Octopus sinensis

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Octopus sinensis
202201 East asian common octopus.svg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Octopodidae
Genus: Octopus
Species:
O. sinensis
Binomial name
Octopus sinensis
d'Orbigny 1841
Synonyms

O. vulgaris Cuvier, 1797

Octopus sinensis (commonly the East Asian common octopus) is a mollusk belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus sinensis is a well-known shallow-water benthic octopus species found in the coastal, temperature waters of South Korea, China, and Japan, [1] with the species name, sinensis being Latin for Chinese. [2] Octopus sinensis is closely related to the Atlantic and Mediterranean common octopus, Octopus vulgaris. [3] Because of the morphological similarities, O. sinensis was considered synonymous with Octopus vulgaris until 2017. [3] [1] [4] Octopus sinensis are carnivores that prey upon on many shallow-water animals such as crustaceans and mollusks. [5] [6]

Contents

Characteristics

Size and description

The East Asian common octopus is adapted to a benthic life at the bottom of the sea. Octopus sinensis has long arms with many suckers used for catching prey, a mantle without a rigid skeleton, which allows them to inhabit and hunt in small spaces and crevices in the seabed, horizontal pupils, and versatile skin with ability to change colors and camouflage themselves with the sea floor. [7] [8] [9] Compared to O. vulgaris, O. sinensis have a broader mantle and relatively shorter arms with about 80 fewer suckers. [1] Mature O. sinensis males lack a standard sex organ, rather one of their arms (their third right arm) is specially adapted for reproduction. [10] This arm includes erectile tissue on its tip and has a channel for sperm packets. [10] During copulation, O. sinensis males insert their third right arm into the female's mantle. [10] The third right arm on mature O. sinensis males has far fewer suckers than that on O. vulgaris (120-140 vs. 150–190). [11]

Physiology

The East Asian common octopus goes through a several-week planktonic phase, in which they are floating in the open sea. [12] [13] This occurs early in their development prior to their permanent benthic habitation, similar to many benthic octopus species. [14] [15] [12] During their planktonic phase, the morphology of the East Asian common octopus is similar in morphology to the juvenile and adult life forms and is termed the paralarval stage after the octopus hatches. [16] The paralarvae have certain characteristics that differ from the adult stage, which allow them to thrive in the planktonic phase, such as transparent musculature, circular pupils rather than horizontal ones, a proportionately larger mantle (2.1 mm in length) and shorter arms with fewer suckers (three to four on each arm), and a finely toothed beak. [7] [12] [16] [13] [14] However, not much is known about the early life stages of the East Asian common octopus in their natural habitat due to their cryptic and allusive behavior. [17] [13] [18] Recent studies suggest that transition from the planktonic stage to the benthic settlement is quite complex in O. sinensis and takes them a significant amount of time. [18] [19]

Cultural importance

Not until 2017 was O. sinensis named a separate species from O. vulgaris on the basis of molecular and morphological features. [3] Both species are commercially important food sources in China and both are vulnerable to over fishing. [20] [1] Therefore, it is important to delineate the two species for sustainable and fisheries management. [1] [20] In fact, some researchers claim that the misidentification of O. sinensis as O. vulgaris may be masking the decline of octopuses worldwide. [21] catches of octopus have been steadily declining across the globe. [11] Due to its rapid rate of growth and its high commercial value, O. sinensis is of particular interest in aquacultural cultivation. [22] There have been several studies since the 1960s that have attempted to rear O. sinensis and O. vulgaris aquaculturally with little success. [23] [24] [14] Current studies are focused on developing more accurate gene expression profiles to better understand the metabolic process and nutritional requirements of O. sinensis during its paralarval stage for aquacultural production of O. sinensis. [25]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octopus</span> Soft-bodied eight-limbed order of molluscs

An octopus is a soft-bodied, eight-limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda. The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth at the center point of the eight limbs. The soft body can radically alter its shape, enabling octopuses to squeeze through small gaps. They trail their eight appendages behind them as they swim. The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight, and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cephalopod</span> Class of mollusks

A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishers sometimes call cephalopods "inkfish", referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brine shrimp</span> Genus of aquatic crustaceans

Artemia is a genus of aquatic crustaceans also known as brine shrimp. It is the only genus in the family Artemiidae. The first historical record of the existence of Artemia dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from Lake Urmia, Iran, with an example called by an Iranian geographer an "aquatic dog", although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings made by Schlösser in 1757 of animals from Lymington, England. Artemia populations are found worldwide, typically in inland saltwater lakes, but occasionally in oceans. Artemia are able to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity.

<i>Enteroctopus</i> Genus of cephalopods known as the "giant octopuses"

Enteroctopus is an octopus genus whose members are sometimes known as giant octopuses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giant Pacific octopus</span> Species of cephalopod

The giant Pacific octopus, also known as the North Pacific giant octopus, is a large marine cephalopod belonging to the genus Enteroctopus. Its spatial distribution includes the coastal North Pacific, along Mexico, The United States, Canada, Russia, Eastern China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. It can be found from the intertidal zone down to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and is best adapted to cold, oxygen-rich water. It is arguably the largest octopus species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic pygmy octopus</span> Species of cephalopod

The Atlantic pygmy octopus, also known as the small-egg Caribbean pygmy octopus, is a small species of octopus in the order Octopoda. Fully grown, this cephalopod reaches a mantle length of 4.5 cm with arms up to 9 cm long. They are known for being intelligent creatures with keen senses, particularly good sight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common octopus</span> Species of cephalopod

The common octopus is a mollusc belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus vulgaris is one of the most studied of all octopus species, and also one of the most intelligent. It ranges from the eastern Atlantic, extends from the Mediterranean Sea and the southern coast of England, to the southern coast of South Africa. It also occurs off the Azores, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands. The species is also common in the Western Atlantic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patagonian red octopus</span> Medium-sized octopus, and the type species for the genus Enteroctopus

Enteroctopus megalocyathus, also known as Patagonian red octopus (EN), Pulpo del sur (Chile) and Pulpo colorado (Argentina); is a medium-sized octopus, and the type species for the genus Enteroctopus.

<i>Callistoctopus macropus</i> Species of cephalopod known as the Atlantic white-spotted octopus

Callistoctopus macropus, also known as the Atlantic white-spotted octopus, white-spotted octopus, grass octopus or grass scuttle, is a species of octopus found in shallow areas of the Mediterranean Sea, the warmer parts of the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Indo-Pacific region. This octopus feeds on small organisms which lurk among the branches of corals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octopus aquaculture</span>

Octopus aquaculture describes the captive-raising of octopuses and commercial sale of their meat. A complex and labor-intensive form of farming, octopus aquaculture is being driven by strong market demand in the Mediterranean and in South American and Asian countries. Annual global demand for octopus more than doubled from 1980 to 2019, from roughly 180,000 to about 370,000 tons. The supply of octopus has been constrained by overfishing in many key fisheries and proponents of farming suggest human-induced culturing could help restock natural populations. Opponents of the nascent industry argue that cephalopod intelligence and emotional capacity, as well as the solitary and carnivorous character of octopuses, make them particularly ill-suited to intensive, captive breeding. Commercial sale may stimulate market demand, hastening rather than offsetting the decline in wild stocks. An announcement that a Spanish firm would begin octopus aquaculture as early as 2022 prompted ethical and scientific controversy.

<i>Octopus tetricus</i> Species of mollusc

Octopus tetricus, the gloomy octopus or the common Sydney octopus, is a species of octopus from the subtropical waters of eastern Australia and New Zealand. O.tetricus belongs to the Octopus vulgaris species group and is a commercially prized species. All species within the O. vulgaris group are similar in morphology. The English translation of O. tetricus (Latin) is 'the gloomy octopus'.

<i>Pinnoctopus cordiformis</i> Species of mollusc

Pinnoctopus cordiformis is a species of octopus found around the coasts of New Zealand. It is one of the most common species of octopus in the country.

<i>Octopus minor</i> Species of cephalopod

Octopus minor, otherwise known as the long arm octopus or the Korean common octopus, is a small-bodied octopus species distributed along the benthic coastal waters surrounding Eastern China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. It lives at depths ranging from 0 to 200 metres. O. minor is commonly found in the mudflats of sub-tidal zones leaving it exposed to significant environmental variations. It is grouped within the class Cephalopoda along with squids and cuttlefish.

<i>Octopus bimaculatus</i> Species of octopus

Octopus bimaculatus, commonly referred to as Verill's two-spot octopus, is a similar species to the Octopus bimaculoides, a species it is often mistaken for. The two can be distinguished by the difference in the blue and black chain-like pattern of the ocelli. O. bimaculatus hunt and feed on a diverse number of benthic organisms that also reside off the coast of Southern California. Once the octopus reaches sexual maturity, it shortly dies after mating, which is approximately 12–18 months after hatching. Embryonic development tends to be rapid due to this short lifespan of these organisms.

<i>Octopus insularis</i> Species of octopus

Octopus insularis is a species of octopus described in 2008 from individuals found off the coast of Brazil, with a potentially much larger range.

<i>Opisthoteuthis agassizii</i> Species of octopus

Opisthoteuthis agassizii, known as the Agassiz's flapjack octopus, is a lesser-known, deep-sea octopus first described in 1883 by Addison E. Verrill.

Opisthoteuthis borealis is a lesser-known species of octopus found near Greenland and Iceland, especially in the Davis Strait. The species was described from 9 specimens, and is one of the most recent Opisthoteuthis species described. Not much is known about it besides its anatomy and habitat.

<i>Opisthoteuthis depressa</i> Species of octopus

Opisthoteuthis depressa, also known as the Japanese flapjack octopus, is an octopus found in waters near Japan.

<i>Bathypolypus sponsalis</i> Species of mollusc

Bathypolypus sponsalis, commonly called the globose octopus, is a deep sea cephalopod that can be found in both the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It possesses many morphological traits adapted to a deep sea environment, including large eggs, reduced gills, no ink sac, and subgelatinous tissues. A distinguishing factor are the relatively large reproductive organs. Their diet consists of predominantly crustaceans and molluscs, but they sometimes consume fish as well. Bathypolypus sponsalis usually dies quickly after reproduction and only spawns once in their lifetime. Sexually mature females have a mantle length of at least 34 mm and sexually mature males have a mantle length of about 24 mm. Juveniles are white and transition to dark brown then to dark purple once maturity is reached.

<i>Octopus conispadiceus</i> Species of octopus

Octopus conispadiceus is a species of long-ligula octopus, provisionally placed in the genus Octopus. It was first described by Madoka Sasaki in 1917 based on specimens bought at a fish market in Sapporo, Japan.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 G. Gleadall, Ian (2016). "Octopus sinensis d'Orbigny, 1841 (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): Valid Species Name for the Commercially Valuable East Asian Common Octopus". Species Diversity. 21 (1): 31–42. doi: 10.12782/sd.21.1.031 . ISSN   1342-1670. S2CID   89279186.
  2. ↑ "Definition & Meaning Sinensis". dictionary.university. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  3. 1 2 3 Amor, Michael D.; Norman, Mark D.; Roura, Alvaro; Leite, Tatiana S.; Gleadall, Ian G.; Reid, Amanda; Perales‐Raya, Catalina; Lu, Chung‐Cheng; Silvey, Colin J.; Vidal, Erica A. G.; Hochberg, Frederick G. (2016-09-20). "Morphological assessment of the Octopus vulgaris species complex evaluated in light of molecular‐based phylogenetic inferences". Zoologica Scripta. 46 (3): 275–288. doi:10.1111/zsc.12207. hdl: 11343/291747 . ISSN   0300-3256. S2CID   88706796.
  4. ↑ Sauer, Warwick H. H.; Gleadall, Ian G.; Downey-Breedt, Nicola; Doubleday, Zöe; Gillespie, Graham; Haimovici, Manuel; Ibáñez, Christian M.; Katugin, Oleg N.; Leporati, Stephen; Lipinski, Marek R.; Markaida, Unai (2021-07-03). "World Octopus Fisheries". Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. 29 (3): 279–429. doi:10.1080/23308249.2019.1680603. hdl: 10261/227068 . ISSN   2330-8249. S2CID   210266167.
  5. ↑ Ambrose, RF (1986). "Effects of octopus predation on motile invertebrates in a rocky subtidal community". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 30: 261–273. Bibcode:1986MEPS...30..261A. doi: 10.3354/meps030261 . ISSN   0171-8630.
  6. ↑ Ambrose, Richard F.; Nelson, Bobette V. (1983). "Predation by Octopus vulgaris in the Mediterranean". Marine Ecology. 4 (3): 251–261. Bibcode:1983MarEc...4..251A. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1983.tb00299.x. ISSN   1439-0485.
  7. 1 2 Boletzky, Sigurd von; Villanueva, Roger (2014), "Cephalopod Biology", Cephalopod Culture, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 3–16, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8648-5_1, hdl: 10261/327612 , ISBN   978-94-017-8647-8 , retrieved 2022-02-14
  8. ↑ Hanlon, Roger T. (9 March 2018). Cephalopod behaviour. ISBN   978-0-511-84360-0. OCLC   1031978874.
  9. ↑ scientifique., Jereb, Patrizia. Éditeur scientifique. Roper, Clyde F. E. (1937-....). Éditeur scientifique. Norman, Mark D.. Éditeur scientifique. Finn, Julian K.. Éditeur (15 November 2018). Cephalopods of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. ISBN   978-92-5-107989-8. OCLC   1002064698.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. 1 2 3 Courage, Katherine Harmon. "Odd Male Octopus Flaunts Two Unexpected Arm Phalluses". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  11. 1 2 "Japan's 'common octopus' not so common after all". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  12. 1 2 3 "Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses", Oceanography and Marine Biology, CRC Press, pp. 111–208, 2008-06-05, doi:10.1201/9781420065756-6, ISBN   9780429137259 , retrieved 2022-02-14
  13. 1 2 3 Villanueva, Roger; Vidal, Erica A. G.; Fernández-Álvarez, Fernando Á.; Nabhitabhata, Jaruwat (2016-11-09). "Early Mode of Life and Hatchling Size in Cephalopod Molluscs: Influence on the Species Distributional Ranges". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0165334. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1165334V. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165334 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5102429 . PMID   27829039.
  14. 1 2 3 ITAMI, Kouzo; IZAWA, Yasuo; MAEDA, Saburo; NAKAI, Kozo (1963). "Notes on the Laboratory Culture of the Octopus Larvae". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 29 (6): 514–520. doi: 10.2331/suisan.29.514 . ISSN   1349-998X.
  15. ↑ "Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls", Encyclopedia of Pain, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007, p. 605, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_1109, ISBN   978-3-540-43957-8 , retrieved 2022-02-14
  16. 1 2 E., YOUNG, R. (1988). 'Larva', 'paralarva' and 'subadult' in cephalopod terminology. OCLC   770420192.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Lishchenko, F.; Perales-Raya, C.; Barrett, C.; Oesterwind, D.; Power, A.M.; Larivain, A.; Laptikhovsky, V.; Karatza, A.; Badouvas, N.; Lishchenko, A.; Pierce, G.J. (April 2021). "A review of recent studies on the life history and ecology of European cephalopods with emphasis on species with the greatest commercial fishery and culture potential". Fisheries Research. 236: 105847. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105847. hdl: 2164/16298 . ISSN   0165-7836. S2CID   233062343.
  18. 1 2 Dan, Shigeki; Shibasaki, Shodai; Takasugi, Arata; Takeshima, Satoshi; Yamazaki, Hideki; Ito, Atsushi; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (June 2021). "Changes in behavioural patterns from swimming to clinging, shelter utilization and prey preference of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis during the settlement process under laboratory conditions". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 539: 151537. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2021.151537. ISSN   0022-0981. S2CID   233538864.
  19. ↑ Dan, Shigeki; Takasugi, Arata; Shibasaki, Shodai; Oka, Masakazu; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (2020-06-17). "Ontogenic change in the vertical swimming of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under different water flow conditions". Aquatic Ecology. 54 (3): 795–812. doi:10.1007/s10452-020-09777-7. ISSN   1386-2588. S2CID   219710545.
  20. 1 2 Li, Fenghui; Liu, Yuyan; Qin, Bo; Bian, Li; Ge, Jianlong; Chang, Qing; Liu, Hui; Chen, Siqing (2021-06-28). "Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome for the East Asian common octopus, Octopus sinensis (Octopodidae: Octopoda)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 6 (8): 2120–2122. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1944360. ISSN   2380-2359. PMC   8245087 . PMID   34250235.
  21. ↑ "Misidentification may be masking decline of octopuses worldwide | SeafoodSource". www.seafoodsource.com. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  22. ↑ Dan, Shigeki; Iwasaki, Hiraku; Takasugi, Arata; Shibasaki, Shodai; Yamazaki, Hideki; Oka, Masakazu; Hamasaki, Katsuyuki (2019-02-25). "Effects of co-supply ratios of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus zoeae and Artemia on survival and growth of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under an upwelling culture system". Aquaculture Research. 50 (4): 1361–1370. doi: 10.1111/are.14013 . ISSN   1355-557X. S2CID   92373762.
  23. ↑ Iglesias, J.; Otero, J.J.; Moxica, C.; Fuentes, L.; Sánchez, F.J. (2004). "The Completed Life Cycle of the Octopus (Octopus vulgaris, Cuvier) under Culture Conditions: Paralarval Rearing using Artemia and Zoeae, and First Data on Juvenile Growth up to 8 Months of Age". Aquaculture International. 12 (4/5): 481–487. doi:10.1023/b:aqui.0000042142.88449.bc. ISSN   0967-6120. S2CID   39160015.
  24. ↑ Okumura, Shigenobu; Kurihara, Ayako; Iwamoto, Akio; Takeuchi, Toshio (February 2005). "Improved survival and growth in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae by feeding large type Artemia and Pacific sandeel, Ammodytes personatus". Aquaculture. 244 (1–4): 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.11.044. ISSN   0044-8486.
  25. ↑ Li, Fenghui; Bian, Li; Ge, Jianlong; Han, Fengming; Liu, Zhihong; Li, Xuming; Liu, Yongsheng; Lin, Zhishu; Shi, Huilai; Liu, Changlin; Chang, Qing (2020-08-20). "Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the East Asian common octopus (Octopus sinensis) using PacBio sequencing and Hi‐C technology". Molecular Ecology Resources. 20 (6): 1572–1582. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13216. ISSN   1755-098X. PMID   32603549. S2CID   220288998.
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