Nymphaea amazonum

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Nymphaea amazonum
Nymphaea amazonum Fl. Serres 11. 21. 1856.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Genus: Nymphaea
Subgenus: Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis
Species:
N. amazonum
Binomial name
Nymphaea amazonum
Mart. & Zucc. [1]
Synonyms [1]
  • Castalia amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Britton & P.Wilson
  • Leuconymphaea amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Kuntze
  • Nymphaea blanda f. amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Planch.
  • Nymphaea rudgeana var. amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Griseb.
  • Leuconymphaea goudotiana (Planch.) Kuntze
  • Nymphaea alboviridis A.St.-Hil.
  • Nymphaea amazonum var. forma-submersa Sagot
  • Nymphaea amazonum f. goudotiana (Planch.) Casp.
  • Nymphaea amazonum var. goudotiana (Planch.) Conard
  • Nymphaea blanda Hook.
  • Nymphaea foetida Gardner ex Planch.
  • Nymphaea goudotiana Planch.
  • Nymphaea integrifolia Salzm. ex Planch.
  • Nymphaea nocturna March ex Hook.

Nymphaea amazonum is a species of water lily native to the region spanning from Mexico to tropical South America. It has been introduced to Bangladesh. [1]

Contents

Description

Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum from "The waterlilies: a monograph of the genus Nymphaea" by Henry Shoemaker Conard The waterlilies (Plate 19) (7060879859).jpg
Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum from "The waterlilies: a monograph of the genus Nymphaea" by Henry Shoemaker Conard
Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum Nymphaea amazonum Fl. Serres 11. 21. 1856.jpg
Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum

Vegetative characteristics

Nymphaea amazonum is an aquatic herb. [2] It has dark brown to black, subcylindrical rhizomes, which can reach lengths of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) and widths of 3 centimetres (1.2 in). [3] The broadly ovate-elliptic leaf blade reaches 32 centimetres (13 in) in length and 26 centimetres (10 in) in width. [4] The actinodromous venation on the abaxial side of the mature leaf features strongly prominent and rounded veins. [2] The petiole is up to 8 mm wide and exhibits a ring of trichomes towards the apex. [4]

Generative characteristics

Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum from the publication "Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien : nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen" Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien - nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen (1887-1909.) (20935222715).jpg
Botanical illustration of Nymphaea amazonum from the publication "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien : nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen"

The nocturnal flowers float on the water surface. [2] They are attached to 10 mm wide peduncles, which rarely exhibit a ring of trichomes towards the apex. [4] The floral fragrance has been characterised as very pleasant. [5] [6] [7] The fragrance is also said to resemble petrol, xylol, [3] [4] benzene, PDB, turpentine, benzol, xylene, and acetone. [4] Fruits are produced very frequently. [4] Up to 22000 seeds are found in a single fruit. [8] The ovoid seeds are 1.3 mm long and 0.9 mm wide. [3] They are smooth, pilose and exhibit trichomes in continuous longitudinal lines. [2]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 18. [4]

Reproduction

Vegetative reproduction

Nymphaea amazonum is stoloniferous, [4] but does not produce proliferating pseudanthia. [2]

Generative reproduction

The seed dispersal is hydrochorous (i.e. water-dispersed) or ornithochorous (i.e. bird-dispersed). [9]

Taxonomy

It was first described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1832. [1]

Type specimen

The type specimen was collected in Brazil. [4]

Placement within Nymphaea

It is placed in Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis. [4]

Former subspecies

Nymphaea amazonum was sepataed into the two subspecies Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema. [4] This view was later rejected and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema was then treated as a separate species Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul. in 2021. [10]

Conservation

In Puerto Rico, USA Nymphaea amazonum faces habitat destruction. [11] It is considered to be endangered (EN) in Cuba, as it faces diminishing and deteriorating habitats caused by agricultural practices, the influence of exotic flora and fauna, livestock farming, sedimentation, and pollution. [12] In the Liste rouge de la flore vasculaire de Guadeloupe of 2019, Nymphaea amazonum is listed as data deficient (DD). [13]

Ecology

Habitat

In the Pantanal, it can be found in permanent ponds. [14] It is also found in lagoons and canals. [15] It is found growing in mixtures of clay and sand or in sandy-quartzitic soils. [12] Rhizomes of Nymphaea amazonum can endure periods of drought in moist sediments. In the floodplains of the Amazon, it faces competition from aquatic and semi-aquatic grass species. [16]

Pollination

Cyclocephala castanea, a pollinator of Nymphaea amazonum Cyclocephala - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBAINV0274 021 05 0007 (cropped).tif
Cyclocephala castanea, a pollinator of Nymphaea amazonum

The strong floral fragrance attracts beetles of the genus Cyclocephala . [18] The beetle species Cyclocephala castanea pollinates the flowers of Nymphaea amazonum. [17]

Uses

Nymphaea amazonum is used as a medicine and for food. [1] The rhizomes are edible. [14] It has the ability to absorb the pesticides cyhalothrin and imidacloprid from the water. [19] [20] It exhibits antimicrobial properties in the treatment of ulcers. [21] The flowers have been used in the treatment of herpes and erysipelas. [22]

Cultivation

It is rare in cultivation. [8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc". Flora e Funga do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  3. 1 2 3 Stoffers, A.L.; Lindeman, J.C. (1979). Flora of Suriname. Brill. pp. 373–375. ISBN   978-90-04-06062-3 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Wiersema, J. H. (1987). A monograph of Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs, 1-112.
  5. ↑ Otto, F.; Dietrich, A. (1856). Allgemeine Gartenzeitung (in German). Verlag der Nauck'sche Buchhandlung. p. 64. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  6. ↑ Lóczy, L.; Hungary. Földművelésügyi Minisztérium (1897). Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees (in German). In Kommission von E. Hölzel. p. 7-PA33. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  7. ↑ Otto, E.; Mettler, R. (1855). Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung (in German). R. Kittler. p. 4-PA78. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  8. 1 2 Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." p. 76. Germany: Henkel.
  9. ↑ Lot, A. (1999). Catálogo de angiospermas acuáticas de México: hidrófitas estrictas emergentes, sumergidas y flotantes. Cuadernos del Instituto de Biología (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 93. ISBN   978-968-36-7928-4 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  10. ↑ "Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  11. ↑ Woodbury, R.O. (1975). Rare and Endangered Plants of Puerto Rico: A Committee Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. p. 61. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  12. 1 2 Cruz, A.J.U.; González-Oliva, L.; Carbó, R.N. (2010). Libro rojo de la flora vascular de la provincia Pinar del Río (in Spanish). Universidad de Alicante. p. 317. ISBN   978-84-9717-061-1 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  13. ↑ "Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc., 1832". Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  14. 1 2 Damasceno-Junior, G.A.; Pott, A. (2022). Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland. Plant and Vegetation. Springer International Publishing. p. 710. ISBN   978-3-030-83375-6 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  15. ↑ Liogier, A.H.; Martorell, L.F. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis. Ed. de la Universidad. p. 58. ISBN   978-0-8477-0369-2 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  16. ↑ Junk, Wolfgang J.; Piedade, Maria Teresa F. (1997). "Plant Life in the Floodplain with Special Reference to Herbaceous Plants". The Central Amazon Floodplain. Vol. 126. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 147–185. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_8. ISBN   978-3-642-08214-6.
  17. 1 2 Kaufman, L.; Mallory, K.; New England Aquarium Corporation (1993). The Last Extinction. MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN   978-0-262-61089-6 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  18. ↑ Heckman, C.W. (2013). The Pantanal of Poconé: Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World's Largest Pristine Wetland. Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands. p. 178. ISBN   978-94-017-3423-3 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  19. ↑ Arora, N.K.; Kumar, N. (2019). Phyto and Rhizo Remediation. Microorganisms for Sustainability. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 98. ISBN   978-981-329-664-0 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  20. ↑ Malik, J.A. (2022). Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation. Springer International Publishing. p. 68. ISBN   978-3-030-89984-4 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  21. ↑ Rai, M.; Feitosa, C.M. (2022). Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases. CRC Press. p. 39. ISBN   978-1-000-61466-4 . Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  22. ↑ Deutscher Apotheker-Verein (1879). Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Pharmacognosie, Pharmacie und Toxicologie (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 39. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
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