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Seabirds are birds that are adapted to life within the marine environment. While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, behaviour and physiology, they often exhibit striking convergent evolution, as the same environmental problems and feeding niches have resulted in similar adaptations. The first seabirds evolved in the Cretaceous period, and modern seabird families emerged in the Paleogene.
Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari. They are most closely related to the terns and skimmers and distantly related to auks, and even more distantly to waders. Until the 21st century, most gulls were placed in the genus Larus, but that arrangement is now considered polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of several genera. An older name for gulls is mews, which is cognate with German Möwe, Danish måge, Swedish mås, Dutch meeuw, Norwegian måke/måse, and French mouette, and can still be found in certain regional dialects.
Larus is a large genus of gulls with worldwide distribution.
The common gull is a gull that breeds in cool temperate regions of the Palearctic. Most common gulls migrate further south in winter, reaching the Mediterranean Sea, the southern Caspian Sea, and the seas around China and Japan; northwest European populations are at least partly resident. The closely related short-billed gull was formerly often included in this species, which was then known collectively as "mew gull".
The European herring gull is a large gull, up to 66 cm (26 in) long. It breeds throughout the northern and western coasts of Europe. Some European herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, such as in Ireland, Britain, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. They have a varied diet, including fish, crustaceans, as well as some plants, and are also scavengers, consuming carrion and food left by or stolen from humans.
The great black-backed gull is the largest member of the gull family. Described by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology as "the king of the Atlantic waterfront", it is a very aggressive hunter, pirate, and scavenger. It breeds on the European and North American coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and is fairly sedentary, though some move farther south or inland to large lakes and reservoirs. The adult great black-backed gull has a white head, neck and underparts, dark grey wings and back, pink legs and yellow bill.
The lesser black-backed gull is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. However, it has increased dramatically in North America, especially along the east coast. Formerly just a winter visitor to North America, it has increased and occurs in large numbers some winters and birds are now recorded year-round. However, there is serious concern about decline in many parts of its range. The species is on the UK Amber List because the UK is home to 40 per cent of the European population and more than half of these are found at fewer than ten breeding sites.
The glaucous gull is a large gull, the second-largest gull in the world. The genus name is from Latin larus, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name hyperboreus is Latin for "northern" from the Ancient Greek Huperboreoi people from the far north "Glaucous" is from Latin glaucus and denotes the grey colour of the gull. An older English name for this species is burgomaster.
The Iceland gull is a medium-sized gull that breeds in the Arctic regions of Canada and Greenland, but not in Iceland, where it is only seen during winter. The genus name is from Latin larus, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name glaucoides denotes its resemblance to Larus glaucus, a synonym of Larus hyperboreus, the glaucous gull; -oides is Ancient Greek and means "resembling".
The yellow-legged gull is a large gull found in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, which has only recently achieved wide recognition as a distinct species. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of either the Caspian gull L. cachinnans, or more broadly as a subspecies of the herring gull L. argentatus. The genus name is from Latin Larus which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and the species name honours the German zoologist Karl Michahelles.
The Pacific gull is a very large gull, native to the coasts of Australia. It is moderately common between Carnarvon in the west, and Sydney in the east, although it has become scarce in some parts of the south-east, as a result of competition from the kelp gull, which has "self-introduced" since the 1940s.
Thayer's gull is a subspecies of the Iceland gull. It is a large gull native to North America.
The American herring gull or Smithsonian gull is a large gull that breeds in North America, where it is treated by the American Ornithological Society as a subspecies of herring gull.
Timothy Hugh Clutton-Brock is a British zoologist known for his comparative studies of the behavioural ecology of mammals, particularly red deer and meerkats.
Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge located off the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin. Founded in 1913, the refuge consists of two Lake Michigan islands that act as nesting grounds for native bird species. It is inhabited by large colonies of shore birds and waterfowl in addition to hosting a pair of great black-backed gulls, one of farthest westward breeding sites of the species.
Ian Newton is an English ornithologist.
Timothy Robert Birkhead is a British ornithologist. He has been Professor of Behaviour and Evolution at the University of Sheffield since 1976.
Felicity Anne Huntingford FRSE is an aquatic ecologist known for her work in fish behaviour.
Ben C. Sheldon is the Luc Hoffmann Chair in Field Ornithology and Director of the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology of the University of Oxford's Department of Zoology. He was Head of the Department of Zoology between 2016 and 2021.
Sarah Wanless is an animal ecologist in the UK and is an expert on seabirds; she is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and is Honorary Professor at the Universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen.
References
- 1 2 3 Pat Monaghan publications indexed by Google Scholar
- 1 2 Monaghan, Patricia (1977). The utilisation of urban resources by the herring gull (Larus arqentatus). dur.ac.uk (PhD thesis). Durham University. OCLC 76814810. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.466026.
- ↑ Bateson, Patrick; Barker, David; Clutton-Brock, Timothy; Deb, Debal; D'Udine, Bruno; Foley, Robert A.; Gluckman, Peter; Godfrey, Keith; Kirkwood, Tom; Lahr, Marta Mirazón; McNamara, John; Metcalfe, Neil B.; Monaghan, Patricia; Spencer, Hamish G.; Sultan, Sonia E. (2004). "Developmental plasticity and human health". Nature. 430 (6998): 419–421. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..419B. doi:10.1038/nature02725. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15269759. S2CID 4374045.
- ↑ Metcalfe, Neil B.; Monaghan, Pat (2001). "Compensation for a bad start: grow now, pay later?". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 16 (5): 254–260. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02124-3. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 11301155.
- 1 2 Pat Monaghan publications from Europe PubMed Central
- ↑ Furness, R. W.; Monaghan, P. (1987). "Seabird Feeding Ecology". Seabird Ecology. pp. 23–34. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2093-7_3. ISBN 978-1-4612-9240-1.
- ↑ Monaghan, Pat (2008). "Early growth conditions, phenotypic development and environmental change". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1497): 1635–1645. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.0011. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2606729 . PMID 18048301.
- ↑ Monaghan, Pat; Metcalfe, Neil B.; Torres, Roxana (2009). "Oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs: mechanisms, measurements and interpretation". Ecology Letters. 12 (1): 75–92. Bibcode:2009EcolL..12...75M. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01258.x. ISSN 1461-023X. PMID 19016828.
- ↑ "Academy of Europe: Monaghan Pat". ae-info.org. Academia Europaea. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ↑ "Professor Patricia Monaghan FRSE". rse.org.uk. Edinburgh: Royal Society of Edinburgh. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ↑ "Professor Patricia Monaghan FRS". Royal Society. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
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