Octopus sinensis

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Octopus sinensis
Octopus sinensis (Osaka Aquarium KAIYUKAN).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Octopodidae
Genus: Octopus
Species:
O. sinensis
Binomial name
Octopus sinensis
d'Orbigny 1834 [1]
Synonyms [2]

Octopus sinensis (commonly known as the East Asian common octopus) is a mollusk belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus sinensis is a shallow-water species found in coastal temperate waters of Japan, South Korea, and China, [3] with the species name, sinensis being Latin for "Chinese". [4] Octopus sinensis is closely related to the Atlantic and Mediterranean common octopus, Octopus vulgaris , another octopus inhabiting the benthic zone; [5] the two are so morphologically similar that O. sinensis was considered a population of Octopus vulgaris until 2017. [5] [3] [6] Octopus sinensis are carnivores that prey upon on many shallow-water animals such as crustaceans and mollusks. [7] [8]

Contents

Description

The East Asian common octopus is adapted to a benthic life at the bottom of the sea. Octopus sinensis has long arms with many suckers used for catching prey, a mantle without a rigid skeleton, which allows them to inhabit and hunt in small spaces and crevices in the seabed, horizontal pupils, and versatile skin with ability to change colors and camouflage themselves with the sea floor. [9] [10] [11] Compared to O. vulgaris, O. sinensis have a broader mantle and relatively shorter arms with about 80 fewer suckers. [3] Additionally, the third arm on the right of mature male O. sinensis have far fewer suckers than the same arm on O. vulgaris (120-140 vs. 150–190). [12] This hectocotylized third right arm possesses erectile tissue on its tip and a channel for sperm packets. During copulation, O. sinensis males insert their third right arm into the female's mantle. [13]

Taxonomy

The species was first described by Alcide d'Orbigny in 1834. [14] It was not until 2017 that O. sinensis was proven a separate species from O. vulgaris on the basis of molecular and morphological features, [5] after zoologist Ian G. Gleadall designated a neotype O. sinensis in 2016. [15]

In 2015, taxonomists Amanda Reid and Nerida Wilson in 2015 described a new species, O. jollyorum, based on specimens collected from Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands in 2011, which were part of the O. vulgaris complex. Reid and Wilson identified morphological similarities between these specimens and O. sinensis, but decided to create a new description due to there being no available type specimen of O. sinensis. [16] O. jollyorum was recognised as a junior synonym of O. sinensis in 2020. [17]

Development

O. sinensis with octopus pots. Octopus sinensis.jpg
O. sinensis with octopus pots.

The East Asian common octopus goes through a several-week planktonic phase, in which they are floating in the open ocean. [18] [19] This occurs early in their development prior to their permanent benthic habitation, similar to many benthic octopus species. [20] [21] [18] Right after hatching and during their planktonic phase, they experience the paralarva stage, with a morphology similar to those of juveniles and adults of the same species. [22] The paralarvae have certain characteristics that differ from the adult stage, which allow them to thrive in the planktonic phase, such as transparent musculature, circular pupils rather than horizontal ones, a proportionately larger mantle (2.1 mm (0.083 in) in length) and shorter arms with fewer suckers (three to four on each arm), and a finely toothed beak. [9] [18] [22] [19] [20] However, not much is known about the early life stages of the East Asian common octopus in their natural habitat due to their cryptic and allusive behavior. [23] [19] [24] Recent studies suggest that transition from the planktonic stage to the benthic settlement is quite complex in O. sinensis and takes them a significant amount of time. [24] [25]

Relation to humans

Both O. vulgaris and O. sinensis are commercially important food sources in China and both are vulnerable to over fishing. [26] [3] Therefore, it is important to delineate the two species for sustainable and fisheries management. [3] [26] In fact, some researchers claim that the misidentification of O. sinensis as O. vulgaris may be masking the decline of octopuses worldwide. [27] catches of octopus have been steadily declining across the globe. [12] Due to its rapid rate of growth and its high commercial value, O. sinensis is of particular interest in aquacultural cultivation. [28] There have been several studies since the 1960s that have attempted to rear O. sinensis and O. vulgaris aquaculturally with little success. [29] [30] [20] Current studies are focused on developing more accurate gene expression profiles to better understand the metabolic process and nutritional requirements of O. sinensis during its paralarval stage for aquacultural production of O. sinensis. [31]

References

  1. ↑ "Octopus sinensis A. d'Orbigny, 1834". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2025-07-24.
  2. ↑ Ibáñez, Christian M.; Fenwick, Mark; Ritchie, Peter A.; Carrasco, Sergio A.; Pardo-Gandarillas, M. Cecilia (31 March 2020). "Systematics and Phylogenetic Relationships of New Zealand Benthic Octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodoidea)". Frontiers in Marine Science. 7. doi: 10.3389/FMARS.2020.00182 . ISSN   2296-7745. Wikidata   Q129676965.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 G. Gleadall, Ian (2016). "Octopus sinensis d'Orbigny, 1841 (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): Valid Species Name for the Commercially Valuable East Asian Common Octopus". Species Diversity. 21 (1): 31–42. doi: 10.12782/sd.21.1.031 . ISSN   1342-1670. S2CID   89279186.
  4. ↑ "Definition & Meaning Sinensis". dictionary.university. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  5. 1 2 3 Amor, Michael D.; Norman, Mark D.; Roura, Alvaro; Leite, Tatiana S.; Gleadall, Ian G.; Reid, Amanda; Perales-Raya, Catalina; Lu, Chung-Cheng; Silvey, Colin J.; Vidal, Erica A. G.; Hochberg, Frederick G. (2016-09-20). "Morphological assessment of the Octopus vulgaris species complex evaluated in light of molecular-based phylogenetic inferences". Zoologica Scripta. 46 (3): 275–288. doi:10.1111/zsc.12207. hdl: 11343/291747 . ISSN   0300-3256. S2CID   88706796.
  6. ↑ Sauer, Warwick H. H.; Gleadall, Ian G.; Downey-Breedt, Nicola; Doubleday, Zöe; Gillespie, Graham; Haimovici, Manuel; Ibáñez, Christian M.; Katugin, Oleg N.; Leporati, Stephen; Lipinski, Marek R.; Markaida, Unai (2021-07-03). "World Octopus Fisheries" . Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. 29 (3): 279–429. Bibcode:2021RvFSA..29..279S. doi:10.1080/23308249.2019.1680603. hdl: 10261/227068 . ISSN   2330-8249. S2CID   210266167.
  7. ↑ Ambrose, RF (1986). "Effects of octopus predation on motile invertebrates in a rocky subtidal community". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 30: 261–273. Bibcode:1986MEPS...30..261A. doi: 10.3354/meps030261 . ISSN   0171-8630.
  8. ↑ Ambrose, Richard F.; Nelson, Bobette V. (1983). "Predation by Octopus vulgaris in the Mediterranean" . Marine Ecology. 4 (3): 251–261. Bibcode:1983MarEc...4..251A. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1983.tb00299.x. ISSN   1439-0485.
  9. 1 2 Boletzky, Sigurd von; Villanueva, Roger (2014), "Cephalopod Biology", Cephalopod Culture, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 3–16, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8648-5_1, hdl: 10261/327612 , ISBN   978-94-017-8647-8 , retrieved 2022-02-14
  10. ↑ Hanlon, Roger T. (9 March 2018). Cephalopod behaviour. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-511-84360-0. OCLC   1031978874.
  11. ↑ scientifique., Jereb, Patrizia. Éditeur scientifique. Roper, Clyde F. E. (1937-....). Éditeur scientifique. Norman, Mark D.. Éditeur scientifique. Finn, Julian K.. Éditeur (15 November 2018). Cephalopods of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN   978-92-5-107989-8. OCLC   1002064698.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. 1 2 "Japan's 'common octopus' not so common after all". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  13. ↑ Courage, Katherine Harmon. "Odd Male Octopus Flaunts Two Unexpected Arm Phalluses". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  14. ↑ Férussac, A. E. J. P. F. d'Audebard de & d'Orbigny, A. (1835-1848). Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Céphalopodes acétabulifères vivants et fossiles. pp. [1-96], i-lvi, 1-361, Atlas with 144 plates. Paris, Baillière., available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13093019 page(s): 68
  15. ↑ Gleadall, Ian G. (2016). "Octopus sinensis d'Orbigny, 1841 (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): Valid Species Name for the Commercially Valuable East Asian Common Octopus". Species Diversity. 21 (1): 31–42. doi:10.12782/SD.21.1.031. ISSN   1342-1670. Wikidata   Q113221984. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018.
  16. ↑ Reid, Amanda L.; Wilson, Nerida G. (16 October 2015). "Octopuses of the Kermadec Islands: Discovery and description of a new member of the Octopus 'vulgaris' complex (O. jollyorum, sp. nov.) and the first description of a male Callistoctopus kermadecensis (Berry, 1914)". Bulletin of the Auckland Museum . 20: 349–368. ISSN   1176-3213. Wikidata   Q136174768.
  17. ↑ Ibáñez, Christian M.; Fenwick, Mark; Ritchie, Peter A.; Carrasco, Sergio A.; Pardo-Gandarillas, M. Cecilia (31 March 2020). "Systematics and Phylogenetic Relationships of New Zealand Benthic Octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodoidea)". Frontiers in Marine Science. 7. doi: 10.3389/FMARS.2020.00182 . ISSN   2296-7745. Wikidata   Q129676965.
  18. 1 2 3 "Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses" , Oceanography and Marine Biology, CRC Press, pp. 111–208, 2008-06-05, doi:10.1201/9781420065756-6, ISBN   9780429137259 , retrieved 2022-02-14
  19. 1 2 3 Villanueva, Roger; Vidal, Erica A. G.; Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á.; Nabhitabhata, Jaruwat (2016-11-09). "Early Mode of Life and Hatchling Size in Cephalopod Molluscs: Influence on the Species Distributional Ranges". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0165334. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1165334V. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165334 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5102429 . PMID   27829039.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  20. 1 2 3 ITAMI, Kouzo; IZAWA, Yasuo; MAEDA, Saburo; NAKAI, Kozo (1963). "Notes on the Laboratory Culture of the Octopus Larvae". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 29 (6): 514–520. doi: 10.2331/suisan.29.514 . ISSN   1349-998X.
  21. ↑ "Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls" , Encyclopedia of Pain, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007, p. 605, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_1109, ISBN   978-3-540-43957-8 , retrieved 2022-02-14
  22. 1 2 E., YOUNG, R. (1988). 'Larva', 'paralarva' and 'subadult' in cephalopod terminology. OCLC   770420192.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Lishchenko, F.; Perales-Raya, C.; Barrett, C.; Oesterwind, D.; Power, A.M.; Larivain, A.; Laptikhovsky, V.; Karatza, A.; Badouvas, N.; Lishchenko, A.; Pierce, G.J. (April 2021). "A review of recent studies on the life history and ecology of European cephalopods with emphasis on species with the greatest commercial fishery and culture potential". Fisheries Research. 236 105847. Bibcode:2021FishR.23605847L. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105847. hdl: 2164/16298 . ISSN   0165-7836. S2CID   233062343.
  24. 1 2 Dan, Shigeki; Shibasaki, Shodai; Takasugi, Arata; Takeshima, Satoshi; Yamazaki, Hideki; Ito, Atsushi; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (June 2021). "Changes in behavioural patterns from swimming to clinging, shelter utilization and prey preference of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis during the settlement process under laboratory conditions" . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 539 151537. Bibcode:2021JEMBE.53951537D. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151537. ISSN   0022-0981. S2CID   233538864.
  25. ↑ Dan, Shigeki; Takasugi, Arata; Shibasaki, Shodai; Oka, Masakazu; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (2020-06-17). "Ontogenic change in the vertical swimming of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under different water flow conditions" . Aquatic Ecology. 54 (3): 795–812. Bibcode:2020AqEco..54..795D. doi:10.1007/s10452-020-09777-7. ISSN   1386-2588. S2CID   219710545.
  26. 1 2 Li, Fenghui; Liu, Yuyan; Qin, Bo; Bian, Li; Ge, Jianlong; Chang, Qing; Liu, Hui; Chen, Siqing (2021-06-28). "Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome for the East Asian common octopus, Octopus sinensis (Octopodidae: Octopoda)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 6 (8): 2120–2122. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1944360. ISSN   2380-2359. PMC   8245087 . PMID   34250235.
  27. ↑ "Misidentification may be masking decline of octopuses worldwide | SeafoodSource". www.seafoodsource.com. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  28. ↑ Dan, Shigeki; Iwasaki, Hiraku; Takasugi, Arata; Shibasaki, Shodai; Yamazaki, Hideki; Oka, Masakazu; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (2019-02-25). "Effects of co-supply ratios of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus zoeae and Artemia on survival and growth of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under an upwelling culture system". Aquaculture Research. 50 (4): 1361–1370. doi: 10.1111/are.14013 . ISSN   1355-557X. S2CID   92373762.
  29. ↑ Iglesias, J.; Otero, J.J.; Moxica, C.; Fuentes, L.; Sánchez, F.J. (2004). "The Completed Life Cycle of the Octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under Culture Conditions: Paralarval Rearing using Artemia and Zoeae, and First Data on Juvenile Growth up to 8 Months of Age" . Aquaculture International. 12 (4/5): 481–487. Bibcode:2004AqInt..12..481I. doi:10.1023/b:aqui.0000042142.88449.bc. ISSN   0967-6120. S2CID   39160015.
  30. ↑ Okumura, Shigenobu; Kurihara, Ayako; Iwamoto, Akio; Takeuchi, Toshio (February 2005). "Improved survival and growth in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae by feeding large type Artemia and Pacific sandeel, Ammodytes personatus" . Aquaculture. 244 (1–4): 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.044. ISSN   0044-8486.
  31. ↑ Li, Fenghui; Bian, Li; Ge, Jianlong; Han, Fengming; Liu, Zhihong; Li, Xuming; Liu, Yongsheng; Lin, Zhishu; Shi, Huilai; Liu, Changlin; Chang, Qing (2020-08-20). "Chromosome-level genome assembly of the East Asian common octopus (Octopus sinensis) using PacBio sequencing and Hi-C technology" . Molecular Ecology Resources. 20 (6): 1572–1582. Bibcode:2020MolER..20.1572L. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13216. ISSN   1755-098X. PMID   32603549. S2CID   220288998.
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