24] Coloration, particularly conspicuous in males, is hypothesized to have evolved in response to sexual selection and habitat preference. Species residing higher in the water column, in clear water, and in habitats with low predation typically express stronger nuptial coloration patterns. [25] Sedimentation may also interfere with mate identification due to reduced water clarity.

Related Research Articles

<i>Etheostoma</i> Genus of fishes

Etheostoma is a genus of small freshwater fish in the family Percidae, and within the sub-family Etheostomatinae, native to North America. Most are restricted to the United States, but species are also found in Canada and Mexico. They are commonly known as darters, although the term "darter" is shared by several other genera. Many can produce alarm pheromones that serve to warn nearby fish in case of an attack.

<i>Ammocrypta</i> Genus of fishes

Ammocrypta is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish, commonly known as the sand darters, which is classified in the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The species in the genus occur in eastern North America in Canada and the continental United States.

The ashy darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States.

The Bayou darter is a rare species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to western Mississippi in the United States, where it is found only in Bayou Pierre and its tributaries. Its typical habitat is fast-flowing creeks and streams, in riffles and in areas between riffles with firm gravel bottoms. It feeds on small insects and their larvae. Breeding probably takes place twice a year, in spring and late summer. The population of this fish is declining due to loss of suitable habitat. This is caused by siltation and pollution, particularly erosion caused by changes in land use. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "endangered".

The emerald darter, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found only in northern and eastern Kentucky and northeastern Tennessee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teardrop darter</span> Species of fish

The teardrop darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States. It is only found in Kentucky and Tennessee, where it occurs in the middle to upper reaches of the Green River drainage. It inhabits small rivers and creeks and rocky pools where it feeds on the larvae of blackflies and midges, immature stages of caddisflies and mayflies, and cladocerans and copepods. This species can reach a length of 6 cm (2.4 in), though most only reach about 4.2 cm (1.7 in). This species creates nests in which the females deposit their eggs and these are guarded by the male and have been found to contain between 40 and 80 eggs. The teardrop darter was first formally described by Robert A. Kuehne and James W. Small Jr. in 1971 with the type locality given as Brush Creek, a tributary of the Green River, 2.7 miles north of Liberty, Casey County, Kentucky. The specific name honours Professor Roger W. Barbour (1919-1993) in recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of Kentucky's vertebrate fauna.

The corrugated darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States only known from Caney Fork, Tennessee, where it has been shown to have as many as five subgroups. They are active hunters which prey on insects, fry, and possibly young snails. Multiple species and subspecies of these darters can coexist where substrate is varied, so this must be carefully preserved to accommodate many similar species. With the warming of spring, E. basilare enters its breeding cycle and males develop their dimorphic coloration. Like most darters, it hugs the stream bed, using its body shape and fin posture to maintain its position.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orangefin darter</span> Species of fish

The orangefin darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in Barren River and Green River systems in Tennessee and Kentucky.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buffalo darter</span> Species of fish

The buffalo darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in the tributaries of the lower Duck and lower Tennessee Rivers. It is distinguished from other darter species by the presence of eight anal rays, as well breeding males having a unique hump behind the head reminiscent of a buffalo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenfin darter</span> Species of fish

The greenfin darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States.

The golden darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in the upper Tennessee River, one of the over 300 fish species found in Tennessee.

The stone darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States.

The cherry darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the upper Caney Fork system of the Cumberland River drainage in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

The saffron darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it is found in streams and creeks in Kentucky and Tennessee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swamp darter</span> Species of fish

The swamp darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the Eastern United States.

The stripetail darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States. It is found in small rivers and streams in the states of Tennessee, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. Males are a golden-orange color with black barring on the fins, and grow to a length of about 2.8 in (7 cm). This fish feeds on midge larvae and other small invertebrates. It breeds in the spring; eggs are attached to the substrate, often under slab rocks, where they are guarded by the male. The population trend of this fish seems to be stable and it is a common species with numerous sub-populations over a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

The wounded darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States. Its range includes the upper Tennessee River drainage, western Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. Its typical habitat is among boulders or coarse rubble and cobble, often with overhanging ledges, in medium to large slow-moving rivers. It feeds on small insect larvae, especially midge larvae. Spawning occurs when the water warms up in late spring. Females deposit clutches of adhesive eggs on the underside of rock ledges or slabs, and the male guards the nest. The population trend of this fish seems to be decreasing slowly but it is a relatively common species with numerous sub-populations, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern". The greatest threat comes from impoundment, and a management plan is in place, including captive breeding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yazoo darter</span> Species of fish

The Yazoo darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to north-central Mississippi in the United States, where it is found only in tributaries of the Little Tallahatchie River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Etheostomatinae</span> Subfamily of fishes

Etheostomatinae is a species-rich subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, the members of which are commonly known as the darters. The subfamily is part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The family is endemic to North America. It consists of three to five different genera and well over 200 species. A common name for these fish in southern Indiana is pollywog.

<i>Etheostoma faulkneri</i> Species of fish

The Yoknapatawpha darter is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae. It is endemic to the Yocona River watershed of north-central Mississippi in the United States.

References

  1. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Nothonotus". Catalog of Fishes . California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Nothonotus". FishBase . March 2024 version.
  3. ↑ Ruble, Crystal L.; Rakes, Patrick L.; Shute, John R.; Welsh, Stuart A. (March 2016). "Captive propagation, reproductive biology, and early life history of Etheostoma wapiti (boulder darter), E. vulneratum (wounded darter), and E. maculatum (spotted darter)". Southeastern Naturalist. 15 (1): 115–126. doi:10.1656/058.015.0109. S2CID   88307222.
  4. ↑ Bailey, R. M.; Etnier, D. A. (1988). "Comments on the subgenera of darters (Percidae) with descriptions of two new species of Etheostoma (Ulocentra) from southeastern United States". Miscellaneous Publications. 175. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan: 1–47. hdl: 2027.42/56419 .
  5. ↑ Page and Burr (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  6. ↑ Near, Thomas J.; Bossu, Christen M.; Bradburd, Gideon S.; Carlson, Rose L.; Harrington, Richard C.; Hollingsworth, Phillip R.; Keck, Benjamin P.; Etnier, David A. (1 October 2011). "Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)". Systematic Biology. 60 (5): 565–595. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr052. PMID   21775340.
  7. 1 2 Keck, Benjamin P.; Near, Thomas J. (2008-02-01). "Assessing phylogenetic resolution among mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological datasets in Nothonotus darters (Teleostei: Percidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (2): 708–720. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.015. PMID   17920301.
  8. ↑ Wood, Robert M. (1996-01-01). "Phylogenetic systematics of the darter subgenus Nothonotus (Teleostei: Percidae)". Copeia. 1996 (2): 300–318. doi:10.2307/1446846. JSTOR   1446846.
  9. ↑ Etnier, D. A; Williams, J. D. (1989). "Etheostoma (Nothonotus) wapiti (Osteichthyes: Percidae), a new darter from the southern bend of the Tennessee River system in Alabama and Tennessee". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 102 (4): 987–1000. INIST   6646550.
  10. ↑ Zorach, Timothy (1970-01-01). "The systematics of the percid fish Etheostoma rufilineatum (Cope)". The American Midland Naturalist. 84 (1): 208–225. doi:10.2307/2423737. JSTOR   2423737.
  11. ↑ Eisenhour, David J. (1995-01-01). "Systematics of Etheostoma camurum and E. chlorobranchium (Osteichthyes: Percidae) in the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages with analysis of hybridization in the Nolichucky River system". Copeia. 1995 (2): 368–379. doi:10.2307/1446900. JSTOR   1446900.
  12. ↑ Keck and Near (2010). "A young clade repeating an old pattern: Diversity in Nothonotus darters (Teleostei: Percidae) endemic to the Cumberland River". Molecular Ecology. 19 (22): 5030–5042. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04866.x. PMID   20946590. S2CID   44967411 . Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  13. ↑ Kelly, N. B.; Near, T. J.; Alonzo, S. H. (May 2012). "Diversification of egg-deposition behaviours and the evolution of male parental care in darters (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostomatinae): Evolution of egg deposition in darters". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (5): 836–846. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02473.x . PMID   22356511.
  14. ↑ Freeman, Mary C. (1995-01-01). "Movements by two small fishes in a large stream". Copeia. 1995 (2): 361–367. doi:10.2307/1446899. JSTOR   1446899.
  15. ↑ "darter | fish". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  16. ↑ Fluker, Brook L.; Kuhajda, Bernard R.; Harris, Phillip M. (November 2014). "The influence of life-history strategy on genetic differentiation and lineage divergence in darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)". Evolution. 68 (11): 3199–3216. doi: 10.1111/evo.12505 . PMID   25130551.
  17. ↑ Jason H Knouft (May 2004). "Latitudinal variation in the shape of the species body size distribution: an analysis using freshwater fishes". Oecologia. 139 (3): 408–417. doi:10.1007/s00442-004-1510-x. PMID   15069632.
  18. ↑ Near, Thomas J.; Keck, Benjamin P. (October 2005). "Dispersal, vicariance, and timing of diversification in Nothonotus darters". Molecular Ecology. 14 (11): 3485–3496. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02671.x. PMID   16156817. S2CID   6319671.
  19. ↑ Page, Lawrence M.; Schemske, Douglas W. (1978-01-01). "The effect of interspecific competition on the distribution and size of darters of the subgenus Catonotus (Percidae: Etheostoma)". Copeia. 1978 (3): 406–412. doi:10.2307/1443603. JSTOR   1443603.
  20. 1 2 Gillette, David P.; Fortner, Allison M.; Franssen, Nathan R.; Cartwright, Sara; Tobler, Courtney M.; Wesner, Jeff S.; Reneau, Paulette C.; Reneau, Franz H.; Schlupp, Ingo; Marsh-Matthews, Edie C.; Matthews, William J.; Broughton, Richard E.; Lee, Corey W. (September 2012). "Patterns of change over time in darter (Teleostei: Percidae) assemblages of the Arkansas River basin, northeastern Oklahoma, USA". Ecography. 35 (9): 855–864. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.06560.x.
  21. ↑ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
  22. ↑ Jenkins, Robert E.; Burkhead, Noel M. (1975-01-01). "Recent capture and analysis of the sharphead darter, Etheostoma acuticeps, an endangered percid fish of the upper Tennessee River drainage". Copeia. 1975 (4): 731–740. doi:10.2307/1443325. JSTOR   1443325.
  23. ↑ Chapman, Jacqueline M.; Proulx, Catherine L.; Veilleux, Maxime A. N.; Levert, Caroline; Bliss, Shireen; André, Marie-Ève; Lapointe, Nicolas W. R.; Cooke, Steven J. (2014-06-01). "Clear as mud: A meta-analysis on the effects of sedimentation on freshwater fish and the effectiveness of sediment-control measures". Water Research. 56: 190–202. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.047. PMID   24681235.
  24. ↑ Ross, Stephen T.; O'Connell, Martin T.; Patrick, David M.; Latorre, Carlos A.; Slack, William T.; Knight, Jeremy G.; Wilkins, S. David (December 2001). "Stream erosion and densities of Etheostoma rubrum (Percidae) and associated riffle-inhabiting fishes: biotic stability in a variable habitat". Copeia. 2001 (4): 916–927. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0916:SEADOE]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR   1448381.
  25. ↑ Bossu, Christen M.; Near, Thomas J. (May 2015). "Ecological constraint and the evolution of sexual dichromatism in darters". Evolution. 69 (5): 1219–1231. doi: 10.1111/evo.12655 . PMID   25824960. S2CID   5391630.
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