| Parmelina quercina | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | Parmelina |
| Species: | P. quercina |
| Binomial name | |
| Parmelina quercina | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
Parmelina quercina is a species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. It is found in continental Europe.
The lichen was first scientifically described by German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1787, as Lichen quercinus. [2] Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio considered it better classified in Parmelia , [3] which at the time was a large genus that contained most foliose, or so-called "parmelioid" lichens. Mason Hale transferred it (and 40 other former Parmelia species) to the newly circumscribed genus Parmelina in 1974. [4]
In 2007, molecular phylogenetic analysis was used on specimens collected from around the world, which showed that the collection of specimens being called Parmelina quercina actually represented four distinct species. Not only were they genetically distinct, but they had distinctive morphological characteristics as well as unique geographic distributions. In addition to Parmelina carporrhizans (oceanic Europe and Macaronesia), and Parmelina quercina, now restricted to continental Europe, two new species were proposed: Parmelina coleae for North America, and Parmelina elixii for Australia. [5] The latter species has since been transferred to Austroparmelina . [6] Because Willdenow's original specimens of Parmelina quercina, collected from "im Thiergarten & prope Tegel" in Berlin, have been lost, a neotype from Germany was designated for the taxon in 2009. [7]
Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.
Myelochroa is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as axil-bristle lichens. It was created in 1987 to contain species formerly placed in genus Parmelina that had a yellow-orange medulla due to the presence of secalonic acids. Characteristics of the genus include tightly attached thalli with narrow lobes, cilia on the axils, and a rhizinate black lower surface. Chemical characteristics are the production of zeorin and related triterpenoids in the medulla. Myelochroa contains about 30 species, most of which grow on bark. The genus has centres of distribution in Asia and North America.
Melanohalea is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains 30 mostly Northern Hemisphere species that grow on bark or on wood. The genus is characterized by the presence of pseudocyphellae, usually on warts or on the tips of isidia, a non-pored epicortex and a medulla containing depsidones or lacking secondary compounds. Melanohalea was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the morphologically similar genus Melanelia.
Parmelina is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1974 by American lichenologist Mason Hale with Parmelina tiliacea assigned as the type species.
Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species, with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.
Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus Parmelia in 1982. Characteristics that define Punctelia include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, simple rhizines, and point-like pseudocyphellae. It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens.
Relicina is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains 59 species.
Xanthoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Xanthoparmelia is synonymous with Almbornia, Neofuscelia, Chondropsis, Namakwa, Paraparmelia, and Xanthomaculina. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, as well as Australia, New Zealand and Ecuador.
Xanthoparmelia conspersa, commonly known as the peppered rock-shield, is a foliose lichen and the type species of genus Xanthoparmelia. It is widely distributed in temperate zones, and has been recorded from Japan, Europe, Africa, North America, and South America.
Xanthoparmelia mexicana, commonly known as the salted rock-shield, is a foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows in 4–10 cm diameter rosettes of gray-green to yellow-green lobes in arid climates all over the world.
Crespoa is a genus of five species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Species in this genus are characterized by having an upper thallus surface that is wrinkled and reticulately ridged to coarsely foveolate.
Austroparmelina is a genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains species formerly placed in the genera Parmelina and Canoparmelia. All species of Austroparmelina have an Australasian-South African distribution.
Emodomelanelia is a lichen genus in the family Parmeliaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single foliose Himalayan species Emodomelanelia masonii.
Notoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It includes 18 species that grow on bark and rocks, and are mostly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The genus was created in 2014 as a segregate of Parmelia.
Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik was a Hungarian botanist and lichenologist.
Punctelia ruderata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a member of the Punctelia rudecta species complex. Found in Asia and East Africa, it was first formally described as a new species in 1921 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio as Parmelia ruderata. The type was collected by Atsushi Yasuda in Honshu, Japan, where it was found growing on tree bark. The lichen was reported from South America in a 2009 Ph.D. thesis, and the taxon transferred to the genus Punctelia. The new combination, however, was not validly published, and molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the species does not occur in Brazil. The name was resurrected and validly published in 2016.
Punctelia ulophylla is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe, where it grows on the bark of a variety of trees.
Punctelia perreticulata is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on rocks, bark, or wood. Its main distinguishing features are its thallus surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate pseudocyphellae. The lower side of the thallus is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major secondary metabolite in the medulla is lecanoric acid. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is Punctelia subrudecta; this lichen can be distinguished from Punctelia perreticulata by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its conidia.
Punctelia neutralis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described in 1971 by American lichenologist Mason Hale, as Parmelia neutralis. The type specimen was collected by Dutch mycologist Rudolf Arnold Maas Geesteranus from the Diepwalle Forest Reserve in Cape Province, South Africa. Hildur Krog transferred it to the Punctelia in 1982, when she promoted that taxon to generic status. In addition to several countries in Africa, the lichen has also been reported from India and from Taiwan.