Palmatine

Last updated
palmatine
Palmatine v2.svg
Names
IUPAC name
2,3,9,10-Tetramethoxy-5,6-dihydroisoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7-ium
Other names
Berbericinine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1/C21H25NO4/c1-23-18-6-5-13-9-17-15-11-20(25-3)19(24-2)10-14(15)7-8-22(17)12-16(13)21(18)26-4/h5-6,10-11,17H,7-9,12H2,1-4H3
    Key: AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYAT
  • O(c1c4c(ccc1OC)CC3c2c(cc(OC)c(OC)c2)CCN3C4)C
Properties
C21H21NO4+
Molar mass 351.401 g·mol−1
Density 1.23 g/cm3
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Palmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including Coptis chinensis [1] (Rhizoma coptidis, chinese goldthread), Corydalis yanhusuo , [2] Tinospora cordifolia [3] (gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed), Tinospora sagittata , [4] Phellodendron amurense [5] (amur cork tree), and Stephania yunnanensis. [6]

Contents

It is the major component of the protoberberine extract from Enantia chlorantha . [7] [ better source needed ]

It has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, hypertension, inflammation, and liver-related diseases. [8] This compound also has weak in vitro activity against flavivirus. [9]

Pharmacology

Neuroprotective activity

Palmatine can be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, mainly by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and neuraminidase-1 (NA-1). It was found, that the positively charged nitrogen on palmatine binds in the gorge of active sire of AChE. [10]

Research show that palmatine had antidepressant effect. It was achieved by regulating brain catalase levels, monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) activity, lipid peroxidation, plasma nitrite and corticosterone levels. [11]

Regulating blood lipid activity

Palmatine achieved hypoglycemic effects by inducing insulin release and insulin-mimicking activity. [12] [13] In addition, studies found that palmatine also inhibited the activity of lens aldose reductase, [14] sucrase and maltase. [15] In vivo research showed that palmatine reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. [16]

Anticancer activity

Research showed that palmatine had broad anti-cancer activity. Palmatine had significant growth inhibitory effects on seven human cancer cell lines: 7701QGY, SMMC7721, HepG2, CEM, CEM/VCR, K III and Lewis. [17] In addition, palmatine also had anti-cancer activity on MCF-7, U251, KB, [18] CHOK-1, HT-29 and SiHacell lines. [19] Palmatine induced apoptosis in human skin epithelial carcinoma cells (A431) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner via damaging severely to DNA and inhibiting the activity of Bcl-2 protein. [20] [21] [22] In addition, palmatine can inhibit the proliferation and infiltration of cancer cells.

Antibacterial and antiviral activity

Palmitine has inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria which is significantly stronger than that on Gram-negative bacteria, [23] and 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited stronger antibacterial activity. [24] [25]

Anti-inflammatory activity

Studies have shown that palmatine can decrease the production of pro-inflammatory factors and increase the production of anti-inflammatory factors. [26]

Other pharmacological activity

Studies have shown that palmatine chave antioxidant activity, [27] [28] had a protective effect on gastric ulcer, [29] derivatives of palmatine were more effective against ulcerative colitis, including low cytotoxicity to intestinal epithelial cells. [30] In addition, palmatine might have the antiarrhythmic effect, [31] and provideprotection from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. [32]

Toxicity

A large number of studies have shown that palmatine has a complex effect on the metabolism of enzymes in the liver, and that palmatine has significant DNA toxicity. [33] However, some 9-O-substituted palmatine derivatives exhibited less toxic than palmatine. [34] In addition, palmatine had higher affinity to nucleic acids than serum proteins, which make them suitable candidates for delivery by serum proteins. [35]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Yang, Seong Baek; Kim, Eun Hee; Kim, Seung Hee; Kim, Young Hun; Oh, Weontae; Lee, Jin-Tae; Jang, Young-Ah; Sabina, Yeasmin; Ji, Byung Chul; Yeum, Jeong Hyun (2018-09-17). "Electrospinning Fabrication of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Coptis chinensis Extract Nanofibers for Antimicrobial Exploits". Nanomaterials. 8 (9): 734. doi: 10.3390/nano8090734 . ISSN   2079-4991. PMC   6164458 . PMID   30227671.
  2. ↑ Zhang, Qian; Chen, Cen; Wang, Feng-Qin; Li, Chun-Hong; Zhang, Qi-Hui; Hu, Yuan-Jia; Xia, Zhi-Ning; Yang, Feng-Qing (2016-12-01). "Simultaneous screening and analysis of antiplatelet aggregation active alkaloids from Rhizoma Corydalis". Pharmaceutical Biology. 54 (12): 3113–3120. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1211714 . ISSN   1388-0209. PMID   27558975.
  3. ↑ Kumar, Peeyush; Srivastava, Vartika; Chaturvedi, Rakhi; Sundar, Durai; Bisaria, V. S. (2017-08-01). "Elicitor enhanced production of protoberberine alkaloids from in vitro cell suspension cultures of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms" . Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 130 (2): 417–426. doi:10.1007/s11240-017-1237-0. ISSN   1573-5044. S2CID   41951538.
  4. ↑ Rong, Qian; Xu, Min; Dong, Qi; Zhang, Yuli; Li, Yinglun; Ye, Gang; Zhao, Ling (2016-08-30). "In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. var. craveniana (S.Y.Hu) Lo and its main effective component, palmatine, against porcine Helicobacter pylori". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16 (1): 331. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1310-y . ISSN   1472-6882. PMC   5006617 . PMID   27576439.
  5. ↑ Sun, Minglong; Xu, Lijiao; Peng, Yingli; Liu, Tong; Zhang, Yuhong; Zhou, Zhiqiang (2016-04-01). "Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China" . Journal of Forestry Research. 27 (2): 265–272. doi:10.1007/s11676-015-0200-3. ISSN   1993-0607. S2CID   15369649.
  6. ↑ Xin, Aiyi; Zhang, Yaming; Zhang, Yanxia; Di, Duolong; Liu, Junxi (October 2018). "Development of an HPLC-DAD method for the determination of five alkaloids in Stephania yunnanensis Lo and in rat plasma after oral dose of Stephania yunnanensis Lo extracts". Biomedical Chromatography. 32 (10): e4292. doi:10.1002/bmc.4292. ISSN   1099-0801. PMID   29782649. S2CID   29167917.
  7. ↑ Virtanen P., Njimi T., Ekotto Mengata D. (1989). "Clinical trials of hepatitis cure with protoberberine alkaloids of Enantia Chlorantha". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36: A123.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Bhadra K, Kumar GS (January 2010). "Therapeutic potential of nucleic acid-binding isoquinoline alkaloids: Binding aspects and implications for drug design". Medicinal Research Reviews. 31 (6): 821–862. doi: 10.1002/med.20202 . PMID   20077560. S2CID   206250975.
  9. ↑ Jia, Fan; Zou, Gang; Fan, Jingjing; Yuan, Zhiming (2010). "Identification of palmatine as an inhibitor of West Nile virus". Archives of Virology. 155 (8): 1325–1329. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0702-4. PMID   20496087.
  10. ↑ Mukherjee, Pulok K.; Kumar, Venkatesan; Mal, Mainak; Houghton, Peter J. (2007-04-10). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants" . Phytomedicine. 14 (4): 289–300. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.02.002. ISSN   0944-7113. PMID   17346955.
  11. ↑ Dhingra, Dinesh; Bhankher, Arun (2014-02-01). "Behavioral and biochemical evidences for antidepressant-like activity of palmatine in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress" . Pharmacological Reports. 66 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2013.06.001. ISSN   1734-1140. PMID   24905299. S2CID   14391622.
  12. ↑ Patel, Mayurkumar B.; Mishra, Shrihari (September 2011). "Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia" . Phytomedicine. 18 (12): 1045–1052. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.006. ISSN   0944-7113. PMID   21665451.
  13. ↑ Ma, Bingxin; Tong, Jing; Zhou, Gao; Mo, Qigui; He, Jingsheng; Wang, Youwei (March 2016). "Coptis chinensis inflorescence ameliorates hyperglycaemia in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice" . Journal of Functional Foods. 21: 455–462. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.021. ISSN   1756-4646.
  14. ↑ Patel, Mayurkumar B.; Mishra, Shrihari (2012-02-01). "Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Tinospora cordifolia Inhibit Rat Lens Aldose Reductase" . Phytotherapy Research. 26 (9): 1342–1347. doi:10.1002/ptr.3721. ISSN   0951-418X. PMID   22294283. S2CID   34663821.
  15. ↑ Patel, Mayurkumar B.; Mishra, Shrihari M. (January 2012). "Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits α-glucosidase and is antiglycemic in rats". Journal of Functional Foods. 4 (1): 79–86. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.08.002 . ISSN   1756-4646.
  16. ↑ Ma, Hang; Hu, Yinran; Zou, Zongyao; Feng, Min; Ye, Xiaoli; Li, Xuegang (2016-04-04). "Antihyperglycemia and Antihyperlipidemia Effect of Protoberberine Alkaloids From Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 Cell and Diabetic KK-Ay Mice" . Drug Development Research. 77 (4): 163–170. doi:10.1002/ddr.21302. ISSN   0272-4391. PMID   27045983. S2CID   31823923.
  17. ↑ Zhang, Lei; Li, Jingjing; Ma, Fei; Yao, Shining; Li, Naisan; Wang, Jing; Wang, Yongbin; Wang, Xiuzhen; Yao, Qizheng (2012-09-25). "Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of 13-n-Alkyl Berberine and Palmatine Analogues as Anticancer Agents". Molecules. 17 (10): 11294–11302. doi: 10.3390/molecules171011294 . ISSN   1420-3049. PMC   6268624 . PMID   23011273.
  18. ↑ Costa, Emmanoel Vilaça; Cruz, Pedro Ernesto O. da; Pinheiro, Maria Lúcia B.; Marques, Francisco A.; Ruiz, Ana Lúcia T. G.; Marchetti, Gabriela M.; Carvalho, João Ernesto de; Barison, Andersson; Maia, Beatriz Helena L. N. S. (2013). "Aporphine and Tetrahydroprotoberberine Alkaloids from the Leaves ofGuatteria friesiana(Annonaceae) and their Cytotoxic Activities". Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. doi: 10.5935/0103-5053.20130103 . ISSN   0103-5053.
  19. ↑ Bala, Manju; Pratap, Kunal; Verma, Praveen Kumar; Singh, Bikram; Padwad, Yogendra (December 2015). "Validation of ethnomedicinal potential of Tinospora cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and quantification of bioactive molecules by HPTLC" . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 175: 131–137. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.001. ISSN   0378-8741. PMID   26253577.
  20. ↑ Ali, Daoud; Ali, Huma (2014-07-03). "Assessment of DNA damage and cytotoxicity of palmatine on human skin epithelial carcinoma cells" . Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 96 (6): 941–950. Bibcode:2014TxEC...96..941A. doi:10.1080/02772248.2014.987510. ISSN   0277-2248. S2CID   84213943.
  21. ↑ Wu, Juan; Xiao, Qicai; Zhang, Na; Xue, Changhu; Leung, Albert Wingnang; Zhang, Hongwei; Tang, Qing-Juan; Xu, Chuanshan (September 2016). "Palmatine hydrochloride mediated photodynamic inactivation of breast cancer MCF-7 cells: Effectiveness and mechanism of action" . Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 15: 133–138. doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.07.006. ISSN   1572-1000. PMID   27444887.
  22. ↑ He, Qiyuan; Zhang, Hua (2020). "Towards the Scalable vdW Heterostructure Array". Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica: 2003075–0. doi: 10.3866/pku.whxb202003075 . ISSN   1000-6818.
  23. ↑ Deng, Yecheng; Zhang, Ming; Luo, Haiyu (May 2012). "Identification and antimicrobial activity of two alkaloids from traditional Chinese medicinal plant Tinospora capillipes" . Industrial Crops and Products. 37 (1): 298–302. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.006. ISSN   0926-6690.
  24. ↑ Li, ZC; Kong, XB; Mai, WP; Sun, GC; Zhao, SZ (2015). "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 9-o-substituted palmatine derivatives". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 77 (2): 196–201. doi: 10.4103/0250-474x.156588 . ISSN   0250-474X. PMC   4442469 . PMID   26009653.
  25. ↑ Song, Li; Zhang, Hai-Jing; Deng, An-Jun; Li, Jia; Li, Xiang; Li, Zhi-Hong; Zhang, Zhi-Hui; Wu, Lian-Qiu; Wang, Sheng-Qi; Qin, Hai-Lin (May 2018). "Syntheses and structure-activity relationships on antibacterial and anti-ulcerative colitis properties of quaternary 13-substituted palmatines and 8-oxo-13-substituted dihydropalmatines" . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 26 (9): 2586–2598. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.025. ISSN   0968-0896. PMID   29680749.
  26. ↑ Yan, Baoqi; Wang, Dongsheng; Dong, Shuwei; Cheng, Zhangrui; Na, Lidong; Sang, Mengqi; Yang, Hongzao; Yang, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Shidong; Yan, Zuoting (April 2017). "Palmatine inhibits TRIF-dependent NF-κB pathway against inflammation induced by LPS in goat endometrial epithelial cells" . International Immunopharmacology. 45: 194–200. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2017.02.004. ISSN   1567-5769. PMID   28236763. S2CID   29087348.
  27. ↑ Ma, Bingxin; Zhu, Ling; Zang, Xiaoyan; Chen, Yuxin; Li, Dong; Wang, Youwei (October 2013). "Coptis chinensis inflorescence and its main alkaloids protect against ultraviolet-B-induced oxidative damage" . Journal of Functional Foods. 5 (4): 1665–1672. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.010. ISSN   1756-4646.
  28. ↑ Shia, Chi-Sheng; Hou, Yu-Chi; Juang, Shin-Hun; Tsai, Shang-Yuan; Hsieh, Pei-Hsun; Ho, Lu-Ching; Chao, Pei-Dawn Lee (2011). "Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang, a Polyphenol-Rich Chinese Medicine Formula, in Rats andEx-VivoAntioxidant Activity". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011: 721293. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep124 . ISSN   1741-427X. PMC   3137274 . PMID   19737807.
  29. ↑ Wang, Wei-Min; Nwabueze, OkechukwuPatrick; Yang, Hui; Zhai, Hong-Bin (2018). "High-performance liquid chromatography identification of gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of purified fractions A-E from the stem of Coscinium fenestratum". Pharmacognosy Magazine. 14 (55): 78. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_267_17 . ISSN   0973-1296. S2CID   103671390.
  30. ↑ Song, Li; Zhang, Hai-Jing; Deng, An-Jun; Li, Jia; Li, Xiang; Li, Zhi-Hong; Zhang, Zhi-Hui; Wu, Lian-Qiu; Wang, Sheng-Qi; Qin, Hai-Lin (May 2018). "Syntheses and structure-activity relationships on antibacterial and anti-ulcerative colitis properties of quaternary 13-substituted palmatines and 8-oxo-13-substituted dihydropalmatines" . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 26 (9): 2586–2598. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.025. ISSN   0968-0896. PMID   29680749.
  31. ↑ Guo, Rui; Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Su, Jin; Xu, Haiyu; Zhang, Yanqiong; Zhang, Fangbo; Li, Defeng; Zhang, Yi; Xiao, Xuefeng; Ma, Shuangcheng; Yang, Hongjun (May 2018). "Identifying potential quality markers of Xin-Su-Ning capsules acting on arrhythmia by integrating UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap, ADME prediction and network target analysis" . Phytomedicine. 44: 117–128. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.019. ISSN   0944-7113. PMID   29526583.
  32. ↑ Tan, Hui-Li; Chan, Kok-Gan; Pusparajah, Priyia; Duangjai, Acharaporn; Saokaew, Surasak; Mehmood Khan, Tahir; Lee, Learn-Han; Goh, Bey-Hing (2016-10-07). "Rhizoma Coptidis: A Potential Cardiovascular Protective Agent". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 7: 362. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00362 . ISSN   1663-9812. PMC   5054023 . PMID   27774066.
  33. ↑ Ali, Daoud; Ali, Huma (2014-07-03). "Assessment of DNA damage and cytotoxicity of palmatine on human skin epithelial carcinoma cells" . Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 96 (6): 941–950. Bibcode:2014TxEC...96..941A. doi:10.1080/02772248.2014.987510. ISSN   0277-2248. S2CID   84213943.
  34. ↑ Li, ZC; Kong, XB; Mai, WP; Sun, GC; Zhao, SZ (2015). "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 9-o-substituted palmatine derivatives". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 77 (2): 196–201. doi: 10.4103/0250-474x.156588 . ISSN   0250-474X. PMC   4442469 . PMID   26009653.
  35. ↑ Khan, Asma Yasmeen; Suresh Kumar, Gopinatha (2015-12-01). "Natural isoquinoline alkaloids: binding aspects to functional proteins, serum albumins, hemoglobin, and lysozyme". Biophysical Reviews. 7 (4): 407–420. doi:10.1007/s12551-015-0183-5. ISSN   1867-2469. PMC   5418488 . PMID   28510102.
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