Ophrys fusca

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Ophrys fusca
Ophrys lupercalis 3.jpg
Flower of Ophrys fusca
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Genus: Ophrys
Species:
O. fusca
Binomial name
Ophrys fusca
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Arachnites fuscus(Link) Tod.
    • Arachnites pallidus(Raf.) Tod.
    • Ophrys achillisP.Delforge
    • Ophrys africanaG.Foelsche & W.Foelsche
    • Ophrys akhdarensis(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys aranifera subsp. moeszianaSoó
    • Ophrys arnoldiiP.Delforge
    • Ophrys astypalaeicaP.Delforge
    • Ophrys atlanticaMunby
    • Ophrys atlantica subsp. durieui(Rchb.f.) Maire & Weiller
    • Ophrys attaviriaD.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker
    • Ophrys attaviria var. cesmeensis(Kreutz) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys attaviria subsp. cesmeensisKreutz
    • Ophrys attaviria f. eptapigiensis(Paulus) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys attaviria f. thracica(Kreutz) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys bilunulataRisso
    • Ophrys bilunulata subsp. caesiella(P.Delforge) Paulus
    • Ophrys bilunulata subsp. kalirachiensisPaulus, M.Hirth & Dimadis
    • Ophrys bilunulata subsp. punctulata(Renz) Paulus
    • Ophrys bilunulata subsp. sancti-isidorii(A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) Paulus
    • Ophrys blitoperthaPaulus & Gack
    • Ophrys caesiellaP.Delforge
    • Ophrys calocaerinaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys cesmeensis(Kreutz) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys cinereophilaPaulus & Gack
    • Ophrys claraF.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos
    • Ophrys creberrimaPaulus
    • Ophrys cressaPaulus
    • Ophrys creticolaPaulus
    • Ophrys decembrisS.Moingeon & J.-M.Moingeon
    • Ophrys delforgeivDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys dianicaM.R.Lowe, J.Piera, M.B.Crespo & J.E.Arnold
    • Ophrys eleonoraeDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys eptapigiensisPaulus
    • Ophrys fabrellaPaulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge
    • Ophrys fenaroliiFerlan
    • Ophrys ficuzzanaH.Baumann & Künkele
    • Ophrys flammeolaP.Delforge
    • Ophrys forestieriLojac.
    • Ophrys funereaViv.
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. akhdarensisB.Baumann & H.Baumann
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. arnoldii(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. atlantica(Munby) E.G.Camus
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. attaviria(D.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. bilunulata(Risso) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. caesiella(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. calocaerina(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. cesmeensis(Kreutz) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. clara(F.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos) F.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. creberrima(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. cressa(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. creticola(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. delforgei(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca var. distinctaF.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. eptapigiensis(Paulus) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. fabrella(Paulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. flammeola(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca var. forestieriRchb.f.
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. forestieri(Rchb.f.) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. gackiae(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. gazella(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. hespera(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. laureoticaKalog., Delipetrou & A.Alibertis
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. leucadica(Renz) H.Kretzschmar
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. limensisF.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. lindia(Paulus) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. lindleyanaF.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. lucana(P.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. lucentina(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. lucifera(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. lupercalis(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca var. luteaF.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca var. lutescensF.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca var. maculataBalayer
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. maghrebiacaKreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm.
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. marmorata(G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. minimaBalayer
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. obaesa(Lojac.) E.G.Camus
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. ortuabis(M.P.Grasso & Manca) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. parosica(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. parvula(Paulus) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. pectus(Mutel) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. peraiolae(G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. perpusilla(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. persephonae(Paulus) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. phaseliana(D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. proxima(C.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca) F.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca lusus ramosisF.M.Vázquez
    • Ophrys fusca var. rubescensBalayer
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. sabulosa(Paulus & Gack ex P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. sancti-isidoriiA.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. thracicaKreutz
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. thriptiensis(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar
    • Ophrys fusca subsp. zonata(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz
    • Ophrys gackiaeP.Delforge
    • Ophrys × gauthieri nothosubsp. fenarolii(Ferlan) H.Baumann & Künkele
    • Ophrys gazellaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys hesperaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys hospitalisP.Delforge
    • Ophrys intermediaTineo ex Lojac.
    • Ophrys iricolorDesf.
    • Ophrys iricolor subsp. astypalaeica(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys iricolor subsp. eleonorae(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack
    • Ophrys iricolor subsp. hospitalis(P.Delforge) Mifsud & L.Lewis
    • Ophrys iricolor subsp. lojaconoi(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys iricolor subsp. maxima(A.Terracc.) Paulus & Gack
    • Ophrys iricolor subsp. mesaritica(Paulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis) Kreutz
    • Ophrys iricolor subsp. vallesiana(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack
    • Ophrys kedraPaulus
    • Ophrys laeteaWillk. & Lange
    • Ophrys leucadicaRenz
    • Ophrys lindiaPaulus
    • Ophrys lindleyanaH.Fleischm. ex G.Keller & Soó
    • Ophrys lojaconoiP.Delforge
    • Ophrys lucanaP.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys lucentinaP.Delforge
    • Ophrys luciferaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys lupercalisDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys lutea subsp. funerea(Viv.) Batt.
    • Ophrys lutea subsp. subfusca(Rchb.f.) Murb.
    • Ophrys lutea var. subfuscaRchb.f.
    • Ophrys maghrebiaca(Kreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm.) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys malacitanaM.R.Lowe, I.Phillips & Paulus
    • Ophrys marmorataG.Foelsche & W.Foelsche
    • Ophrys marmorata subsp. caesiella(P.Delforge) Véla & R.Martin
    • Ophrys meropesP.Delforge
    • Ophrys mesariticaPaulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis
    • Ophrys myodesLapeyr.
    • Ophrys obaesaLojac.
    • Ophrys ortuabisM.P.Grasso & Manca
    • Ophrys pallidaRaf.
    • Ophrys pallidulaPaulus
    • Ophrys parosicaP.Delforge
    • Ophrys parosica var. phaseliana(D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys parvulaPaulus
    • Ophrys pectusMutel
    • Ophrys peraiolaeG.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud
    • Ophrys peraiolae var. rubraG.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud
    • Ophrys perpusillaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys persephonaePaulus
    • Ophrys phaidraPaulus
    • Ophrys phaselianaD.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.
    • Ophrys pratesiiGennaio, M.Gargiulo, Chetta & Medagli
    • Ophrys proximaC.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca
    • Ophrys pseudomigoutianaR.Martin, Véla & Ouni
    • Ophrys punctulataRenz
    • Ophrys rueckbrodtianaW.Hahn
    • Ophrys sabulosaPaulus & Gack ex P.Delforge
    • Ophrys sancti-isidorii(A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) P.Delforge
    • Ophrys sicula var. flammeola(P.Delforge) Hennecke
    • Ophrys sicula var. urteae(Paulus) Hennecke
    • Ophrys sphegodes subsp. moesziana(Soó) Maire
    • Ophrys subfusca(Rchb.f.) Hausskn.
    • Ophrys subfusca subsp. blitopertha(Paulus & Gack) Kreutz
    • Ophrys subfusca subsp. cinereophila(Paulus & Gack) Kreutz
    • Ophrys subfusca subsp. fenarolii(Ferlan) Del Prete
    • Ophrys subfusca subsp. flammeola(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys subfusca subsp. lucentina(P.Delforge) Kreutz
    • Ophrys subfusca subsp. persephonae(Paulus) Kreutz
    • Ophrys sulcataDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys theophrastiDevillers & Devillers-Tersch.
    • Ophrys thracica(Kreutz) Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.
    • Ophrys thriptiensisPaulus
    • Ophrys tricolorDesf. ex Nyman
    • Ophrys urteaePaulus
    • Ophrys vallesianaDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers
    • Ophrys varinoiSoca
    • Ophrys zonataDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers

Ophrys fusca, commonly known as the sombre bee-orchid or the dark bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to western Asia. [2] [3] Most subspecies of the Ophrys fusca are pollinated by males Andrena bees. [4]

Contents

Etymology

The genus name Ophrys comes from Greek and means 'eyebrow' - a reference to the hairy fringe of the lip of the flower of many orchids in this genus. The specific epithet fusca means 'dusky' or 'brown', while the subspecies name iricolor refers to the iridescent colouring of the speculum. [5]

Pouyannian mimicry

The somber bee orchid imitates the appearance of a female common sand bee (Andrena flavipes) to attract males for pollination. [6] Further pollinators are the sand bee ( Andrena nigroaenea ) and the spring silk bee ( Colletes cunicularius ). [7] This is an example of Pouyannian mimicry

Subspecies

The following subspecies are currently recognized: [1]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Dactylorhiza maculata <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> fuchsii</i> Subspecies of orchid

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<i>Ophrys</i> Genus of orchids

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<i>Anacamptis morio</i> Species of plant

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<i>Ophrys insectifera</i> Species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae

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<i>Himantoglossum hircinum</i> Species of orchid

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<i>Ophrys sphegodes</i> Species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae

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<i>Ophrys omegaifera</i> Species of orchid

Ophrys omegaifera, the omega bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean region from Portugal and Morocco to Syria.

<i>Ophrys umbilicata</i> Species of orchid

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical mimicry</span> Biological mimicry using chemicals

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<i>Ophrys scolopax</i> Species of orchid

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<i>Ophrys argolica</i> Species of orchid

Ophrys argolica, the late spider orchid, or Argolian bee-orchid, is a terrestrial species of orchid native to Greece, Italy, Croatia, Cyprus, Turkey, Lebanon and Syria. The epithet "argolica" refers to the Argolia region of Greece, southwest of Athens.

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<i>Ophrys speculum</i> Species of orchid

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<i>Colletes cunicularius</i> Species of bee

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<i>Ophrys holosericea</i> Species of plant in the family Orchidaceae

Ophrys holosericea, the late spider orchid, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to western and central Europe and the Mediterranean region. There has been considerable confusion about the identity of this species and the correct spelling of its name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollination of orchids</span>

The pollination of orchids is a complex chapter in the biology of this family of plants that are distinguished by the complexity of their flowers and by intricate ecological interactions with their pollinator agents. It has captured the attention of numerous scientists over time, including Charles Darwin, father of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin published in 1862 the first observations of the fundamental role of insects in orchid pollination, in his book The Fertilization of Orchids. Darwin stated that the varied stratagems orchids use to attract their pollinators transcend the imagination of any human being.

References

  1. 1 2 "Ophrys fusca Link". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. Altervista Flora Italiana, Ofride scura, Sombre Bee Orchid
  4. Sto¨kl, J.; et al. (June 2005). "Pollinator attracting odour signals in sexually deceptive orchids of the Ophrys fusca group". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 254 (1–2): 105–120. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0330-8. S2CID   38170087.
  5. "Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor - Rainbow Ophrys". www.first-nature.com. Retrieved 2023-01-04.
  6. Jean Claessens (December 11, 2016). Orchid pollination 21: Pseudocopulation of Ophrys araneola by an Andrena-male.
  7. Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele und Richard Lorenz: Orchideen Europas mit angrenzenden Gebieten. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, p 156–160.