Ophrys fusca

Ophrys fusca
Flower of Ophrys fusca
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Orchidoideae
Genus:	Ophrys
Species:	O. fusca
Binomial name
Ophrys fusca Link
Synonyms [1]
List Arachnites fuscus(Link) Tod. Arachnites pallidus(Raf.) Tod. Ophrys achillisP.Delforge Ophrys africanaG.Foelsche & W.Foelsche Ophrys akhdarensis(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge Ophrys aranifera subsp. moeszianaSoó Ophrys arnoldiiP.Delforge Ophrys astypalaeicaP.Delforge Ophrys atlanticaMunby Ophrys atlantica subsp. durieui(Rchb.f.) Maire & Weiller Ophrys attaviriaD.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker Ophrys attaviria var. cesmeensis(Kreutz) P.Delforge Ophrys attaviria subsp. cesmeensisKreutz Ophrys attaviria f. eptapigiensis(Paulus) P.Delforge Ophrys attaviria f. thracica(Kreutz) P.Delforge Ophrys bilunulataRisso Ophrys bilunulata subsp. caesiella(P.Delforge) Paulus Ophrys bilunulata subsp. kalirachiensisPaulus, M.Hirth & Dimadis Ophrys bilunulata subsp. punctulata(Renz) Paulus Ophrys bilunulata subsp. sancti-isidorii(A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) Paulus Ophrys blitoperthaPaulus & Gack Ophrys caesiellaP.Delforge Ophrys calocaerinaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys cesmeensis(Kreutz) P.Delforge Ophrys cinereophilaPaulus & Gack Ophrys claraF.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos Ophrys creberrimaPaulus Ophrys cressaPaulus Ophrys creticolaPaulus Ophrys decembrisS.Moingeon & J.-M.Moingeon Ophrys delforgeivDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys dianicaM.R.Lowe, J.Piera, M.B.Crespo & J.E.Arnold Ophrys eleonoraeDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys eptapigiensisPaulus Ophrys fabrellaPaulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge Ophrys fenaroliiFerlan Ophrys ficuzzanaH.Baumann & Künkele Ophrys flammeolaP.Delforge Ophrys forestieriLojac. Ophrys funereaViv. Ophrys fusca subsp. akhdarensisB.Baumann & H.Baumann Ophrys fusca subsp. arnoldii(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. atlantica(Munby) E.G.Camus Ophrys fusca subsp. attaviria(D.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. bilunulata(Risso) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. caesiella(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. calocaerina(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. cesmeensis(Kreutz) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. clara(F.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos) F.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca subsp. creberrima(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar Ophrys fusca subsp. cressa(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar Ophrys fusca subsp. creticola(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar Ophrys fusca subsp. delforgei(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca var. distinctaF.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca subsp. eptapigiensis(Paulus) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. fabrella(Paulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. flammeola(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca var. forestieriRchb.f. Ophrys fusca subsp. forestieri(Rchb.f.) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. gackiae(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. gazella(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. hespera(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. laureoticaKalog., Delipetrou & A.Alibertis Ophrys fusca subsp. leucadica(Renz) H.Kretzschmar Ophrys fusca subsp. limensisF.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca subsp. lindia(Paulus) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. lindleyanaF.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca subsp. lucana(P.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. lucentina(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. lucifera(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. lupercalis(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca var. luteaF.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca var. lutescensF.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca var. maculataBalayer Ophrys fusca subsp. maghrebiacaKreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm. Ophrys fusca subsp. marmorata(G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. minimaBalayer Ophrys fusca subsp. obaesa(Lojac.) E.G.Camus Ophrys fusca subsp. ortuabis(M.P.Grasso & Manca) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. parosica(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. parvula(Paulus) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. pectus(Mutel) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. peraiolae(G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. perpusilla(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. persephonae(Paulus) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. phaseliana(D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. proxima(C.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca) F.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca lusus ramosisF.M.Vázquez Ophrys fusca var. rubescensBalayer Ophrys fusca subsp. sabulosa(Paulus & Gack ex P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. sancti-isidoriiA.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis Ophrys fusca subsp. thracicaKreutz Ophrys fusca subsp. thriptiensis(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar Ophrys fusca subsp. zonata(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz Ophrys gackiaeP.Delforge Ophrys × gauthieri nothosubsp. fenarolii(Ferlan) H.Baumann & Künkele Ophrys gazellaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys hesperaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys hospitalisP.Delforge Ophrys intermediaTineo ex Lojac. Ophrys iricolorDesf. Ophrys iricolor subsp. astypalaeica(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys iricolor subsp. eleonorae(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack Ophrys iricolor subsp. hospitalis(P.Delforge) Mifsud & L.Lewis Ophrys iricolor subsp. lojaconoi(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys iricolor subsp. maxima(A.Terracc.) Paulus & Gack Ophrys iricolor subsp. mesaritica(Paulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis) Kreutz Ophrys iricolor subsp. vallesiana(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack Ophrys kedraPaulus Ophrys laeteaWillk. & Lange Ophrys leucadicaRenz Ophrys lindiaPaulus Ophrys lindleyanaH.Fleischm. ex G.Keller & Soó Ophrys lojaconoiP.Delforge Ophrys lucanaP.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys lucentinaP.Delforge Ophrys luciferaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys lupercalisDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys lutea subsp. funerea(Viv.) Batt. Ophrys lutea subsp. subfusca(Rchb.f.) Murb. Ophrys lutea var. subfuscaRchb.f. Ophrys maghrebiaca(Kreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm.) P.Delforge Ophrys malacitanaM.R.Lowe, I.Phillips & Paulus Ophrys marmorataG.Foelsche & W.Foelsche Ophrys marmorata subsp. caesiella(P.Delforge) Véla & R.Martin Ophrys meropesP.Delforge Ophrys mesariticaPaulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis Ophrys myodesLapeyr. Ophrys obaesaLojac. Ophrys ortuabisM.P.Grasso & Manca Ophrys pallidaRaf. Ophrys pallidulaPaulus Ophrys parosicaP.Delforge Ophrys parosica var. phaseliana(D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) P.Delforge Ophrys parvulaPaulus Ophrys pectusMutel Ophrys peraiolaeG.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud Ophrys peraiolae var. rubraG.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud Ophrys perpusillaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys persephonaePaulus Ophrys phaidraPaulus Ophrys phaselianaD.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr. Ophrys pratesiiGennaio, M.Gargiulo, Chetta & Medagli Ophrys proximaC.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca Ophrys pseudomigoutianaR.Martin, Véla & Ouni Ophrys punctulataRenz Ophrys rueckbrodtianaW.Hahn Ophrys sabulosaPaulus & Gack ex P.Delforge Ophrys sancti-isidorii(A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) P.Delforge Ophrys sicula var. flammeola(P.Delforge) Hennecke Ophrys sicula var. urteae(Paulus) Hennecke Ophrys sphegodes subsp. moesziana(Soó) Maire Ophrys subfusca(Rchb.f.) Hausskn. Ophrys subfusca subsp. blitopertha(Paulus & Gack) Kreutz Ophrys subfusca subsp. cinereophila(Paulus & Gack) Kreutz Ophrys subfusca subsp. fenarolii(Ferlan) Del Prete Ophrys subfusca subsp. flammeola(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys subfusca subsp. lucentina(P.Delforge) Kreutz Ophrys subfusca subsp. persephonae(Paulus) Kreutz Ophrys sulcataDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys theophrastiDevillers & Devillers-Tersch. Ophrys thracica(Kreutz) Devillers & Devillers-Tersch. Ophrys thriptiensisPaulus Ophrys tricolorDesf. ex Nyman Ophrys urteaePaulus Ophrys vallesianaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers Ophrys varinoiSoca Ophrys zonataDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers

Ophrys fusca, commonly known as the sombre bee-orchid or the dark bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to western Asia. ^{[2] [3]} Most subspecies of the Ophrys fusca are pollinated by males Andrena bees. ^[4]

Etymology

The genus name Ophrys comes from Greek and means 'eyebrow' - a reference to the hairy fringe of the lip of the flower of many orchids in this genus. The specific epithet fusca means 'dusky' or 'brown', while the subspecies name iricolor refers to the iridescent colouring of the speculum. ^[5]

Pouyannian mimicry

The somber bee orchid imitates the appearance of a female common sand bee (Andrena flavipes) to attract males for pollination. ^[6] Further pollinators are the sand bee ( Andrena nigroaenea ) and the spring silk bee ( Colletes cunicularius ). ^[7] This is an example of Pouyannian mimicry

Subspecies

The following subspecies are currently recognized: ^[1]

• Ophrys fusca subsp. blitopertha(Paulus & Gack) Faurh. & H.A.Pedersen
• Ophrys fusca subsp. cinereophila(Paulus & Gack) Faurh.
• Ophrys fusca subsp. durieui(Rchb.f.) Soó
• Ophrys fusca subsp. funerea(Viv.) Arcang.
• Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca
• Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor(Desf.) K.Richt.
• Ophrys fusca subsp. pallida(Raf.) E.G.Camus

References

1. "Ophrys fusca Link". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 16 March 2022.
2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3. Altervista Flora Italiana, Ofride scura, Sombre Bee Orchid
4. Sto¨kl, J.; et al. (June 2005). "Pollinator attracting odour signals in sexually deceptive orchids of the Ophrys fusca group". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 254 (1–2): 105–120. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0330-8. S2CID   38170087.
5. "Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor - Rainbow Ophrys". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
6. Jean Claessens (December 11, 2016). Orchid pollination 21: Pseudocopulation of Ophrys araneola by an Andrena-male.
7. Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele und Richard Lorenz: Orchideen Europas mit angrenzenden Gebieten. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, p 156–160.