Ohio nuclear bribery scandal

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The Ohio nuclear bribery scandal was a political scandal in Ohio involving allegations that electric utility company FirstEnergy funneled roughly $60 million through Generation Now, a 501(c)(4) organization purportedly controlled by Larry Householder (the Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives), in connection with efforts to pass and defend House Bill 6 and its $1.3 billion ratepayer-funded bailout and related subsidies. [1] [2]

Contents

It was described as "likely the largest bribery, money laundering scheme ever perpetrated against the people of the state of Ohio" by U.S. Attorney David M. DeVillers, who charged Householder and four others with racketeering in July 2020. [3] According to prosecutors, FirstEnergy poured millions into the campaigns of 21 candidates during the 2018 Ohio House of Representatives election, which ultimately helped Householder replace Ryan Smith as Republican House speaker and pass House Bill 6, [a] which increased electricity rates and provided that money as a $150 million per year subsidy for the Perry and Davis–Besse nuclear plants. [4] [1] [3]

In 2021, FirstEnergy paid the U.S. Department of Justice a $230 million penalty to settle criminal charges from the bribery. [5] In 2023, Householder was convicted of racketeering conspiracy and sentenced to 20 years in prison. In 2024, FirstEnergy paid the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission $100 million to settle charges of fraud, misrepresentation, and inadequate internal controls. [6] In 2025, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio ordered FirstEnergy's Ohio utilities to refund $186 million to customers, and pay $64 million in civil forfeiture. [7]

U.S. Attorney David M. DeVillers US Attorney DeVillers.jpg
U.S. Attorney David M. DeVillers

Funding and political expenditures

Federal prosecutors alleged that FirstEnergy and related interests used payments routed through Generation Now—a 501(c)(4) nonprofit—as part of a racketeering conspiracy connected to the passage and defense of House Bill 6. [8]

Reporting on the House Bill 6 case described the use of nonprofit and independent-spending mechanisms to finance political advertising and election activity connected to legislative outcomes in Ohio. [9] Analysis published by the Ohio Capital Journal described the case as an example of how untraceable political spending can shape state policymaking. [10]

Candidate recruitment and alignment

Investigative reporting during the federal investigation described how former Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder recruited and supported a group of Ohio House candidates who became known as "Team Householder." According to reporting by Cleveland.com, the candidates were encouraged to run for office with the understanding that, if elected, they would support Householder's bid to become Speaker of the Ohio House following the 2018 election. [11]

The Ohio House of Representatives has 99 members, and a majority vote of the full chamber is required to elect a Speaker at the beginning of each General Assembly. [12]

The Cleveland.com investigation identified more than 20 Republican candidates associated with the effort. Several of those candidates benefited from political support in the form of independent expenditures and allied campaign spending during the 2018 Ohio House elections. [11]

Federal prosecutors later alleged that the electoral success of candidates aligned with Householder enabled him to secure the speakership. According to court filings, Householder's control of the Ohio House leadership position allowed House Bill 6 to advance through the legislature. [8]

Court filings and contemporaneous reporting described the recruitment of aligned candidates as part of a broader political strategy tied to Householder's leadership ambitions, emphasizing coordinated electoral outcomes ahead of the speaker selection process rather than traditional legislative caucus-building. [11]

Householder was elected Speaker at the start of the 133rd General Assembly, succeeding Ryan Smith, after receiving a majority of votes in the Ohio House. [11]

Team Householder candidates

According to contemporaneous reporting by Cleveland.com, former Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder recruited and supported a group of Republican candidates during the 2018 Ohio House of Representatives elections who were collectively referred to as "Team Householder." The report stated that the candidates were encouraged to run for office with the understanding that, if elected, they would support Householder's bid to become Speaker of the Ohio House following the election. [13]

The candidates identified in the report included:

The Cleveland.com report stated that the electoral success of candidates recruited by Householder contributed to his ability to secure enough votes to regain the speakership at the start of the 133rd Ohio General Assembly. [14]

Campaign contributions to Ohio House candidates

Federal prosecutors stated that Larry Householder exercised control over political spending connected to House Bill 6 through Generation Now and related entities, as described in court records and sentencing filings. [15] The filings also noted that, in addition to independent expenditures described in the federal case, Householder made direct campaign contributions to Ohio House candidates through lawful channels. [15]

Reporting by ABC6 News documented that Householder donated more than $200,000 to Ohio House candidates who later voted in favor of House Bill 6, based on campaign finance records reviewed by the outlet. [16] The report did not allege that the contributions were illegal, but noted their timing in relation to legislative action on the bill.

How the money flowed in the Ohio nuclear bribery scandal

Federal court opinions and charging documents describe a scheme in which money originating with FirstEnergy Corp. was routed through nonprofit entities and used for political operations connected to the passage and defense of House Bill 6, including spending to support candidates aligned with Larry Householder and efforts to protect the law after its enactment. [17] [18] [19]

Described flow of funds

According to the Sixth Circuit, FirstEnergy provided funds that were directed to Generation Now, a 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization. The court opinion states that Generation Now was used to receive and disburse money for political purposes tied to Householder’s effort to regain the speakership of the Ohio House of Representatives and to advance House Bill 6 through the legislature. [17]

The charging documents allege that the nonprofit structure allowed the payments to be concealed from public disclosure while being used for election-related spending and issue advocacy connected to the legislation. [18] [19]

In a separate federal indictment announced in 2025, prosecutors alleged that former FirstEnergy executives used an additional 501(c)(4) entity, Energy Pass-Through, to route money connected to the same bribery scheme. That indictment also alleged a related bribery arrangement involving payments to entities associated with Sam Randazzo, the former chair of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO). [20]

The Sixth Circuit concluded that the evidence supported the jury’s finding that these funding arrangements constituted a coordinated enterprise exchanging financial support for political action, rather than independent political advocacy. [17]

Utility campaign contributions outside the Generation Now scheme

In addition to the concealed political spending routed through Generation Now, other Ohio electric utilities made legal, disclosed campaign contributions during the House Bill 6 period and its aftermath.

Reporting by the Energy and Policy Institute documented campaign donations connected to American Electric Power (AEP) to Governor Mike DeWine’s reelection campaign after AEP disclosed that it had received a subpoena from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission related to potential financial benefits associated with House Bill 6. [21]

According to the same reporting, the AEP political action committee contributed $10,000 to DeWine’s campaign on July 26, 2021. In addition, individual AEP executives made personal contributions totaling $15,500 earlier in July 2021, based on Ohio campaign-finance records cited in the report. [21]

Entities and individuals explicitly named in the cited records

The following entities and individuals are explicitly named in the Sixth Circuit opinion and the DOJ charging materials cited above:

Corporate and nonprofit entities:

  • Energy Pass-Through [501(c)(4)] [20]
  • American Electric Power (AEP) [21]
  • AEP executives [21]

Government bodies involved:

The House Bill 6 scandal involved multiple government institutions across Ohio’s legislative, executive, regulatory, enforcement, and financial oversight systems, reflecting the breadth of public bodies implicated in the passage of the bailout legislation and the subsequent investigations and proceedings.

  • Ohio General Assembly

The Ohio General Assembly passed House Bill 6 in 2019, enacting the nuclear power bailout at the center of the scandal. Federal prosecutors alleged that the legislation was secured through a bribery scheme funded by utility money routed through dark-money organizations. [22]

  • Ohio House of Representatives

The Ohio House was the primary legislative venue for HB6 and the chamber in which Larry Householder sought and secured the speakership. Prosecutors alleged that dark-money funding was used to elect and maintain a House majority supportive of the bailout legislation. [23]

  • Ohio Senate

The Ohio Senate considered and passed House Bill 6 after House approval. Senate action completed the legislative process that enabled the nuclear bailout later linked to the bribery scheme. [24]

  • Office of the Governor of Ohio

The executive branch, led by Governor Mike DeWine, was involved in discussions surrounding HB6. Text messages later released showed executive-branch communications with utility representatives during the period leading up to the bill’s passage. Neither the governor nor the lieutenant governor was charged in the federal case. [25]

  • Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO)

PUCO became a central regulatory body in the aftermath of HB6. The commission oversaw proceedings examining utility conduct tied to the bailout and approved settlements connected to the scandal. PUCO hearings were initiated to review regulatory failures and utility behavior following HB6’s passage. [26]

  • Office of the Ohio Consumers’ Counsel (OCC)

The OCC participated in post-HB6 regulatory proceedings, including filing motions seeking subpoenas related to utility actions connected to the bailout. The office represented ratepayer interests in PUCO cases examining the fallout from the scandal. [27]

  • Ohio Attorney General’s Office

The Ohio Attorney General’s Office played a role in the state-level response to the House Bill 6 scandal, including oversight of settlements and enforcement actions separate from the federal criminal case. In 2024, FirstEnergy reached a $20 million settlement with the State of Ohio that included a no-prosecution agreement at the state level, subject to continued cooperation and compliance. The agreement did not affect the federal convictions or prosecutions related to the bribery scheme. [28]

  • Ohio Secretary of State

The Ohio Secretary of State’s office served as the repository for campaign-finance disclosures connected to House Bill 6–era political activity. Reporting on utility-linked donations, including contributions from American Electric Power’s political action committee and individual executives to statewide candidates, relied on Ohio campaign-finance records maintained by the Secretary of State. These disclosures formed the basis for later investigative reporting examining legal utility influence alongside the criminal bribery scheme. [29]

  • U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission became involved through financial oversight of utilities connected to House Bill 6. American Electric Power and FirstEnergy disclosed receiving subpoenas from the SEC related to potential financial benefits associated with the nuclear bailout legislation. These disclosures occurred amid heightened scrutiny of utility political spending and preceded reported campaign contributions and settlements tied to the broader HB6 fallout. [30]

  • Ohio Ethics Commission

The Ohio Ethics Commission reviewed aspects of conduct connected to the HB6 scandal as public scrutiny expanded beyond criminal prosecution, although enforcement authority remained limited compared to federal prosecutors. [31]

  • United States Department of Justice

The U.S. Department of Justice investigated and prosecuted the HB6 bribery scheme, securing convictions against former Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder and others. The federal case established the core facts underlying the scandal. [32]

  • Federal Courts

Federal courts oversaw the criminal proceedings, sentencing, and subsequent appeals related to the HB6 case. Defendants later sought review by the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the convictions criminalized protected political activity. [33]

  • Ohio House Energy and Natural Resources Committee

HB6 received substantive hearings in this committee during the 133rd General Assembly. While the committee itself did not receive funds, federal prosecutors later established that utility-funded dark money was used to elect and maintain a House majority supportive of the bailout as the bill advanced through committee and floor consideration. Trial evidence showed that FirstEnergy-funded entities supported candidates aligned with then-Speaker Larry Householder, shaping committee leadership and legislative outcomes during the HB6 process. [34] [35]

  • House Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy Generation

HB6 was reviewed within this subcommittee as part of its progression through the House. Investigative reporting and trial summaries later concluded that dark-money spending by utility interests was directed toward electing lawmakers favorable to the bill, rather than toward the committee itself, allowing HB6 to proceed through subcommittee review without direct financial transactions involving the legislative body. [36]

  • House Rules and Reference Committee

The House Rules and Reference Committee controlled HB6’s referral and movement within the chamber. According to federal prosecutors, the broader bribery scheme relied on utility-funded political spending to secure a cooperative House leadership structure, enabling bills such as HB6 to be steered through procedural committees as part of the legislative strategy. [37]

  • Ohio Senate Energy and Public Utilities Committee

After passage in the House, HB6 was considered by the Senate Energy and Public Utilities Committee. Common Cause Ohio’s timeline and trial evidence summaries indicate that the same dark-money network used to influence House elections also supported a legislative environment favorable to HB6 in the Senate, facilitating committee consideration and final passage of the bailout legislation. [38]

Individuals:

Limits of prosecution and uncharged participants

Federal prosecutors alleged that the House Bill 6 case involved a defined group of individuals who knowingly participated in a coordinated enterprise exchanging political action for financial support. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld the racketeering convictions, describing evidence that the charged defendants exercised control over political spending and legislative action connected to the passage and defense of House Bill 6, while limiting criminal liability to those found to have knowingly participated in the enterprise. [39]

Investigative reporting described how former Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder recruited and supported a group of Republican candidates, commonly referred to as “Team Householder,” to secure sufficient votes to regain the speakership following the 2018 election. The reporting documented coordinated political alignment connected to Householder’s leadership effort, while showing that many candidates associated with the strategy were not charged in the federal case. [40]

After Householder was indicted, the Ohio House of Representatives voted to expel him from the chamber. Contemporary reporting on the expulsion vote showed that a number of legislators who had supported House Bill 6 or voted against expulsion were not accused of criminal wrongdoing and were not named as defendants in the federal prosecution. [41]

Public records used to trace recipient payments

The Sixth Circuit opinion and DOJ charging documents describe the structure and control of the funding but do not provide a comprehensive, itemized list of all downstream vendors or political recipients. Recipient-level detail appears in trial exhibits and government sentencing filings. A publicly available government sentencing memorandum in the federal case references those exhibits and serves as an entry point for further review of payment records used at trial. [42]

Executive branch involvement

Reporting during the federal investigation into the Ohio nuclear bribery scandal examined the involvement of Ohio Governor Mike DeWine and Lieutenant Governor Jon Husted in discussions surrounding House Bill 6. Text messages released in 2022 showed that Husted communicated with former FirstEnergy executives and lobbyists during the period leading up to the passage of the nuclear bailout legislation. According to WYSO, the messages suggested that Husted pressed for passage of the bailout and discussed legislative strategy related to the bill. [43]

Following publication of the text messages, both DeWine and Husted acknowledged participating in conversations about House Bill 6. Reporting by the Statehouse News Bureau documented that DeWine and Husted stated their communications were part of routine policy discussions, while denying any knowledge of or involvement in the alleged bribery scheme. Neither was charged in the federal case. [44]

Reporting also examined campaign contributions to Governor DeWine during the period of heightened scrutiny surrounding House Bill 6. According to Energy and Policy Institute, American Electric Power disclosed in early 2021 that it had received a subpoena from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission related to potential financial benefits connected to House Bill 6. In July 2021, following that disclosure, the American Electric Power political action committee contributed $10,000 to DeWine’s reelection campaign, and individual American Electric Power executives made additional personal contributions totaling $15,500, based on Ohio campaign-finance records cited in the report. [45]

Investigative reporting by Floodlight found that FirstEnergy provided approximately $1 million in financial support to organizations backing Husted’s political campaigns prior to the exposure of the bribery scandal. The outlet reported that the funding was not alleged to be illegal, but noted its timing in relation to legislative action on the bailout. [46]

After the text messages became public, Husted publicly denied having knowledge of the corruption scheme described by federal prosecutors. Reporting by News From The States noted that Husted stated he was unaware of any bribery involving FirstEnergy or Generation Now and emphasized that he was not charged in connection with the case. [47]

The executive branch communications and campaign-finance activity occurred as state regulators began formal proceedings to examine the implementation of House Bill 6 and its connection to the bribery scandal, with the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio initiating hearings to review utility conduct and regulatory oversight in the aftermath of the legislation. [48]

Legislative authorship, sponsorship, and final passage votes

House Bill 6 was introduced during the 133rd Ohio General Assembly. The bill was sponsored in the Ohio House of Representatives by Jamie Callender. [49] The legislation advanced after the organization of the Ohio House at the start of the General Assembly in January 2019, when Larry Householder was elected Speaker.

The Ohio Senate passed House Bill 6 on July 17, 2019. The Ohio House of Representatives passed the bill on July 23, 2019. Governor Mike DeWine signed the bill into law on July 23, 2019. [50]

Ohio House of Representatives

July 23, 2019 — Passed (Yeas: 51; Nays: 38)

According to the official roll-call record of the Ohio Legislature, the following members voted in favor of final passage of House Bill 6: [49]

Ohio Senate

July 17, 2019 — Passed (Yeas: 19; Nays: 12)

According to the official roll-call record of the Ohio Legislature, the following members voted in favor of final passage of House Bill 6: [49]

Federal prosecutors later alleged that the passage of House Bill 6 was connected to a racketeering conspiracy involving political spending and legislative action, as described in charging documents filed in July 2020. [51]

Legislative silence and durability of House Bill 6

After the federal indictment of former Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder, the Ohio General Assembly did not immediately move to fully repeal House Bill 6. Reporting documented that legislative activity surrounding the law slowed significantly following the public exposure of the bribery scheme, even as federal proceedings advanced and public scrutiny intensified. [52]

Investigative reporting described how Ohio House leadership retained procedural control over committee schedules and floor consideration, allowing repeal proposals to stall without recorded votes. Coverage by the Ohio Capital Journal noted that repeal legislation was introduced during multiple sessions but did not receive hearings or advance through the legislative process, leaving major provisions of House Bill 6 in effect well after the bribery allegations became public. [53]

Contemporaneous reporting on Householder’s political operation showed that many legislators who had supported House Bill 6 or aligned with Householder’s leadership effort remained in office and continued to participate in legislative decision-making after the indictment, despite the absence of public explanations regarding their positions on the law’s future. [54]

When the Ohio House ultimately voted to expel Householder, the vote addressed his membership in the chamber but did not result in immediate legislative action to repeal House Bill 6. Reporting on the expulsion vote showed that a number of legislators voted against expulsion or took no public position on repeal at that time, while the statute itself remained in force. [55]

Together, this period was characterized by limited legislative action and prolonged durability of House Bill 6, despite criminal proceedings that established the existence of a bribery scheme tied to its passage. [56]

Post-enactment defense of House Bill 6

Federal charging documents and appellate findings described the House Bill 6 scheme as extending beyond passage of the legislation to include efforts to defend the law after it was enacted. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit found that the charged defendants used political spending routed through nonprofit entities not only to secure legislative approval of House Bill 6, but also to protect the statute from repeal and political challenge once it became law. [57]

Investigative reporting during the federal case described how Householder’s political operation remained active after House Bill 6 was signed, with aligned lawmakers and political allies continuing to support Householder’s leadership and the law itself while repeal efforts emerged. [58]

The Sixth Circuit held that these post-enactment activities were part of the same racketeering enterprise alleged by prosecutors, rejecting arguments that the conduct ended once House Bill 6 was passed and emphasizing that the conspiracy included efforts to maintain political power and preserve the benefits of the legislation. [59]

Repeal and amendment efforts

In 2021, the Ohio General Assembly passed House Bill 128, sponsored by Representatives James M. Hoops and Dick Stein, which repealed the nuclear generation subsidy created by House Bill 6. The legislation did not repeal other provisions of House Bill 6, including the state-mandated charge used to subsidize two Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC) coal-fired power plants. [60] [61]

Subsequent repeal efforts focused on remaining House Bill 6 provisions, particularly the "legacy generation resource" charge that funded OVEC coal plants. Senate Bill 117 was introduced in the Ohio Legislature with primary sponsors Mark Romanchuk and Hearcel Craig; the bill sought to repeal the legacy generation charges but did not eliminate the coal subsidy charge. [62] [63]

In 2025, the General Assembly enacted House Bill 15, sponsored in the House by Roy Klopfenstein, which ended the OVEC coal-plant subsidy charge created by House Bill 6; reporting noted that the bill repealed the final major ratepayer-funded subsidy established under House Bill 6, while other regulatory and policy changes enacted by House Bill 6 remained in effect. [64] [65]

Taken together, these actions repealed specific subsidy provisions enacted under House Bill 6 but did not fully repeal the law; other structural and regulatory changes enacted by House Bill 6 remain in force.

Actions by House Speaker Jason Stephens

Reporting by the Ohio Capital Journal described how proposals to repeal House Bill 6 did not advance in the Ohio House during the speakership of Jason Stephens. According to the outlet, repeal legislation was introduced but did not receive committee hearings or reach the House floor for a vote. [66]

The report stated that House leadership controls whether legislation is scheduled for hearings or floor consideration, and that comprehensive repeal measures did not proceed during that period. As a result, the outlet reported that portions of House Bill 6 remained in effect in subsequent legislative sessions. [66]

Expulsion of Larry Householder

After federal charges were filed against Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder in connection with House Bill 6, the Ohio House of Representatives did not immediately vote on whether to expel him. Reporting by the Ohio Capital Journal stated that House leadership did not bring an expulsion resolution forward for several months following the indictment. [67] The outlet reported that House leaders discussed internal caucus considerations and the absence of a prior conviction when addressing the timing of a potential expulsion vote. [67]

On June 16, 2021, the Ohio House of Representatives voted to expel Householder. The resolution passed with broad support, though a minority of members voted against expulsion. The Dayton Daily News reported the roll-call vote on the expulsion resolution. [68]

The following members voted against expelling Householder: [69]

In March 2022, the Ohio Capital Journal reported that attorneys for the Ohio House of Representatives denied a public-records request seeking text messages between State Representative Jay Edwards and former House Speaker Larry Householder. According to the report, House counsel stated that no responsive records could be located. Edwards told the outlet that he deletes text messages as a general practice, while also stating that he would not delete any messages he believed to be public records. [70] The article further described the Ohio House records-retention policy cited in the denial as classifying text messages as “transient records” that may be disposed of under the schedule outlined in that policy. [70]

In 2025, the Ohio Supreme Court issued a decision that was reported as limiting access to certain communications conducted through private accounts. Coverage of the ruling stated that the court held a public official's private messages are not subject to Ohio's public-records law when such communications are not “kept” by a public office under the statutory definition applied in the case. [71] [72]

In 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit rejected efforts by former Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder and co-defendants to overturn their federal racketeering convictions connected to the House Bill 6 bribery scheme. The court upheld the convictions, finding that the evidence supported the jury’s conclusion that Householder and others participated in a coordinated enterprise that exchanged political power for financial support, and that the conduct fell squarely within the scope of federal racketeering and bribery law. [73]

Separately, Householder sought dismissal of remaining state-level charges in Ohio, arguing that they were barred or otherwise invalid following the federal prosecution. In 2025, a Cuyahoga County judge denied the motion to dismiss, allowing the Ohio Attorney General’s case to proceed. State prosecutors argued that the charges addressed distinct violations of Ohio law arising from the same bribery scheme and were not precluded by the federal convictions. [74]

Background

Before the enactment of House Bill 6, Ohio’s renewable energy and energy efficiency standards were governed by Senate Bill 221 in the 127th General Assembly, which established benchmarks that utilities were required to meet; those standards were later rolled back under House Bill 6. [75]

In the 133rd General Assembly, energy policy changes ultimately advanced through House Bill 6 rather than being enacted through a separate, standalone energy-policy bill. [76]

In July 2019, the House passed House Bill 6, [b] which increased electricity rates and provided that money as a $150 million per year subsidy for the Perry and Davis–Besse nuclear plants, subsidized coal-fired power plants, and reduced subsidies for renewable energy and energy efficiency. [4] [1] Governor Mike DeWine signed the bill the day it passed. [77] This bill was described as the "worst legislation yet" among bills that subsidize fossil fuels by Leah Stokes [77] and the "worst energy bill of the 21st century" by David Roberts of Vox. [4]

Even before the bribery scandal came to light, the financial connections between Larry Householder and FirstEnergy were public knowledge. These ties dated back to during the 2016 United States presidential election, with Cleveland restauranteur Tony George as the intermediary between Householder and FirstEnergy executives. [78] In addition, Householder and his son flew on a corporate jet owned by FirstEnergy to attend the inauguration of Donald Trump. [79]

Consumer advocates and the natural gas industry tried to place a ballot initiative on the 2020 ballot to overturn the law but were unsuccessful due to negative campaigning by Generation Now. [3]

Reactions

Governor Mike DeWine asked Householder to resign, as did former Governor John Kasich who previously opposed H.B. 6, [80] but Householder refused. [81] Republican legislator Jamie Callender, who had sponsored the bill, claimed no knowledge of the scheme and said that he felt "betrayed". [82]

Democratic U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown also joined the prominent voices calling for Householder's resignation and additionally blamed the scandal on Republican one-party rule in Ohio state politics. [83]

DeWine had earlier resisted calls to repeal H.B. 6, but changed his mind on July 23, stating: "No matter how good this policy is, the process by which this bill was passed is simply not acceptable. That process, I believe, has forever tainted the bill and now the law itself." DeWine urged the House to quickly select a new speaker in order to pass a replacement bill. [84]

The scandal, which occurred during a presidential election campaign, led to speculation about whether it could lead Joe Biden to win the state in the 2020 presidential election. [85] Biden ultimately lost Ohio to Donald Trump by 53.3% to 45.2%. [86]

Aftermath

On June 16, 2021, members of the Ohio House of Representatives voted to remove Larry Householder from the House. [87] The seat representing the 72nd House District was filled by Kevin D. Miller, a former State Highway Patrolman. [88]

A year after the news officially broke about the scandal, on July 22, 2021, the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio announced that FirstEnergy would be fined $230 million for their part in it. Vipal J. Patel, the acting U.S. Attorney, said that this was the largest criminal fine ever collected by the Southern District. [5] [89] On December 30, 2022, FirstEnergy agreed to pay a civil penalty of $3,860,000 to the United States Treasury. [90] [91]

In 2021, FirstEnergy entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice and agreed to pay a $230 million penalty in connection with criminal charges from the investigation. [8] [6]

In March 2023 Householder was convicted of participating in racketeering conspiracy [92] and later that year sentenced to the maximum term of 20 years in prison. [93]

The Cleveland Browns announced on April 13, 2023, that the team and FirstEnergy had come to an agreement to immediately terminate the naming rights deal for the Browns' stadium, known as FirstEnergy Stadium since 2013, restoring the stadium's original moniker of Cleveland Browns Stadium. [94] The naming rights deal would have normally expired in 2029. [95]

Sam Randazzo, the former chair of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio, was awaiting trial for dozens of state and federal charges associated with the scandal, including accepting a $4.3 million bribe, when he died by suicide on April 9, 2024. [96] [97]

In 2024, FirstEnergy paid the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission $100 million to settle charges of fraud, misrepresentation, and inadequate internal controls in relation to the bribery. [6]

In 2025, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio ordered FirstEnergy's Ohio utilities (Ohio Edison Co., The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. and The Toledo Edison Co.) to refund $186 million to customers, and pay $64 million in civil forfeiture following an investigation tied to the scandal. [98] [7]

In 2025 HBO released a two-part documentary about the scandal called "The Dark Money Game". [99]

What changed permanently — and what did not

Following the exposure of the House Bill 6 bribery scheme, Ohio lawmakers repealed or amended several subsidy provisions enacted under the law, but did not fully dismantle the statutory framework created by House Bill 6. In 2021, the General Assembly passed House Bill 128, which repealed the nuclear generation subsidy benefiting the Perry and Davis–Besse plants, while leaving other provisions of House Bill 6 intact, including charges supporting Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC) coal-fired power plants. [100] [101]

Subsequent legislative efforts addressed additional portions of the law but did not repeal it in full. Senate Bill 117 sought to eliminate certain legacy generation charges associated with House Bill 6 but did not remove all ratepayer-funded subsidies established by the statute. [102]

In 2025, lawmakers enacted House Bill 15, which ended the OVEC coal-plant subsidy charge created under House Bill 6. Reporting on the legislation noted that House Bill 15 repealed the final major ratepayer-funded subsidy established by House Bill 6, while other regulatory and policy changes enacted by the law remained in effect. [103]

As a result, while the primary subsidy mechanisms at the center of the bribery scandal were eventually repealed, House Bill 6 was not fully overturned. Other structural and regulatory changes enacted by the law—including modifications to Ohio’s energy policy framework—remain part of state law. [104]

Ratepayer impact and refunds

Investigations following the House Bill 6 bribery scandal documented that Ohio ratepayers were subject to improper charges and billing errors over multiple years before corrective action was taken. Reporting by the Ohio Capital Journal detailed findings by the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio showing that FirstEnergy utilities made significant billing errors connected to charges implemented under House Bill 6, resulting in customers paying higher electricity costs until the issues were identified and addressed. [105]

In response, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio ordered refunds and civil forfeitures tied to those improper charges. Coverage of the commission’s order reported that FirstEnergy’s Ohio utilities were required to refund customers for overcharges and pay additional penalties related to compliance failures connected to the legislation. [106]

Advocacy organizations have characterized the House Bill 6 subsidies as imposing prolonged financial costs on Ohio ratepayers during the period in which the law remained in effect and repeal efforts stalled, emphasizing that refunds addressed specific identified overcharges rather than the full duration of elevated costs associated with the legislation. [107]

Persistence in public memory and political vetting

Despite partial legislative repeal and the conclusion of major criminal proceedings, the Ohio nuclear bribery scandal has continued to shape public understanding of state politics and energy policy. Advocacy organizations and investigative reporting have maintained detailed timelines and public records related to House Bill 6, which continue to be referenced in discussions of government transparency, campaign finance reform, and regulatory oversight in Ohio. [108]

Judicial findings in the federal case further expanded the scandal’s significance. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld the racketeering convictions tied to House Bill 6, reinforcing the factual record that the law’s passage and defense were connected to a bribery scheme rather than routine political advocacy. [109]

The scandal has also remained part of Ohio’s broader political narrative through continued media coverage and documentary treatment. In 2025, HBO released a two-part documentary examining the House Bill 6 scheme, contributing to sustained public awareness of the events and their impact on Ohio’s political and regulatory institutions. [110]

As a result, the Ohio nuclear bribery scandal has remained a reference point in political vetting, public accountability debates, and discussions of institutional reform, even after the primary legal and legislative actions related to House Bill 6 were completed. [111]

Institutional and regulatory failures

Investigative reporting and advocacy analysis described the House Bill 6 bribery scandal as the result of overlapping institutional failures across Ohio’s legislative, regulatory, and campaign-finance systems. A post-scandal timeline compiled by Common Cause Ohio documented how weak disclosure requirements for 501(c)(4) organizations allowed large sums of money to be routed through nonprofit entities without public transparency, obscuring the source and purpose of political spending tied to the legislation. [112]

Reporting by the Ohio Capital Journal described how Ohio House leadership retained broad procedural control over committee hearings and floor votes, enabling repeal efforts to stall even after the bribery scheme became public. The outlet noted that proposed repeal legislation failed to advance through committees during multiple sessions, leaving key provisions of House Bill 6 in effect for years after federal charges were filed. [113]

The Public Utilities Commission of Ohio was also scrutinized for its oversight role. Subsequent investigations revealed that regulatory decisions and internal controls at the commission failed to prevent improper utility billing practices linked to the legislation, contributing to prolonged overcharges before refunds were ordered. [114]

Together, these findings were cited as evidence that the scandal was not solely the result of individual misconduct, but of systemic gaps in campaign finance transparency, legislative process controls, and regulatory oversight that allowed the scheme to persist undetected and uncorrected for several years. [115]


Notes

  1. ↑ 133rd Ohio General Assembly. "House Bill 6" . Retrieved 24 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ 133rd Ohio General Assembly. "House Bill 6" . Retrieved 24 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

References

  1. 1 2 3 Wamsley, Laurel (21 July 2020). "Ohio House Speaker Arrested In Connection With $60 Million Bribery Scheme". NPR. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  2. ↑ ""A Cycle of Corruption": A Timeline of the Householder HB6 Scandal". Common Cause Ohio. January 7, 2026. Retrieved January 11, 2026.
  3. 1 2 3 Armus, Teo (22 July 2020). "GOP Ohio House speaker arrested in connection to $60 million bribery scheme". The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 Roberts, David (2019-07-27). "Ohio just passed the worst energy bill of the 21st century". Vox. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  5. 1 2 Tino Bovenzi (22 July 2021). "FirstEnergy criminally charged, fined $230M by DOJ For role in HB6 scandal". Spectrum News 1. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 Howland, Ethan (2024-09-13). "FirstEnergy to pay $100M to settle SEC HB 6 bribery investigation". Utility Dive. In July 2020, FirstEnergy violated the antifraud provisions of the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act by making misrepresentations about its role in the bribery scheme to investors in an earnings call and in a filing with the SEC, the commission said. Also, FirstEnergy failed to keep accurate books and records and failed to have and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls with respect to payments to third-party organizations, the SEC said.
  7. 1 2 "Ohio PUC orders FirstEnergy utilities to pay $250.7M over bribery scandal". Utility Dive. November 20, 2025. Retrieved December 29, 2025. The PUC ordered Ohio Edison Co., The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. and The Toledo Edison Co. to pay $186.6 million in refunds and restitution to their customers and to pay $64.1 million in civil forfeitures.
  8. 1 2 3 "Ohio House Speaker, former chair of Ohio Republican Party, 3 other individuals and 501(c)(4) entity arrested amid allegations of $60 million bribery, money laundering scheme". U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of Ohio. July 21, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  9. ↑ "Dark Money". WOSU Public Media. November 27, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  10. ↑ Schladen, Marty (March 15, 2023). "Analysis: Bribery scandal showed how Ohio politics is polluted with dark money". Ohio Capital Journal. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Pelzer, Jeremy (July 22, 2020). "Who is Team Householder? The candidates Larry Householder recruited to help him become Ohio House speaker". Cleveland.com. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
  12. ↑ "House Rules – Organization of the House". Ohio Legislature. Retrieved January 1, 2026.
  13. ↑ Pelzer, Jeremy (July 22, 2020). "Who is Team Householder? The candidates Larry Householder recruited to help him become Ohio House speaker". Cleveland.com. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
  14. ↑ Pelzer, Jeremy (July 22, 2020). "Who is Team Householder? The candidates Larry Householder recruited to help him become Ohio House speaker". Cleveland.com. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
  15. 1 2 "Former Ohio House Speaker sentenced to 20 years in prison for leading racketeering conspiracy". U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of Ohio. U.S. Department of Justice. June 29, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
  16. ↑ "Speaker Householder donated more than $200K to politicians who voted in favor of HB6". ABC6 News. July 23, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2025.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "United States v. Householder, Nos. 23-3565/3566 (6th Cir. May 6, 2025)" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Retrieved 2026-01-10.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ohio House Speaker, former chair of Ohio Republican Party, 3 other individuals and 501(c)(4) entity arrested amid allegations of $60 million bribery, money laundering scheme". U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of Ohio. 2020-07-21. Retrieved 2026-01-10.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Federal grand jury indicts Ohio House Speaker enterprise in federal public corruption racketeering conspiracy involving $60 million". U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of Ohio. 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2026-01-10.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Grand jury indicts 2 former FirstEnergy executives in racketeering conspiracy involving more than $60 million in bribery schemes". U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of Ohio. 2025-01-17. Retrieved 2026-01-10.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "DeWine raked in campaign money from AEP after the utility revealed a subpoena from the SEC". Energy and Policy Institute. 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2026-01-11.
  22. ↑ "A cycle of corruption: A timeline of the Householder HB6 scandal". Common Cause Ohio.
  23. ↑ "Householder trial". Ohio Citizen Action.
  24. ↑ "A cycle of corruption: A timeline of the Householder HB6 scandal". Common Cause Ohio.
  25. ↑ "DeWine, Husted react to texts showing they were involved in talks on Ohio's nuclear bailout bill". Statehouse News Bureau.
  26. ↑ "Ohio regulators begin House Bill 6 hearings as lawmakers mull anti-corruption legislation". Ohio Capital Journal.
  27. ↑ "OCC Motion for Subpoena" (PDF). Ohio Consumers’ Counsel.
  28. ↑ "FirstEnergy agrees to $20 million payout, no prosecution by state of Ohio in House Bill 6 case". Statehouse News Bureau. August 13, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2026.
  29. ↑ "DeWine raked in campaign money from AEP after the utility revealed a subpoena from the SEC". Energy and Policy Institute. August 3, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2026.
  30. ↑ "DeWine raked in campaign money from AEP after the utility revealed a subpoena from the SEC". Energy and Policy Institute. August 3, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2026.
  31. ↑ "A cycle of corruption: A timeline of the Householder HB6 scandal". Common Cause Ohio.
  32. ↑ "Householder trial". Ohio Citizen Action.
  33. ↑ "Ohio utility corruption defendants appeal to Supreme Court". Canary Media.
  34. ↑ "Householder trial". Ohio Citizen Action.
  35. ↑ "A cycle of corruption: A timeline of the Householder HB6 scandal". Common Cause Ohio.
  36. ↑ "Householder trial". Ohio Citizen Action.
  37. ↑ "Householder trial". Ohio Citizen Action.
  38. ↑ "A cycle of corruption: A timeline of the Householder HB6 scandal". Common Cause Ohio.
  39. ↑ "United States v. Householder et al., Sixth Circuit opinion" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. 2025.
  40. ↑ "Who is Team Householder? The candidates Larry Householder recruited to help him become Ohio House speaker". Cleveland.com. July 2020.
  41. ↑ "Householder expelled: How local lawmakers voted". Dayton Daily News. June 16, 2021.
  42. ↑ "United States v. Householder – Government Sentencing Memorandum (June 22, 2023)" (PDF). Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 2026-01-10.
  43. ↑ "Texts from former FirstEnergy execs suggest Lt. Gov. Jon Husted pressed for nuclear bailout". WYSO. August 12, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  44. ↑ "DeWine, Husted react to texts showing they were involved in talks on Ohio's nuclear bailout bill". Statehouse News Bureau. August 15, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  45. ↑ "DeWine raked in campaign money from AEP after the utility revealed a subpoena from the SEC". Energy and Policy Institute. August 3, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2026.
  46. ↑ "Revealed: FirstEnergy gave $1 million to boost Ohio Lt. Gov. Jon Husted's campaign before scandal". Floodlight. July 13, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  47. ↑ "Ohio Lt. Gov. Husted denies knowledge of corruption scheme in wake of FirstEnergy texts". News From The States. August 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  48. ↑ "Ohio regulators begin House Bill 6 hearings as lawmakers mull anti-corruption legislation". Ohio Capital Journal. June 11, 2025. Retrieved January 11, 2026.
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  50. ↑ "House Bill 6 – Status". Ohio Legislature. Ohio Legislative Service Commission. Retrieved January 1, 2026.
  51. ↑ "Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder and others charged in racketeering conspiracy" (Press release). U.S. Department of Justice. July 21, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2026.
  52. ↑ "A Cycle of Corruption: A Timeline of the Householder–HB6 Scandal". Common Cause Ohio.
  53. ↑ "Report shows scandal-plagued Ohio utility made $108 million in errors it wants customers to pay". Ohio Capital Journal. November 14, 2025.
  54. ↑ "Who is Team Householder? The candidates Larry Householder recruited to help him become Ohio House speaker". Cleveland.com. July 2020.
  55. ↑ "Householder expelled: How local lawmakers voted". Dayton Daily News. June 16, 2021.
  56. ↑ "A Cycle of Corruption: A Timeline of the Householder–HB6 Scandal". Common Cause Ohio.
  57. ↑ "United States v. Householder et al., Sixth Circuit opinion" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. 2025.
  58. ↑ "Who is Team Householder? The candidates Larry Householder recruited to help him become Ohio House speaker". Cleveland.com. July 2020.
  59. ↑ "United States v. Householder et al., Sixth Circuit opinion" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. 2025.
  60. ↑ "Bill Analysis: H.B. 128 (134th General Assembly)". Ohio Legislature. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
  61. ↑ "House Bill 128". Ohio Legislature. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
  62. ↑ "Senate Bill 117 Committee". Ohio House of Representatives. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
  63. ↑ "Senate Bill 117 Status (135th General Assembly)". Ohio Legislature. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
  64. ↑ "House Bill 15". Ohio Legislature. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
  65. ↑ "Lawmakers pass energy bill ending Ohio ratepayer charges that subsidize two unprofitable coal plants". Associated Press. April 30, 2025. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
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  67. 1 2 "House leadership weighs political fate of their indicted colleague". Ohio Capital Journal. June 11, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2025.
  68. ↑ "Householder expelled: How local lawmakers voted". Dayton Daily News. June 16, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2025.
  69. ↑ "House Resolution 69 (134th General Assembly) – Votes". Ohio Legislature. Retrieved January 1, 2026.
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  71. ↑ Kreemer, Avery (July 17, 2025). "'Antithetical': Ohio Supreme Court ruling threatens public access to officials' records". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved December 29, 2025.
  72. ↑ Baker, Jennifer Edwards (August 22, 2025). "Ohio Supreme Court decision limits access to public records". WXIX (FOX19). Retrieved December 29, 2025.
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  74. ↑ "Judge denies Householder motion to dismiss Ohio HB6 charges". WKYC. 2025. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
  75. ↑ "Senate Bill 221". Ohio Legislature. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
  76. ↑ "House Bill 6 – Bill Search". FastDemocracy. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
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  82. ↑ DeRoos, Dan (23 July 2020). "'I feel betrayed': Northeast Ohio lawmaker, sponsor of HB6 claims he knew nothing of corrupt plan". Cleveland 19. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  83. ↑ Shillcock, George (22 July 2020). "Sen. Sherrod Brown blames GOP single-party rule for corruption case". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
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  85. ↑ Wartman, Scott. "Will Larry Householder's $60 million GOP scandal hand Ohio to Biden? Dems hope so. Experts say not so fast". The Enquirer. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
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  87. ↑ "Ohio Rep. Larry Householder was voted out of office. See how your Ohio House representative voted". www.msn.com. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  88. ↑ "Kevin Miller Selected to Fill 72nd Ohio House Seat". www.ohiohouse.gov. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  89. ↑ Andy Chow (August 4, 2021). "Audit Finds FirstEnergy Made Payments To Generation Now, Randazzo Groups". WOSU.
  90. ↑ "Filing Description for Accession Number 20221230-3023". FERC eLibrary. Retrieved January 1, 2026.
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  94. ↑ "FirstEnergy and Cleveland Browns Mutually Agree to End Stadium Naming Rights Agreement". ClevelandBrowns.com. April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
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  96. ↑ Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine and Lt. Gov. Jon Husted are dripping with the stink of public corruption
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  102. ↑ "Senate Bill 117". Ohio Legislature.
  103. ↑ "House Bill 15". Ohio Legislature.
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  105. ↑ "Report shows scandal-plagued Ohio utility made $108 million in errors it wants customers to pay". Ohio Capital Journal. November 14, 2025.
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  113. ↑ "Ohio House leadership blocks full repeal of HB6". Ohio Capital Journal.
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